Dihydromorphine
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Other names | Dihydromorphine, Paramorphan |
Routes of administration | Oral, Intravenous, Intranasally, Sublingually |
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Dihydromorphine (Paramorfan, Paramorphan) is a semi-synthetic opioid structurally related to and derived from morphine. The 7,8-double bond in morphine is reduced to a single bond to get dihydromorphine.[2] Dihydromorphine is a moderately strong analgesic and is used clinically in the treatment of pain and also is an active metabolite of the analgesic opioid drug dihydrocodeine.[3][4][5] Dihydromorphine occurs in trace quantities in assays of opium on occasion, as does dihydrocodeine, dihydrothebaine, tetrahydrothebaine, etc. The process for manufacturing dihydromorphine from morphine for pharmaceutical use was developed in Germany in the late 19th century, with the synthesis being published in 1900 and the drug introduced clinically as Paramorfan shortly thereafter. A high-yield synthesis from tetrahydrothebaine was later developed.[6]
Uses
Medical
Dihydromorphine is used for the management of moderate to severe pain such as that occurring in cancer; however, it is less effective in treating neuropathic pain and is generally considered inappropriate and ineffective for psychological pain.[3][7]
Research
Dihydromorphine, often labelled with the isotope tritium in the form of [3H]-dihydromorphine, is used in scientific research to study binding of the opioid receptors in the nervous system.[8][9]
Strength
Dihydromorphine is slightly stronger than morphine as an analgesic with a similar side effect profile. The relative potency of dihydromorphine is about 1.2 times that of morphine. In comparison, the relative potency of dihydrocodeine is around 1.2 to 1.75 times that of codeine.[2]
Pharmacology
Dihydromorphine acts as an agonist at the
Pharmacokinetics
Dihydromorphine's onset of action is more rapid than morphine and it also tends to have a longer duration of action, generally 4–7 hours.[citation needed]
Legality
Under the 1961 international Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs treaty dihydromorphine is a Schedule I narcotic subject to control, and other countries' laws may vary.[12]
United States
Under the
Europe
Dihydromorphine is regulated in the same fashion as morphine in Germany under the BtMG,[16] Austrian SMG,[17] and Swiss BtMG, where it is still used as an analgesic.[18] The drug was invented in Germany in 1900 and marketed shortly thereafter. It is often used in Patient Controlled Analgesia units.[19][20]
Japan
Dihydromorphine and morphine are also used alongside each other in clinical use in Japan and is regulated as such [21]
See also
- Dihydroheroin
- Acetyldihydrocodeine
- Morphine
- Nicodicodeine
- Nicocodeine
- Thebacon
References
- ^ Anvisa (2023-03-31). "RDC Nº 784 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial" [Collegiate Board Resolution No. 784 - Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control] (in Brazilian Portuguese). Diário Oficial da União (published 2023-04-04). Archived from the original on 2023-08-03. Retrieved 2023-08-16.
- ^ OCLC 938923816.
- ^ a b c "Dihydromorphine". DrugBank. DB01565.
- ^ a b "Dihydromorphine". PubChem. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- PMID 10510141.
- PMID 12608825.
- OCLC 884520261.
- PMID 6300816.
- PMID 2840539.
- PMID 22490239.
- PMID 15567186.
- ^ Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961 - Page 40 of 44
- ^ "Controlled Substances (in alphabetical order)" (PDF). Diversion Control Division. U.S. Drug Enforcement Agency, Department of Justice. 8 February 2016. p. 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-04-17.
- ^ DEA Website: Forms, Retrieved 26. April 2014
- ^ DEA Web Site, retrieved 30. April 2014
- ^ Deutsche Betäbungsmittelgesetz, accessed 27. April 2014
- ^ SMG, 30. April 2014
- ^ UNODC Bulletin On Narcotics, 1953, Issue 2
- ^ Opioids for Pain Control (Cambridge Press, 2002)
- ISBN 978-0-07-135469-1.
- ^ UNODC Bulletin On Narcotics, 1955