Dina Boluarte
Dina Boluarte | |
---|---|
64th President of Peru | |
Assumed office 7 December 2022 | |
Prime Minister | Pedro Angulo Arana Alberto Otárola Gustavo Adrianzén |
Vice President | First Vice President Vacant Second Vice President Vacant |
Preceded by | Pedro Castillo |
First Vice President of Peru | |
In office 28 July 2021 – 7 December 2022 | |
President | Pedro Castillo |
Preceded by | Martín Vizcarra (2018)[a] |
Succeeded by | Vacant |
Minister of Development and Social Inclusion | |
In office 29 July 2021 – 26 November 2022 | |
President | Pedro Castillo |
Preceded by | Silvana Vargas |
Succeeded by | Cinthya Lindo Espinoza |
Personal details | |
Born | Dina Ercilia Boluarte Zegarra 31 May 1962 Chalhuanca, Peru |
Political party |
|
Spouse |
David Gómez Villasante
(m. 1992) |
Children | 2 |
Education | University of San Martín de Porres (LLB) |
Signature | |
Dina Ercilia Boluarte Zegarra (Spanish: [ˈdina eɾˈsilja βoˈlwaɾte seˈɣara] ⓘ; born 31 May 1962) is a Peruvian politician, civil servant, and lawyer currently serving as the President of Peru since 7 December 2022. She had served as the first vice president and minister at the Ministry of Development and Social Inclusion under President Pedro Castillo. She served as an officer at the National Registry of Identification and Civil Status (RENIEC) from 2007 until 2022.[1][2]
Boluarte is the
On 10 January 2023, attorney General of Peru Patricia Benavides announced she was opening an investigation to determine if Boluarte, Prime Minister Alberto Otárola, Minister of the Interior Víctor Rojas, and Minister of Defense Jorge Chávez committed genocide and aggravated homicide.[13] Some Latin American governments, including Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Honduras, Mexico and Venezuela have continued to recognize Pedro Castillo as the democratically elected President of Peru and have refused to recognize Boluarte.[14][15][16][17][needs update]
Early life and education
Boluarte was born in Chalhuanca, Apurímac on 31 May 1962.[18] She graduated as a lawyer from the University of San Martín de Porres and did postgraduate studies at that university.[19][20]
Early career
In 2004, she co-authored a book, The Recognition of Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law, which was later investigated for plagiarism after 55% of the text included was marked as plagiarized from a 2002 post on the National Human Rights Commission of Mexico's website according to Turnitin software.[21]
She has worked at National Registry of Identification and Civil Status as an attorney and officer since 2007.[22] She ran unsuccessfully for mayor of Lima's Surquillo district in 2018, representing the Free Peru party.[23][24] She also participated in the extraordinary parliamentary elections in 2020 for Free Peru, though she did not obtain a congressional seat.[23][24]
Vice presidency (2021–2022)
Election
In the 2021 presidential election she was part of the presidential ticket of Pedro Castillo,[25] which was victorious in the run-off.[26][27]
During the campaign, Boluarte was widely viewed to position herself more moderately than Castillo, saying that she would not support overriding the
Conflicts with Free Peru
On 29 July 2021, she was appointed
On 25 November 2022, she resigned from her position as the minister of Development and Social Inclusion, but remained as first vice president.[33]
On 5 December 2022, after voting 13 in favor and 8 against, a constitutional complaint was filed by the Subcommittee on Constitutional Accusations against Boluarte, alleging that she operated a private club named the Apurímac Club (Spanish: Club Departamental de Apurímac) while she was minister of Development.[34][35]
Presidency (since 2022)
Inauguration
On 7 December 2022, during the
Boluarte's presidency is the most recent instance in Peruvian history where the first vice president
In her first speech to the Congress, she denounced President Castillo and declared her will to form a national unity government to resolve the present political crisis.[39] In the formation of her government, she consulted all the major parties, but selected no members of Congress. Instead she formed what was widely viewed as a technocratic government led by Pedro Angulo Arana, an attorney who faced 13 criminal investigations as of his appointment in December 2022, including abuse of authority, abuse of public administration, abuse of public faith, blackmail, extortion and others.[40][41]
Observers commented that with growing protests and an undefined support base, Boluarte's government will likely not be given the space, either by Congress or the people, to succeed.[42]
Recognition
International recognition of Boluarte's government has been mixed.
Members of the São Paulo Forum like Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva of Brazil and Gabriel Boric of Chile recognize Boluarte. The United States has recognized Boluarte as president. Spain was also in support, championing a return to "constitutional order."[43]
Latin American governments, including Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Honduras, Mexico and Venezuela have continued to recognize that Pedro Castillo is the democratically elected President of Peru following the events in December 2022 and refused to recognize Boluarte.[14][15][16] Left-wing Latin American leaders such as Nicolás Maduro of Venezuela, Andrés Manuel López Obrador of Mexico, Gustavo Petro of Colombia, Alberto Fernández of Argentina, and Luis Arce of Bolivia denounced Boluarte's government as a right wing coup, comparing the situation as similar to ascension of Bolivia's Jeanine Áñez during the 2019 Bolivian political crisis. The latter presidents continue to support Pedro Castillo's claims he is the rightful president under a "government of exception."[17][44][needs update]
Protests
According to
Responding to protests, Boluarte said she does not understand why anyone would protest against her and supported the repressive response of authorities.[48] Boluarte's response has been widely condemned by NGOs, while being supported by more right-leaning parties in Congress.[48] Amnesty International's Americas head Erika Guevara-Rosas called for governmental restraint, saying: "State repression against protesters is only deepening the crisis in Peru."[49] Protests have for the most part, been the most fierce and disruptive in Quechua majority regions, the center of Castillo's support. Given the harshness of the Boluarte government's response, this has led some to draw comparison between Boluarte's actions and that of previous anti-Native governments of Peru, which drew comparisons between indigenous groups and the Shining Path, as to persecute them.[47][50] Boluarte would also state that the demonstrations occurred due to blackmail and provocations by Bolivian officials,[51][52][4] something the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights said they did not observe[52] while The New York Times said that "The government has yet to provide clear evidence to back up ... claims of high-level coordination by a terrorist organization or illicit funding behind the violent attacks."[4]
"We don't have any power over them. I can be the Supreme Chief of the Armed Forces, but I have no command and the protocols are decided by them"
— Dina Boluarte[12]
The government appointed ex-colonel Juan Carlos Liendo to head the National Intelligence Service, who claimed that the demonstrations in the country were not social in nature but part of a "terrorist insurrection. This appointment comes as a surprise, since Juan Carlos Liendo is close to right-wing political groups and claimed that the government of Pedro Castillo, to which Dina Boluarte belonged, was an "extension of the terrorist group Shining Path.[53]
In a joint statement in January 2023, over 2,000 academics and researchers expressed their "strongest rejection of the authoritarian course that the government of Dina Boluarte and Alberto Otárola" and believed "that these are not isolated events but a pattern of conduct that places us in a dangerous transition to authoritarianism", concluding that "If President Boluarte is only able to offer the country confrontation and violence, she should resign".[54][55] Notable signers included Steven Levitsky, Lucía Dammert, Martín Tanaka, Daniel Alarcón, Josep Joan Moreso, Gerardo L. Munck, Mirtha Vásquez, Sara Beatriz Guardia and Carmen Mc Evoy.[54][55]
Amnesty International would report in May 2023 that Boluarte "consistently supported and justified the actions of law enforcement agencies, despite increasingly clear evidence of their unlawful actions" and that her government "stigmatized protesters as terrorists and violent, contributing to the escalation of violence and encouraging law enforcement to continue to act in the same way".[12] Boluarte would respond to criticism saying that she did not have control of the Peruvian Armed Forces.[12]
Ayacucho massacre and cabinet reorganization
On 15 December 2022, the
Sources close to Boluarte, according to La Republica, reported that she wanted to resign from the presidency following the massacre, though defense minister Alberto Otárola convinced her that if she were to resign, her and other ministers would lose their immunity and possibly be prosecuted for crimes.
Juliaca massacre
At least 18 people were killed and over 100 injured by police responding to protests in
Legal action
On 10 January 2023, Attorney General of Peru
Vacancy motions
In April 2023, Boluarte faced a vacancy motion due to her response to the protests against her, though Congress voted against proceedings against her. A second motion for vacancy was opened in October 2023 due to some left-wing benches in Congress believing that Boluarte violated Article 115 of the constitution for leading Peru without congressional approval, especially since she did not have a vice president, though right-wing members of Congress refused to vote for the proceedings.[77] On 1 April, a third motion for vacancy was opened by lawmakers from various parties, citing tax investigations against Boluarte and her failure to solve other issues such as crime.[78]
Rolexgate
In March 2024, the Public Ministry of Peru began investigating Boluarte for graft and illicit enrichment after she was seen wearing luxury Rolex watches at public events, with the controversy being dubbed "Rolexgate."[79][80][81][82][83] Boluarte's use of Rolex watches was first reported by news website La Encerrona on 14 March 2024; the website reviewed about 10,000 images and detailed how her watches became increasingly luxurious as her time in public office progressed.[84][85] Reviewing La Encerrona's work, the Associated Press noted that one of the Rolex watches Boluarte used was three times her monthly salary.[86] When asked about her watches at a press conference on 15 March, Boluarte said "what I have is the result of my effort and my work." While Boluarte said that the Rolex watch was a dated model, La República contacted an American watch store that said the model was possibly from 2023 and valued it at US$19,535, with the newspaper saying that Boluarte's response was "an alleged contradiction".[87] Days later, Henry Shimabukuro, a businessman who assisted with Bolaurte's political campaign, said that assistants for Boluarte suggested gifts of jewelry when meeting with her.[88]
A preliminary investigation was opened by the Public Ministry on 18 March 2024 to investigate Boluarte on allegations of illicit enrichment.[89] The Financial Intelligence Unit of the Superintendency of Banks and Insurance Companies (SBS) said that Boluarte received 1.1 million Peruvian soles (US$330,000) from unidentified accounts between 2016 and 2022, according to a report by El Comercio on 25 March.[90] On 29 March, La Republica identified a Cartier bracelet used by Boluarte that was 18 carat gold, covered with 204 diamonds and had an estimated value of more than US$54,000.[91]
On 30 March 2024, about 20 police and 20 public ministry officials raided Boluarte's home in Surquillo, breaking down her door with a sledgehammer while saying their involvement was "for the purpose of search and seizure."[92][93] After searching her home, the authorities then entered the Government Palace for further investigations; Boluarte was present. Boluarte's prime minister, Gustavo Adrianzén, condemned the actions of authorities, stating "The political noise that is being made is serious, affecting investments and the entire country, ... What has happened in the last few hours is disproportionate and unconstitutional actions."[79][93] Six ministers of her new cabinet resigned following the incident.[94]
Political ideology
During the
According to La República, analysts reported that Boluarte's political inexperience has resulted with her shifting from a left-wing ideology in support of rural constituents towards a right-wing ideology that repressed previous supporters.[29] Americas Quarterly notes that after Boluarte was expelled from the Peru Libre party, she aligned with the right-wing Congress for political support instead of the constituents that elected her, creating a feeling of betrayal for rural and indigenous voters.[101] According to political scientist David Sulmont, Boluarte sought to be expelled from the party because she predicted Castillo would be removed from office and that she could assume the presidency.[29]
Political scientist Daniel Encinas described Boluarte as an "
In April 2023, Boluarte declared a state of emergency in all border areas with Ecuador, Colombia, Brazil, and Chile to increase "control of foreign citizens", blaming Venezuelan migrants for the crime in the country.[102]
Public opinion
In January 2023, the first public opinion poll for Boluarte was collected by the Institute of Peruvian Studies (IEP).[103] In the poll, 71% of respondents disapproved of Boluarte and 19% approved of her, while 80% of respondents disagree with Boluarte assuming the presidency.[103] A Datum poll in mid-2023 showed a disapproval rate of 77% among respondents, though an Ipsos Perú poll showed that 71% of Peruvian CEOs approved of Boluarte and 88% approved of her maintaining the presidency until 2026.[104]
A poll conducted by the IEP in October 2023 saw 84% of respondents say that they disapproved of the way Boluarte was leading the country, with only 10% of respondents approving of Boluarte's presidency.[105] 90% of respondents felt that the performance of Congress suffered under Boluarte's leadership.[105]
Personal life
Boluarte can speak Spanish and Quechua. She was married to David Gómez Villasante. They have two sons, David Eduardo Gómez Boluarte and Daniel Felwig Gómez Boluarte.[18]
Electoral history
Year | Office | Type | Party | Main opponent | Party | Votes for Boluarte | Result | Swing | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | % | P. | ±% | |||||||||||
2018 | Mayor of Surquillo
|
Municipal | Libertarian Peru | Giancarlo Casassa | Christian People's Party | 2,014 | 2.80% | 9th | N/A | Lost | N/A[106] | |||
2020 | Lima
|
Parliamentary Snap | Free Peru | N/A | N/A | 4,827 | 2.06% | 16th | N/A | Lost | N/A[107] | |||
2021 | First Vice President of Peru | General | Luis Galarreta | Popular Force | 2,724,752 | 18.92% | 1st | N/A | Advanced into runoff | N/A | ||||
8,836,380 | 50.13% | 1st | N/A | Won | Gain[108][109] |
Explanatory notes
- ^ Martín Vizcarra was the most recent First Vice President before Boluarte. The First Vice Presidency became vacant from 2018 to 2021 following Vizcarra's accession to the presidency.
References
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The mainstream press, which is mostly opposed to Castillo's government, supported Boluarte's administration, which moved away from the left and aligned itself with conservative parties, seeking to protect markets and preserve the economic model which has been the status quo in the country for the past two decades.
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El gobierno de Boluarte, ahora reconocido por muchos como un régimen cívico-militar
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[Boluarte's] legacy, to the extent she has one, will remain inseparable from that of her predecessor. This is not only a matter of the authoritarian excesses of her leadership over security forces, but also her emphasis on social conservatism
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the authorities deployed strong-arm tactics to quell demonstrations, including deadly force, arbitrary arrests, intimidation and the stigmatisation of demonstrators as terrorists or criminals in official discourse. As a result, we expect political instability to return, and we highlight the risk that these developments have set the scene for a move towards an authoritarian government reminiscent of that led by Alberto Fujimori in the 1990s
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La masacre sucedió en los alrededores del aeropuerto Alfredo Mendívil Duarte
- Inés Santaeulalia; Mauricio Morales (26 December 2022). "El día que murió Christopher, la víctima más joven de las protestas en Perú". El País (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 27 December 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
El adolescente de 15 años recibió un disparo que le atravesó el corazón durante la mayor masacre de las marchas en Ayacucho
- "Toque de queda en Perú: Esto ha sido una masacre". Radio Sudamérica (in Spanish). 16 December 2022. Archived from the original on 2 February 2024. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
La periodista Elizabet Revollar Ochatoma, quien también es abogada, dialogó con Radio Sudamericana y dijo 'en Ayacucho hubo una seria vulneración de los derechos humanos ... Se están realizando las autopsias. Muchos de ellos tienen proyectiles de entrada y salida lo que nos lleva a decir que ha sido una masacre'
- "Las protestas dejaron 25 muertos y más de 560 heridos". El Territorio (in Spanish). 19 December 2022. Archived from the original on 19 December 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
Sólo en la masacre ocurrida en los alrededores del aeropuerto de Ayacucho
- Luján, Estéfany (18 December 2022). "Dolor por muertes tras violenta represión: mayoría son adolescentes o jóvenes y 4 menores con impacto de bala". infobae (in European Spanish). Archived from the original on 22 December 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
La masacre se produjo tras los enfrentamientos ocurridos alrededor del aeropuerto Alfredo Mendívil Duarte
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Esto ha sido considerado por diversas voces como una masacre
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exigiendo que los responsables de la masacre, paguen por sus delitos
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What's going on is a massacre. ... But what is clear to me is that with the massacre that has been committed
- "Defensoría: El uso de la fuerza por parte del Ejército no ha sido proporcionado en Ayacucho". Exitosa (in Spanish). 16 December 2022. Archived from the original on 22 December 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
Para la Defensoría, lo ocurrido en Ayacucho responde a una vulneración de los derechos humanos. 'En Huamanga ha ocurrido una masacre'
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Los ciudadanos están calificando de matanza, dado que según videos y testimonios, los soldados están disparando al cuerpo. ... Fue una matanza, afirman ciudadanos que tienen videos y testimonios.
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External links
- Biography by CIDOB (in Spanish)
- "Conoce al candidato Dina Ercilia Boluarte Zegarra por Lima + Residentes Extranjeros 2020". Voto Informado (in Spanish). Retrieved 23 June 2021.
- EU. European Union Agency for Asylum (EUAA, 2023). Peru- country focus (Country of Origin Information). ISBN 9789294034885.
- Perú. Defensoría del Pueblo (07/March/2023). Crisis política y protesta social: Balance defensorial tras tres meses de iniciado el conflicto (Del 7 de diciembre de 2022 al 6 de marzo de 2023) (Informe Defensorial N° 190). (In Spanish)
- OAS. Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (CIDH, 23/April/2023). Derechos Humanos en Perú en el contexto de las protestas sociales. OEA. ISBN 9780827076723. (In Spanish)
- Human Rights Watch (HRW, 26/April/2023). Deterioro letal : Abusos por las fuerzas de seguridad y crisis democrática en el Perú. (In Spanish)
- Amnesty International (25/May/2023). Peru: Lethal racism : Extrajudicial executions and unlawful use of force by Peru's security forces.