Diodorus of Tarsus

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Syro Malabar Church[1]
ControversyChristology
InfluencedJohn Chrysostom
Theodore of Mopsuestia
Diodore of Tarsus
Tarsus
(modern-day Tarsus, Mersin, Turkey
)

Diodore of Tarsus (

Julian the Apostate
. Diodore founded one of the most influential centers of Christian thought in the early church, and many of his students became notable theologians in their own right.

Early life

Diodore was born into a noble family in the area of Antioch. He received a classic philosophical education at the school of Athens, and very quickly after his education entered into the monastic life.[3] During this period, Diodore's work focused on philosophical treatises and opposing Emperor Julian's attempts to restore paganism in the empire. When an Arian named Leontius was made bishop of Antioch, Diodore and his friend Flavian (who later was himself appointed as bishop of Antioch) organized those who followed the Nicene orthodoxy outside the walls of the city for worship. Those services are seen as the beginning of antiphonal singing in the church, a practice that became widespread among Christians.[4]

During his time at the monastery in Antioch, Diodore came under the tutelage of Meletius of Antioch. Meletius was elected bishop in 360 and ordained Diodore as a priest. When the Antioch split into factions, Diodore, in turn, was a strong supporter of Meletius and of his move towards Nicene orthodoxy.

Diodore was noted for living with few possessions, being dependent on alms for food, frequently being imprisoned on account of his beliefs. His physical appearance was rough, but Chrysostom described his expression as angelic.[5]

Priesthood

During his priesthood, Diodore founded a monastery and

First Council of Ephesus
in 431.

It was his role as the head of the Antiochene School which led to Diodore's exile in 372. Banished to Armenia by Emperor Valens, Diodore encountered a fellow supporter of the Nicene faction, Basil of Caesarea, during his exile.[9] When Diodore returned from exile following the death of the emperor in 378, Basil was serving as the archbishop (or patriarch) of Caesarea, and he appointed Diodore as the bishop of Tarsus.

Episcopate

As bishop of the see of Tarsus, Diodore continued to speak out for the Nicene understanding of the relationship between the human and the divine in the person of Jesus Christ. He actively opposed both the Arianism and the

Apollinarianism of his day (Arius taught that Jesus Christ was a creation of god, rather than a child and subordinate to him, Apollinaris of Laodicea
spoke of the Incarnation in ways that left him open to the charge that Christ was not in all aspects human by saying that his mind was devine and non-rational.

Diodore played key roles in both the local

Diodore died around 394.

Theology

The Christology of Diodore was condemned as heretical by later generations, most explicitly at a local synod in Constantinople in 499 which described Diodore's views as Nestorian.[11] Certainly, a similarly negative view of Diodore was held by Cyril of Alexandria. However, in his own generation Diodore was seen as someone who supported the orthodoxy of Nicaea, and in his official decree ratifying the actions of the First Council of Constantinople, Emperor Theodosius I described Diodore as a "champion of the faith."[11]

The specifics of Diodore's theology are difficult to reconstruct, as all that remains of his works are fragments of uncertain provenance. [12][13] Much of Diodore's theology has been inferred from the later statements of his students and the intellectual heirs of the Antiochene School.

According to the Universalist clergyman

Universalist since Saloman, Bishop of Bassorah in his Book of the Bee (1222) proclaimed the salvation of all men and cited the opinions of both Diodorus and Theodore of Mopsuestia in support of his view.[14]

According to Universalist writer

J. W. Hanson (1899) Diodorus believed that God's mercy would punish the wicked less than their sins deserved, inasmuch as his mercy gave the good more than they deserved and he denied that God would bestow immortality for the purpose of prolonging or perpetuating suffering.[15]

Diodorus according to

Joseph Simon Assemani’s Bibliotheca Orientalis (1728)

— "For the wicked there are punishments, not perpetual, however, lest the immortality prepared for them should be a disadvantage, but they are to be purified for a brief period according to the amount of malice in their works. They shall therefore suffer punishment for a short space, but immortal blessedness having no end awaits them, the penalties to be inflicted for their many and grave sins are very far surpassed by the magnitude of the mercy to be showed them. The resurrection, therefore, is regarded as a blessing not only to the good, but also to the evil."[16]

See also

References

  1. ^ "ഗ്രീക്ക് സഭാപിതാക്കന്മാരുടെ ഓർമ്മ" (PDF). syromalabarliturgy.org (in Malayalam).
  2. ^ "Diodorus of Tarsus". Catholic Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2007-02-17.
  3. ^ Julian, Letters, 55.
  4. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Flavian I." . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 484.
  5. ^  Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Diodorus of Tarsus". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  6. ^ Socrates, Historia Ecclesiastica, 6.3
  7. ^ Rowan A Greer, "Diodore of Tarsus," in The Encyclopedia of Early Christianity, ed. Everett Ferguson, second edition (New York:Garland Publishing, 1997).
  8. ^ Frederick W Norris, "Antioch" in The Encyclopedia of Early Christianity, ed. Everett Ferguson, second edition (New York:Garland Publishing, 1997).
  9. ^ Catholic Encyclopedia, "Diodorus of Tarsus".
  10. ^ Norris, "Antioch".
  11. ^ .
  12. ^ What remains is fragments in the catenae on the Hexateuch and the Pauline Epistles. Recently a complete commentary on the Psalms has been discovered, which its editor ascribes to Diodore. Andrew Louth, 'John Chrysostom to Theodoret of Cyrrhus', in Frances Young, Lewis Ayres and Andrew Young, eds, The Cambridge History of Early Christian Literature, (2010), p344
  13. ^ J. M. Austin. "Brief History of Universalism Archived 2007-12-26 at the Wayback Machine". Ca. 1855.
  14. ^ J.W. Hanson. Universalism: The Prevailing Doctrine Of The Christian Church During Its First Five Hundred Years. "Chapter 18 Additional Authorities Archived 2013-05-12 at the Wayback Machine". Boston and Chicago Universalist Publishing House. 1899.
  15. ^ J. W. Hanson, citing Assemani Bib. Orientalis, III, p. 324.

External links