Dii Consentes

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Although the ritual purpose of this 1st century BCE altar from Gabii is unclear, the twelve deities depicted correspond to the Dii Consentes
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Religion in
ancient Rome
Marcus Aurelius sacrificing
Marcus Aurelius (head covered)
sacrificing at the Temple of Jupiter
Practices and beliefs
Priesthoods
Deities

Deified leaders:

Related topics

The Dii Consentes, also known as Di or Dei Consentes (once Dii Complices

Porticus Deorum Consentium.[2]

The gods were listed by the poet Ennius in the late 3rd century BCE in a paraphrase of an unknown Greek poet:[3]

Juno, Vesta, Minerva, Ceres, Diana, Venus

Iovis, Neptunus, Vulcanus, Apollo

Livy[4] arranges them in six male-female pairs: Jupiter-Juno, Neptune-Minerva, Mars-Venus, Apollo-Diana, Vulcan-Vesta and Mercury-Ceres. Three of the Dii Consentes formed the Capitoline Triad: Jupiter, Juno and Minerva.

Precursor lists

The grouping of twelve deities has origins older than the Greek or Roman sources.

Hittite

The Greek grouping may have

Hittite gods is known both from cuneiform texts and from artistic representation. All the Hittite Twelve are male, with no individualizing features. The Roman Empire period group is a possible reflex of the Lycians' twelve gods: By 400 BCE, a precinct dedicated to twelve gods existed at the marketplace in Xanthos, Lycia.[5]
: 144–186 

Egyptian

Herodotus mentions a group of twelve gods in Egypt, but this cannot be confirmed in any Egyptian sources. [citation needed]

Greek

The Greek cult of the

Bosphorus.[5]
: 144–186 

Etruscan

The references to twelve

astronomical significance, and that these twelve acted as councillors of Jupiter.[5]
: 232 

Scholarly evaluation of this account depends on the hypothesis that the Etruscans originally immigrated to Italy from Anatolia. In this case, the Etruscan Twelve might have been cognate to the Hittite Twelve. However, Etruscan artifacts show extensive use of Etruscan translations of Greek mythology; it is just as likely that both the Etruscan Twelve and the Roman Twelve were simply adaptations of the Greek Twelve.[5]: 232 

In modern culture

In the Japanese manga Future Diary by Sakae Esuno, each Future Diary Holder is named after one of the Dii Consentes.[6]

See also

References

  1. ^ Arnobius III.40
  2. ^ Platner, Samuel Ball (1904). The Topography and Monuments of Ancient Rome. pp. 173–174.
  3. ^ Apuleius. "De deo Socratis". In Ennius (ed.). fragment 45. 2.28–2.29.
  4. Ab Urbe Condita Libri [From the Founding of the City]. Translated by Canon Roberts. XXII.10.9 
    .
  5. ^ a b c d Long, Charlotte R. (1987). The Twelve Gods of Greece and Rome. Études préliminaires aux religions orientales dans l'Empire romain. Vol. 107. Brill Archive.
  6. ISBN 978-4-04-715793-4


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