DVB
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List of digital television broadcast standards |
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DVB standards (countries) |
ATSC standards (countries) |
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ISDB standards (countries) |
DTMB standards (countries) |
DMB standard (countries) |
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Codecs |
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Terrestrial Frequency bands |
Satellite Frequency bands |
Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) is a set of international open standards for digital television. DVB standards are maintained by the DVB Project, an international industry consortium,[1] and are published by a Joint Technical Committee (JTC) of the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI), European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization (CENELEC) and European Broadcasting Union (EBU).
Transmission
DVB systems distribute data using a variety of approaches, including:
- Satellite: DVB-S, DVB-S2, and DVB-SH
- DVB-C2
- Terrestrial television: DVB-T, DVB-T2
- Digital terrestrial television for
- )
These standards define the physical layer and data link layer of the distribution system. Devices interact with the physical layer via a synchronous parallel interface (SPI), synchronous serial interface (SSI) or asynchronous serial interface (ASI). All data is transmitted in MPEG transport streams with some additional constraints (DVB-MPEG). A standard for temporally-compressed distribution to mobile devices (DVB-H) was published in November 2004.
These distribution systems differ mainly in the
The DVB-T2 specification was approved by the DVB Steering Board in June 2008 and sent to ETSI for adoption as a formal standard. ETSI adopted the standard on 9 September 2009.[2] The DVB-T2 standard gives more robust TV reception and increases the possible bit rate by over 30% for single transmitters (as in the UK) and will increase the maximum bit rate by over 50% in large single-frequency networks (as in Germany and Sweden).
DVB has established a 3D TV group (CM-3DTV) to identify "what kind of 3D-TV solution does the market want and need, and how can DVB play an active part in the creation of that solution?" The CM-3DTV group held a DVB 3D-TV Kick-off Workshop in Geneva on 25 January 2010, followed by the first CM-3DTV meeting the next day.[3] DVB now defines a new standard for 3D video broadcast: DVB 3D-TV.
Modes and features of latest DVB-x2 system standards in comparison:
DVB-S2 | DVB-T2 | DVB-C2 | |
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Input interface | Multiple transport stream and generic stream encapsulation (GSE)
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Multiple transport stream and generic stream encapsulation (GSE) | Multiple transport stream and generic stream encapsulation (GSE) |
Modes | Variable coding & modulation and adaptive coding & modulation | Variable coding & modulation[4] | Variable coding & modulation and adaptive coding & modulation |
FEC
|
LDPC + BCH 1/4, 1/3, 2/5, 1/2, 3/5, 2/3, 3/4, 4/5, 5/6, 8/9, 9/10
|
LDPC + BCH 1/2, 3/5, 2/3, 3/4, 4/5, 5/6 | LDPC + BCH 1/2, 2/3, 3/4, 4/5, 5/6, 8/9, 9/10[5] |
Modulation | Single carrier, PSK or APSK, multiple streams | OFDM | absolute OFDM[6] |
Modulation schemes | QPSK, 8-PSK, 16-APSK, 32-APSK | QPSK, 16- QAM , 64-QAM, 256-QAM
|
16- to 4096-QAM |
Guard interval | Not applicable | 1/4, 19/256, 1/8, 19/128, 1/16, 1/32, 1/128 | 1/64 or 1/128 |
Fourier transform size | Not applicable | 1k, 2k, 4k, 8k, 16k, 32k DFT | 4k Inverse FFT[7] |
Interleaving
|
Bit-Interleaving | Bit- time- and frequency-interleaving | Bit- time- and frequency-interleaving |
Pilots | Pilot symbols | Scattered and continual pilots | Scattered and continual pilots |
Content
Besides
Older technologies such as teletext (DVB-TXT) and vertical blanking interval data (DVB-VBI) are also supported by the standards to ease conversion. However, for many applications more advanced alternatives like DVB-SUB for subtitling are available.
Encryption and metadata
The
DVB is also developing a Content Protection and Copy Management system for protecting content after it has been received (
DVB transports include
Recently, DVB has adopted a profile of the metadata defined by the
Software platform
The DVB Multimedia Home Platform (DVB-MHP) defines a Java-based platform for the development of consumer video system applications. In addition to providing abstractions for many DVB and MPEG-2 concepts, it provides interfaces for other features like network card control, application download, and layered graphics.
Return channel
DVB has standardized a number of return channels that work together with DVB(-S/T/C) to create bi-directional communication. RCS is short for
Service discovery
The DVB-I standard (ETSI TS 103 770) defines an internet-based request and response mechanism to discover and access audiovisual services delivered over traditional digital broadcast transmissions or Internet Protocol networks and present them in a unified way.[9]
Adoption
DVB-S and DVB-C were ratified in 1994. DVB-T was ratified in early 1997. The first commercial DVB-T broadcasts were performed by the United Kingdom's Digital TV Group in late 1998. In 2003 Berlin, Germany was the first area to completely stop broadcasting analogue TV signals. Most European countries are fully covered by digital television and many have switched off PAL/SECAM services.
DVB standards are used throughout Europe, as well as in Australia, South Africa and India. They are also used for cable and satellite broadcasting in most Asian, African and many South American countries. Some have chosen ISDB-T instead of DVB-T and a few (United States, Canada, Mexico and South Korea) have chosen ATSC instead of DVB-T.
Africa
Kenya
DVB-T broadcasts were launched by the
Madagascar
Since 2011, the pay TV operator Blueline[11] launched a DVB-T service branded BluelineTV.[12] It supplies both smart cards and set-top-boxes.
South Africa
Since 1995, the pay TV operator DStv used the DVB-S standard to broadcast its services. In 2010, it started a DVB over IP service, and in 2011 it started DStv mobile using the DVB-H standard.[13]
In late 2010, the South African cabinet endorsed a decision by a Southern African Development Community (SADC) task team to adopt the DVB-T2 standard.[14]
Asia
Hong Kong
In
Iran
On 17 March 2009, DVB-H and DVB-T H.264/AAC broadcasting started in Tehran by the IRIB. DVB-T broadcasting is now widely available in other cities such as Isfahan, Mashhad, Shiraz, Qom, Tabriz and Rasht as well.
Israel
DVB-T broadcasts using
During 2010, DVB-T broadcasts have become widely available in most of Israel and an EPG was added to the broadcasts.[16]
Japan
With the exception of
Malaysia
In
In 2009, MiTV closed down, changed its name to U-Television and announced that it was changing to scrambled DVB-T upon relaunch instead of the
Philippines
In the
Taiwan
This section needs to be updated.(May 2016) |
In Taiwan, some digital cable television systems use DVB-C, though most customers still use analogue NTSC cable television. The government planned adopting ATSC or the Japanese ISDB-T standard as NTSC's replacement. However, the country has chosen the European DVB-T system instead. Public Television Service (PTS) and Formosan TV provide high definition television. The former has the channel HiHD; the latter uses its HD channel for broadcasting MLB baseball.
Europe
Parts of this article (those related to European countries that use DVB but are not in this list) need to be updated.(January 2018) |
Cyprus
Denmark
In Denmark, DVB-T replaced the analog transmission system for TV on 1 November 2009. Danish national digital TV transmission has been outsourced to the company Boxer TV A/S,[17] acting as gatekeeper organization for terrestrial TV transmission in Denmark.[18][19] However, there are still several free channels from DR.
Finland
DVB-T transmissions were launched on 21 August 2001. The analogue networks continued alongside the digital ones until 1 September 2007, when they were shut down nationwide. Before the analogue switchoff, the terrestrial network had three multiplexes: MUX A, MUX B and MUX C. MUX A contained the channels of the public broadcaster
Italy
In Italy, DVB-S started in 1996 and the final analogue broadcasts were terminated in 2005. The switch-off from analogue terrestrial network to DVB-T started on 15 October 2008. Analogue broadcast was ended on 4 July 2012 after nearly four years of transition in phases.
Netherlands
In the
Norway
In
Poland
Currently, Poland uses the DVB-T2 standard with HEVC encoding. Analogue broadcast switch-off started on 7 November 2012 and was completed on 23 July 2013.[20]
Portugal
Portugal follows the DVB-T implementation, using H.264 with AAC audio encoding. It has been live since 29 April 2009 and the switch-off date for all analog signals was on 26 April 2012.
Romania
Romania started digital terrestrial broadcasting in 2005 but it was virtually unknown by many people in Romania due to the lack of content, cable TV and satellite TV being far more popular, however it was the first platform to deliver HD content. Today, Romania is using DVB-T2 as terrestrial standard, but also DVB-S/S2, and DVB-C which is extremely popular. The only analogue broadcast remains on cable. Romania adopted the DVB-T2 standard in 2016 after a series of tests with mpeg2, mpeg4 on DVB-T, and has today fully implemented DVB-T2. DVB-C, which was introduced in late 2005, still remains with mpeg2 on SD content and mpeg4 on HD content. DVB-S (introduced in 2004 focus sat being the first such platform) is used in basic packages with standard definition content, while DVB-S2 set top boxes are provided for both SD and HD content.
Russia
Fully switched to digital in 2019,
etc.Spain
Quiero TV started digital terrestrial broadcasting in 2000 as pay television. The platform closed three years later after gaining 200,000 subscribers. The frequencies used by Quiero TV were used from 2005 to simulcast free-to-air analogue broadcast as DVB-T, under the name "TDT". The service started with 20 free-to-air national TV channels as well as numerous regional and local channles. Analogue broadcast ended on 2010 after getting 100% digital coverage. Some of the analogue frequencies were used to increase the number of channels and simulcast some of them in HD. Since February 14th, 2024, all channels will be required to broadcast exclusively in HD. Frequencies of SD channels will be used to simulcast some of them in 4K using DVB-T2.
United Kingdom
In the UK DVB-T has been adopted for broadcast of standard definition terrestrial programming, as well as a single DVB-T2 multiplex for high-definition programming. The UK terminated all analogue terrestrial broadcasts by the end of 2012. The vast majority of channels are available free-to-air through the Freeview service. DVB-T was also used for the now-defunct ONDigital/ITV Digital and Top Up TV service.
All satellite programming (some of which is available free-to-air via
Subscription-based cable television from Virgin Media uses DVB-C.
North America
In
Oceania
Australia
In
Changes to broadcasting rules have enabled broadcasters to offer multi-channeling, prompting broadcasters to use H.264 video with MPEG 1[clarification needed] or AAC audio encoding for some secondary channels.
Specifications for HD channels now differ depending on the broadcaster. ABC, Nine and Ten use 1920x1080i MPEG 4 video with Dolby Digital audio. Seven and SBS use 1440x1080i MPEG 2 video with Dolby Digital and MPEG 1[clarification needed] respectively.[21]
New Zealand
In New Zealand, DVB broadcasting is marketed under the Freeview brand name. SD MPEG-2 DVB-S broadcasts via satellite began on 2 May 2007 and DVB-T (terrestrial) broadcasts began April 2008 broadcasting in HD H.264 video with HE-AAC audio.
South America
Colombia
Since 2008, Colombia has adopted as a public policy the decision to migrate from the analog television implemented in 1954 to Digital Terrestrial Television (DVB-T2). This measure allows the viewers access to the open television (OTA) of public and private channels, with video quality in HD. As planned, analogue television broadcasts will end in 2021.
DVB compliant products
Companies that manufacture a product which is compliant to one or more DVB standards have the option of registering a declaration of conformity for that product. Wherever the DVB trademark is used in relation to a product – be it a broadcast, a service, an application or equipment – the product must be registered with the DVB project office.[22]
Related standards
Other international standards for digital broadcasting and reception include ATSC, originally from the US, and ISDB, originally from Japan.
See also
- CI+Common Interface Plus
- Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB)
- Digital Radio Mondiale (DRM, digital broadcasting over short and medium waves)
- Digital multimedia broadcasting (DMB)
- ETSI Satellite Digital Radio (SDR)
- FTA receiver
- ISDB – Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting
- DTMB– Digital Terrestrial Multimedia Broadcast, developed in China, also adopted by a few countries beyond
- List of digital television deployments by country
- WiB (Digital Terrestrial Television)
References
- ^ "DVB - Digital Video Broadcasting". www.dvb.org. Retrieved 1 April 2018.
- ^ "Work Programme: Details of 'DEN/JTC-DVB-228' Work Item Schedule". ETSI. Retrieved 29 August 2010.
- ^ "DVB - Digital Video Broadcasting - DVB 3D TV Kick-Off Workshop". Archived from the original on 15 January 2010. Retrieved 12 January 2010.
- ^ "Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB); Frame structure channel coding and modulation for a second generation digital terrestrial television broadcasting system (DVB-T2)" (PDF). DVB consortium. February 2011.
- ^ "Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB); Frame structure channel coding and modulation for a second generation digital transmission system for cable systems (DVB-C2)" (PDF). DVB consortium. 7 May 2010.
- ^ "Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB); Implementation Guidelines for a second generation digital cable transmission system (DVB-C2)" (PDF). DVB consortium. 19 November 2010.
- ^ "DVB-C2 The second generation transmission technology for broadband cable" (PDF). Dirk Jaeger, Philipp Hasse, Joerg Robert, Institut fuer Nachrichtentechnik at Technische Universitaet Braunschweig. 8 April 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 April 2012. Retrieved 24 January 2013.
- ^ "Europe's Broadcast Flag". Electronic Frontier Foundation. 29 September 2005. Archived from the original on 13 October 2005. Retrieved 15 August 2007.
- ^ "Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB): Service Discovery and Programme Metadata for DVB-I" (PDF). ETSI. November 2020.
- ^ "Digital TV a reality in Kenya". Nation Media. Retrieved 9 December 2009.
- ^ "Blueline Madagascar". www.blueline.mg. Retrieved 1 April 2018.
- ^ BluelineTV
- ^ "The MultiChoice Group". 2 March 2023.
- ^ "SA to adopt European TV standard: report". 24.com. Retrieved 18 January 2011.
- ^ "Digital TV". www.digitaltv.gov.hk. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 1 April 2018.
- ^ "About - DVB". www.dvb.org. Retrieved 1 April 2018.
- ^ "Fleksible tv-pakker og bredbånd hos Boxer - Tv-udbyder med valgfrihed". www.boxertv.dk. Retrieved 1 April 2018.
- ^ "Kulturministeriets hjemmeside" (PDF). www.kum.dk. Retrieved 1 April 2018.
- ^ "Kulturministeriets hjemmeside". www.kum.dk. Archived from the original on 8 October 2009. Retrieved 1 April 2018.
- ^ "General information about the digital broadcasting system in Poland". Ministry of Administration and Digitalization of Poland. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
- ^ "ABC HD is now live". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
- OCLC 1024255874.
External links
- Official website
- "MultiScope Lite". Rumble House Media Group (RHMG). Broadcast software video tools.