Director of Central Intelligence
Director of Central Intelligence | |
---|---|
Central Intelligence Agency | |
Abbreviation | DCI |
Member of | United States National Security Council |
Appointer | President of the United States with US Senate advice and consent |
Term length | No fixed term |
Formation | January 23, 1946 |
First holder | Sidney Souers |
Final holder | Porter Goss |
Abolished | December 17, 2004 |
Superseded by | Director of National Intelligence Director of the Central Intelligence Agency |
Unofficial names | CIA Director |
Deputy | Deputy Director of Central Intelligence |
The director of central intelligence (DCI) was the head of the American Central Intelligence Agency from 1946 to 2004, acting as the principal intelligence advisor to the president of the United States and the United States National Security Council, as well as the coordinator of intelligence activities among and between the various US intelligence agencies (collectively known as the Intelligence Community from 1981 onwards).
The office existed from January 1946 to December 17, 2004. After the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act it was replaced by the director of national intelligence (DNI) as head of the Intelligence Community and the director of the Central Intelligence Agency (D/CIA) as head of the CIA.
History
The post of DCI was established by
Until December 2004, the DCI was often referred to colloquially as the "CIA Director", even though he was head of both the CIA and the broader Intelligence Community. After the
The reorganization took effect on December 17, 2004. The 19th and last DCI,
List of directors of central intelligence
This position preceded the creation of the Central Intelligence Agency in 1947. The "Director of Central Intelligence" position was replaced by the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency and Director of National Intelligence positions.
- Status
No. | Portrait | Name |
Term of office | President(s) | Ref. | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Took office | Left office | Time in office | ||||||
1 | Sidney Souers | January 23, 1946 | June 10, 1946 | 138 days | Harry S. Truman (1945–1953) |
[1] | ||
2 | Hoyt Vandenberg | June 10, 1946 | May 1, 1947 | 325 days | [2] | |||
3 | Roscoe Hillenkoetter | May 1, 1947 | October 7, 1950 | 3 years, 159 days | [3] | |||
4 | Walter Smith | October 7, 1950 | February 9, 1953 | 2 years, 125 days | Harry S. Truman (1945–1953) |
[4] | ||
Dwight D. Eisenhower (1953–1961) | ||||||||
– | Allen Dulles | February 9, 1953 | February 26, 1953 | 17 days | Dwight D. Eisenhower (1953–1961) |
[5] | ||
5 | February 26, 1953 | November 29, 1961 | 8 years, 276 days | |||||
6 | John McCone | November 29, 1961 | April 28, 1965 | 3 years, 150 days | John F. Kennedy (1961–1963) |
[6] | ||
Lyndon B. Johnson (1963–1969) | ||||||||
7 | William Raborn | April 28, 1965 | June 30, 1966 | 1 year, 63 days | Lyndon B. Johnson (1963–1969) |
[7] | ||
8 | Richard Helms | June 30, 1966 | February 2, 1973 | 6 years, 217 days | Richard Nixon (1969–1974) |
[8] | ||
9 | James Schlesinger | February 2, 1973 | July 2, 1973 | 150 days | [9] | |||
– | Vernon Walters Acting |
July 2, 1973 | September 4, 1973 | 64 days | [9][10] | |||
10 | William Colby | September 4, 1973 | January 30, 1976 | 2 years, 148 days | [11] | |||
Gerald Ford (1974–1977) | ||||||||
11 | George H. W. Bush | January 30, 1976 | January 20, 1977 | 356 days | [12] | |||
– | Henry Knoche Acting |
January 20, 1977 | March 9, 1977 | 48 days | Jimmy Carter (1977–1981) |
[12][13] | ||
12 | Stansfield Turner | March 9, 1977 | January 20, 1981 | 3 years, 317 days | [14] | |||
13 | William Casey | January 20, 1981 | January 29, 1987 On leave: December 18, 1986 – January 29, 1987 |
6 years, 9 days | Ronald Reagan (1981–1989) |
[15] | ||
– | Bob Gates Acting |
December 18, 1986 | May 26, 1987 | 159 days | [16] | |||
14 | William Webster | May 26, 1987 | August 31, 1991 | 4 years, 97 days | [17] | |||
George H. W. Bush (1989–1993) | ||||||||
– | Richard Kerr Acting |
September 1, 1991 | November 6, 1991 | 48 days | [17][18] | |||
15 | Bob Gates | November 6, 1991 | January 20, 1993 | 1 year, 75 days | [16] | |||
– | William Studeman Acting |
January 21, 1993 | February 5, 1993 | 15 days | Bill Clinton (1993–2001) |
[19] | ||
16 | Jim Woolsey
|
February 5, 1993 | January 10, 1995 | 1 year, 339 days | [20] | |||
– | William Studeman Acting |
January 11, 1995 | May 9, 1995 | 118 days | [19] | |||
17 | John Deutch | May 10, 1995 | December 15, 1996 | 1 year, 219 days | [21] | |||
– | George Tenet | December 16, 1996 | July 11, 1997 | 207 days | [22] | |||
18 | July 11, 1997 | July 11, 2004 | 7 years, 0 days | George W. Bush (2001–2009) | ||||
– | John McLaughlin Acting |
July 12, 2004 | September 24, 2004 | 74 days | [23] | |||
19 | Porter Goss | September 24, 2004 | April 21, 2005 | 209 days | [24] |
Directors' management styles and effect on operations
Roscoe H. Hillenkoetter, 1947–1950
Rear Admiral
Walter Bedell Smith, 1950–1953
During the first years of its existence, other branches of the
Allen W. Dulles, 1953–1961
The rapid expansion of the CIA, and a developed sense of independence under the DCI Allen Dulles exacerbated the problem of the US Intelligence Community's freedom from independent review. After the armed landing of Cuban exiles in the Bay of Pigs Invasion of Cuba in 1961, President John F. Kennedy discharged and replaced Dulles. Dulles had been an OSS. veteran from World War II. His autobiography[26] is more noteworthy for giving insight into the mindset of key people in the field than it is in giving a detailed description of the CIA and its operations.[citation needed]
John McCone, 1961–1965
President
William Raborn, 1965–1966
Raborn, a distinguished
Richard M. Helms, 1966–1973
Helms was an OSS and CIA veteran, and the first DCI to have risen through the ranks at CIA. Helms became the director of the Office of Special Operations (OSO) after the CIA's disastrous role in the attempted Bay of Pigs Invasion of Cuba in 1961. Helms was made the deputy director of central intelligence under Admiral William Raborn. A year later, in 1966, he was appointed as the director.
In the early 1970s, partially as a result of the
Certain of the individuals involved in the Watergate break-ins had worked, in the past, for the CIA. In an audio tape provoking Nixon's resignation as president, Nixon ordered his chief of staff, H. R. Haldeman, to tell the CIA that further investigation of the Watergate affair would "open the whole can of worms" about the Bay of Pigs Invasion of Cuba, and, therefore, that the CIA should tell the FBI to cease investigating the Watergate burglary, due to reasons of "national security".[28] Helms refused.
The ease of Helms's role under President
James R. Schlesinger, 1973
On 2 February 1973 he became the director of central intelligence, following the previous director Richard Helms, after he had been fired for his refusal to block the Watergate Affair's investigation. Although his service at the CIA was short, barely six months, it was a stormy one as he again undertook comprehensive organizational and personnel changes. Schlesinger became so unpopular at the CIA Headquarters in Langley, Virginia, that a security camera was installed opposite his official portrait for fear that it would be vandalized. By this time he had a reputation as a tough, forthright, and outspoken administrator.[citation needed] Schlesinger's appointment as the Secretary of Defense cut short his service as the DCI. He commissioned reports—known as the "Family Jewels"—on illegal activities by the agency.
William Colby, 1973–1976
William Colby was another intelligence professional who was promoted to the top job. His autobiography was entitled "Honorable Men", and he believed that a nation had to believe such people made up its intelligence service.[30] In December 1974, investigative journalist Seymour Hersh broke the news of the "Family Jewels" (leaked to him by Colby) in a front-page article in The New York Times, revealing that the CIA had assassinated foreign leaders, and had conducted surveillance on some seven thousand American citizens involved in the antiwar movement (Operation CHAOS).
Congress responded to the "Family Jewels" in 1975, investigating the CIA in the Senate via the
Colby's tenure as DCI congressional investigations into alleged US intelligence malfeasance over the preceding twenty-five years.[clarification needed] Colby cooperated, not out of a desire for major reforms, but in the belief that the actual scope of such misdeeds was not great enough to cause lasting damage to the CIA's reputation. He believed that cooperating with Congress was the only way to save the agency from dissolution. Colby also believed that the CIA had a moral obligation to cooperate with the Congress and demonstrate that the CIA was accountable to the Constitution. This caused a major rift within the CIA ranks, with many old-line officers such as former DCI Richard Helms believing that the CIA should have resisted congressional intrusion.
Colby's time as DCI was also eventful on the world stage. Shortly after he assumed leadership, the
George H. W. Bush, 1976–1977
were some notable figures opposed to Bush's nomination. After a pledge by Bush not to run for either president or vice president in 1976, opposition to his nomination died down.Bush served as the DCI for 355 days, from January 30, 1976, to January 20, 1977.
George H. W. Bush eventually became the 43rd US vice president in 1981 and the 41st US president in 1989 and is to date the only CIA director to serve in either office.
Stansfield Turner, 1977–1981
A
During Turner's term as head of the CIA, he became outraged when former agent
William J. Casey, 1981–1987
During his tenure at the CIA, Casey played a large part in the shaping of Reagan's foreign policy, particularly its approach to Soviet international activity. Based on a book, The Terror Network, Casey believed that the Soviet Union was the source of most terrorist activity in the world, in spite of CIA analysts providing evidence that this was in fact black propaganda by the CIA itself. Casey obtained a report from a professor that agreed with his view, which convinced Ronald Reagan that there was a threat.[40]
Casey oversaw the re-expansion of the Intelligence Community, in particular the CIA, to funding and human resource levels greater than those before resource cuts during the
This period of the
Casey was also the principal architect of the
Hours before Casey was scheduled to testify before Congress about his knowledge of Iran–Contra, he was reported to have been rendered incapable of speech, and was later hospitalized. In his 1987 book,[41] The Washington Post reporter Bob Woodward, who had interviewed Casey on numerous occasions, said that he had gained entry to Casey's hospital room for a final, four-minute-long encounter—a claim that was met with disbelief in many quarters, and adamant denial by Casey's wife, Sofia. According to Woodward, when he asked Casey if he knew about the diversion of funds to the Nicaraguan Contras, "His head jerked up hard. He stared, and finally nodded yes."[42]
William H. Webster, 1987–1991
Robert M. Gates, 1991–1993
Robert Gates was nominated to become the director of central intelligence in early 1987. He withdrew his name after it became clear the Senate would reject the nomination due to controversy about his role in the Iran–Contra affair.
Gates was nominated, for the second time, for the post of Director of Central Intelligence by President George H. W. Bush on May 14, 1991, confirmed by the United States Senate on November 5, and sworn in on November 6, becoming the only career officer in the CIA's history (as of 2009) to rise from an entry-level CIA employee to the director of the CIA.[43]
The final report of the Independent Counsel for Iran/Contra Matters, issued on August 4, 1993, said that Gates "was close to many figures who played significant roles in the Iran/contra affair and was in a position to have known of their activities. The evidence developed by Independent Counsel did not warrant indictment..."[44]
R. James Woolsey, 1993–1995
As the director of central intelligence,
Never once in his two-year tenure did CIA director James Woolsey ever have a one-on-one meeting with Clinton. Even semiprivate meetings were rare. They only happened twice. Woolsey told me: "It wasn't that I had a bad relationship with the President. It just didn't exist."[45]
Another quotation about his relationship with Clinton, according to Paula Kaufman of
Remember the guy who in 1994 crashed his plane onto the White House lawn? That was me trying to get an appointment to see President Clinton.[46]
David Halberstam noted in his book War in a Time of Peace that Clinton chose Woolsey as the CIA director because the Clinton campaign had courted neo-conservatives leading up to the 1992 election, promising to be tougher on Taiwan, Bosnia, and on human rights in China, and it was decided that they ought to give at least one neo-conservative a job in the administration.
John M. Deutch, 1995–1996
In 1995, President
In 1996, the
In this same document, the committee wrote, "Considering these facts and recent history, which has shown that the [Director of the Central Intelligence Agency], whether he wants to or not, is held accountable for overseeing the [Clandestine Service], the DCI must work closely with the Director of the CS and hold him fully and directly responsible to him."[49]
Soon after Deutch's departure from the CIA in 1996 it was revealed that classified materials had been kept on several of Deutch's laptop computers designated as unclassified. In January 1997, the CIA began a formal security investigation of the matter. Senior management members at the CIA declined to fully pursue the security breach. More than two years after his departure, the matter was referred to the Department of Justice, where Attorney General Janet Reno declined to prosecute. She did, however, recommend an investigation to determine whether Deutch should retain his security clearance.[50] Clinton issued a presidential pardon on his last day in office.[51]
George J. Tenet, 1996–2004
Tenet embarked on a mission to regenerate the CIA, which had fallen on hard times since the end of the Cold War. The number of new trainee agents recruited each year had fallen to an all-time low, a 25-percent decline from the Cold War peak. Tenet appealed to the original mission of the agency, which had been to "prevent another Pearl Harbor". The problem was to foresee where danger might come from in the post–Cold War world. Tenet focused on potential problems such as "the transformation of Russia and China", "rogue states" like North Korea, Iran, and Iraq, and terrorism.[52]
In 1999, Tenet put forward a grand
How could [an intelligence] community without a strategic plan tell the President of the United States just four days after 9/11 how to attack the Afghan sanctuary and operate against al-Qaeda in ninety-two countries around the world?
On September 15, 2001, Tenet presented the
After the
Porter J. Goss, 2004–2005
During his junior year at Yale,
He served in Congress for 16 years, as a Republican House member from Florida, until his appointment as Director of the CIA. While in the House, Goss consistently and emphatically defended the CIA and supported strong budget increases for the agency, even during a time of tight budgets and Clintonian slashes to other parts of the intelligence budgets. In mid-2004, Goss took a very strong position, during what had already been announced as his last congressional term, urging specific reforms and corrections in the way the CIA carried out its activities, lest it become "just another government bureaucracy."[citation needed]
After growing pressure, Congress established the
Goss was nominated to become the new director on August 10, 2004. The appointment was challenged by some prominent
He brought with him five personal staff that were to implement change that became unpopular with CIA professionals. Steve Kappes—the Director of Operations—and his subordinates including Michael Sulick, Kappes's then-deputy, resigned early in Goss's tenure. Although Kappes came back to a responsible position, it has been reported that he quit the agency rather than carry out a request by Goss to reassign Michael Sulick. Following Goss's departure, both Kappes and Sulick have returned to positions of higher authority in the US Intelligence Community. Kappes is the Deputy Director of the CIA and Sulick was appointed Director of the National Clandestine Service on September 14, 2007.[citation needed]
Speculations on the reason for his departure include a desire to have military agency heads, or, perhaps more likely,
For many analysts, Goss' departure was inevitable, given the widespread perception that the White House had lost confidence in his ability to reorganise the CIA. Goss' departure appears to have been due, at least in part, to his repeated clashes with John Negroponte who was appointed in 2005 as the US Director of National Intelligence, a new post created to co-ordinate all 16 of the US intelligence agencies in the aftermath of the Al-Qaeda attacks.[60]
See also
- Office of Naval Research
- DARPA
- Air Force Office of Scientific Research
- National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
- Exceptional Collector Award
Explanatory notes
- 1. George Tenet was later nominated and confirmed for the position.
References
- ^ "Sidney Souers". Central Intelligence Agency – Library. Archived from the original on June 13, 2007.
- ^ "Hoyt Vandenberg". Central Intelligence Agency – Library. Archived from the original on June 13, 2007.
- ^ "Roscoe Henry Hillenkoetter". Central Intelligence Agency – Library. Archived from the original on June 13, 2007.
- ^ "Walter Smith". Central Intelligence Agency – Library. Archived from the original on June 13, 2007.
- ^ "Allen Welsh Dulles". Central Intelligence Agency – Library. Archived from the original on June 13, 2007.
- ^ "John Alex McCone". Central Intelligence Agency – Library. Archived from the original on June 13, 2007.
- ^ "William Raborn, Jr". Central Intelligence Agency – Library. Archived from the original on June 13, 2007.
- ^ "Richard McGarrah Helms". Central Intelligence Agency – Library. Archived from the original on June 13, 2007.
- ^ a b "James Rodney Schlesinger". Central Intelligence Agency – Library. Archived from the original on June 13, 2007.
- ^ "Vernon Anthony Walters". Central Intelligence Agency – Library. Archived from the original on June 13, 2007.
Acting Director of Central Intelligence, 2 July–4 September 1973.
- ^ "William Egan Colby". Central Intelligence Agency – Library. Archived from the original on June 13, 2007.
- ^ a b "George Herbert Walker Bush". Central Intelligence Agency – Library. Archived from the original on June 13, 2007.
- ^ "Enno Henry Knoche". Central Intelligence Agency – Library. Archived from the original on June 13, 2007.
Acting Director of Central Intelligence, 20 January–9 March 1977.
- ^ "Stansfield Turner". Central Intelligence Agency – Library. Archived from the original on June 13, 2007.
- ^ "William Joseph Casey". Central Intelligence Agency – Library. Archived from the original on June 13, 2007.
- ^ a b "Robert Michael Gates". Central Intelligence Agency – Library. Archived from the original on June 13, 2007.
- ^ a b "William Hedgcock Webster". Central Intelligence Agency – Library. Archived from the original on June 13, 2007.
- ^ "Richard James Kerr". Central Intelligence Agency – Library. Archived from the original on June 13, 2007.
Acting Director of Central Intelligence, 1 September–6 November 1991.
- ^ a b "William Oliver Studeman". Central Intelligence Agency – Library. Archived from the original on June 13, 2007.
Acting Director of Central Intelligence, 21 January– 5 February 1993 and 11 January–9 May 1995.
- ^ "R. James Woolsey". Central Intelligence Agency – Library. Archived from the original on June 13, 2007.
- ^ "John Deutch". Central Intelligence Agency – Library. Archived from the original on June 13, 2007.
- ^ "George John Tenet". Central Intelligence Agency – Library. Archived from the original on June 13, 2007.
- ^ "John E. McLaughlin". Central Intelligence Agency – Library. Archived from the original on June 13, 2007.
Acting Director of Central Intelligence, 12 July 2004 - 24 September 2004.
- ^ "Porter Johnston Goss". Central Intelligence Agency – Library. Archived from the original on June 13, 2007.
- ^ "U.S. Department of State: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1945–1950, Emergence of the Intelligence Establishment". United States Department of State: Document 292, Section 5. Retrieved 2007-04-15.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - ^ Dulles, Allen W. (1963). The Craft of Intelligence. Harper & Row.
- ^ "John McCone and William Raborn: New Kind of DCI", Directors of Central Intelligence as Leaders of the U.S. Intelligence Community, Douglas F. Garthoff, CIA's Center for the Study of Intelligence
- ^ "Transcript of a recording of a meeting between President Richard Nixon and H. R. Haldeman in the oval office". hpol.org. 1972-06-23. Archived from the original on 2012-01-12. Retrieved 2007-04-15.
- ISBN 9780375500121.
- OCLC 16424505.
- ^ The George Bush Center for Intelligence – CIA, accessed February 26, 2006
- ^ George Herbert Walker Bush Archived 2008-02-10 at the Wayback Machine – WorldRoots.com, accessed February 26, 2006
- ^ "Fifteen DCIs' First 100 Days". Central Intelligence Agency Center for the Study of Intelligence. Archived from the original on June 13, 2007. Retrieved 2008-05-01. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ "CIA Briefings of Presidential Candidates; Chapter 5: In-Depth Discussions With Carter". Central Intelligence Agency: Center for the Study of Intelligence. Archived from the original on June 13, 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-11.
- ISBN 0-395-35573-7.
- ISBN 9780394407432.
- ^ Snepp, Frank (1999). Irreparable Harm: A Firsthand Account of How One Agent Took On the CIA in an Epic Battle Over Secrecy and Free Speech. Random House.
- ^ Snepp v. US, 444 U.S. 507 (Supreme Court of the United States 1980).
- ^ Snepp1999, pp. 359–360.
- ^ The Power of Nightmares, Part 1 "Baby it's cold outside"
- ^ ISBN 978-0-7432-7403-6.
- ^ Zoglin, Richard (October 12, 1987). "Did a Dead Man Tell No Tales?". Time. Archived from the original on May 25, 2012.
- ISBN 0-684-81081-6.
- ^ Lawrence E. Walsh, Final report of the independent counsel for Iran/Contra matters, August 4, 1993, and in particular Chapter 16, "Robert M. Gates"
- ^ Lopez, Kathryn Jean (September 11, 2003). "Clinton's Loss? How the previous administration fumbled on bin Laden". National Review Online.
- ^ Kaufman, Paula (June 3, 2002). "Woolsey wary of more attacks; former CIA director James Woolsey says the U.S. could ensure a more peaceful world by toppling Iraq's Saddam Hussein and ceasing its toleration of Mideast tyrants". Insight on the News. Archived from the original on February 12, 2008.
- ^ "CIA's Historical Review Program", National Archives (NARA) electronic collections Archived 2007-12-30 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "The CIA Commits Over 100,000 Serious Crimes Per Year". www.thememoryhole.org. 2006-07-16. Archived from the original on 2008-07-16. Retrieved 2007-04-15.
- ^ a b "The Intelligence Community in the 21st Century, Staff Study, Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, House of Representatives, One Hundred Fourth Congress". One Hundred Fourth Congress. 2006-07-16. Archived from the original on 2007-08-07. Retrieved 2007-04-15.
- ^ Central Intelligence Agency Inspector General Report of Investigation Improper Handling of Classified Information By John M. Deutch, Feb. 18, 2000
- ^ Ross, Sonya, "Clinton Pardons More Than 100", The Washington Post, Jan. 20, 2001
- ^ Coll, Steve (2005). Ghost Wars. Penguin. pp. 317, 354, 359–62.
- ISBN 9780061147784.
- ^ 9/11 Commission Report, chapter 10, p.332 (HTML version)
- ^ "CIA criticises ex-chief over 9/11". BBC. 2007-08-21. Retrieved 2007-08-21.
- ^ Woodward, Bob (2004). Plan of Attack. Simon & Schuster.
- ^ Scott Shane, Mark Mazzetti (27 April 2007). "Ex-C.I.A. Chief, in Book, Assails Cheney on Iraq". The New York Times.
- ^ Patrick Martin (2002-03-06). "Further delay in US congressional investigation into September 11 attacks". World Socialist Web Site. Retrieved 2006-11-27.
- ^ "Yet more turmoil at the CIA". Jane's. 11 May 2006. Archived from the original on 2 December 2007.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - ^ "Experienced Player Who Shuns Spotlight: Anthony Lake". The New York Times. December 5, 1996. Retrieved December 5, 2016.
- ^ Mayer, Jane (March 31, 1997). "Tony Lake Is Missing". The New Yorker. Retrieved December 5, 2016.
- PBS Newshour. PBS. Archived from the originalon December 20, 2016. Retrieved December 5, 2016.