Directorial system

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World's states coloured by systems of government:
Parliamentary systems: Head of government is elected or nominated by and accountable to the legislature
  Constitutional monarchy with a ceremonial monarch
  Parliamentary republic with a ceremonial president
  Parliamentary republic with an executive president
Presidential system: President is the head of government and is independent of the legislature
  Presidential republic
Hybrid systems:
  Semi-presidential republic: President is independent of the legislature; head of government is appointed by the president and is accountable to the legislature
  Assembly-independent republic: President or directory is the head of government and is elected by the legislature, but is independent of and not accountable to it
  Semi-constitutional monarchy: Monarch holds significant executive or legislative power
  Absolute monarchy: Monarch has unlimited power
  One-party state: Power is constitutionally linked to a single political party
  Military junta: Committee of military leaders controls the government; constitutional provisions are suspended
  Provisional government: No constitutionally defined basis to current regime
  Dependent territories and places without governments
Note: this chart represent de jure systems of government, not the de facto degree of democracy.[citation needed]

A directorial republic is a country ruled by a college of several people who jointly exercise the powers of a head of state and/or a head of government.

Current directorial systems

Directorial republic in Switzerland

One country now using this form of government is

Swiss Federal Council is elected by the Federal Assembly for four years, and is composed of seven members, among whom one is president and one is vice-president on a rotating basis, although these positions are symbolic in normal circumstances. The link between the Swiss managerial system and the presidential system is even more evident for the cantonal governments, where currently all directors are all individually directly elected by the voters.[3]

History

In political history, the term directory, in French directoire, is applied to high collegial institutions of state composed of members styled director. Early directorial systems were the Ambrosian Republic (1447-1450), the Bohemian Revolt (1618–1620), New England Confederation (1643–1686), partially in First Stadtholderless Period of Dutch Republic (1650–1672), Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776 and the Directory of 1795–1799 in France.[4]

The French Directory was inspired by the

presidentialism metric value compared to presidential systems due to lower concentration of political power in the hands of one individual.[5] Military juntas differ from the directorial system by not being elected. Utilizing sortition
to select multiple executives can lead to a directorial system.

Former directorial systems

In the past, countries with elected directories include:

See also

References

  1. ^ "Switzerland | History, Flag, Map, Capital, Population, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica.
  2. ^ Pierre Cormon (2014). Swiss Politics for Complete Beginners. Ginevra: Slatkine.
  3. S2CID 246371550
    .
  4. ^ Directory (French history) at the Encyclopædia Britannica
  5. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3066654
    – via Social Science Research Network.
  6. ^ Directory (Ukrainian ruling body) at the Encyclopædia Britannica
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