Dirigisme

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Dirigisme or dirigism (from French diriger 'to direct') is an economic doctrine in which the state plays a strong directive (policies) role, contrary to a merely regulatory interventionist role, over a market economy.[1] As an economic doctrine, dirigisme is the opposite of laissez-faire, stressing a positive role for state intervention in curbing productive inefficiencies and market failures. Dirigiste policies often include indicative planning, state-directed investment, and the use of market instruments (taxes and subsidies) to incentivize market entities to fulfill state economic objectives.

The term emerged in the

demographic growth, known as the Trente Glorieuses which followed the war, and the slowdown beginning with the 1973 oil crisis
.

The term has subsequently been used to classify other economies that pursued similar policies, such as

People's Republic of China (PRC) after the Chinese economic reform,[2] Malaysia, Indonesia[3][4] and India after the opening of its economy in 1991.[5][6][7]

Most modern economies can be characterized as dirigiste to some degree as the state may exercise directive action by performing or subsidizing research and development of new technologies through government procurement (especially military) or through state-run research institutes.[8]

France

Before the

Second World War, France had a relatively fragmented capitalist economic system. The many small companies, often family-owned, were often not dynamic and efficient[citation needed] in comparison to the large industrial groups in Germany or the United States. The Second World War laid waste to France. Railroads and industries were destroyed by aerial bombardment and sabotage; industries were seized by Nazi Germany; in the immediate postwar years loomed the spectre of long years of rationing (such as the system enforced in that period in the United Kingdom). Some sections of the French business and political world lost authority after collaborating with the German occupiers
.

Post-war French governments, from whichever political side, generally sought rational, efficient economic development, with the long-term goal of matching the highly developed and technologically advanced economy of the

École Polytechnique
.

During the 1945–1975 period, France experienced unprecedented economic growth (5.1% on average) and a demographic boom, leading to the coinage of the term Trente Glorieuses (the "Glorious Thirty [years]").

Dirigisme flourished under the conservative governments of

Keynesian policies taken by François Mitterrand
. Dirigisme has remained out of favour with subsequent governments, though some of its traits remain.

Indicative planning

The main French tool under dirigisme was

accumulation of capital, profit-maximizing enterprise and market-based allocation
of producer goods.

In contrast to

Soviet bloc, where economic planning substituted private profit
incentivized investment and operated the factors of production according to a binding plan, the French state never owned more than a minority of industry and did not seek to replace private profit with central planning. The idea of dirigisme is to complement and improve the efficiency of the market through indirect planning intended to provide better information to market participants. This concept is held in contrast to a planned economy, which aims to replace market-based allocation of production and investment with a binding plan of production expressed in units of physical quantities.

State ownership

Because French industry prior to the Second World War was weak due to fragmentation, the French government encouraged mergers and the formation of "national champions": large industry groups backed by the state.

Two areas where the French government sought greater control were in

PTT administration. The government chose to devolve the construction of most autoroutes (freeways) to semi-private companies rather than to administer them itself. Other areas where the French government directly intervened were defence, nuclear and aerospace industries (Aérospatiale
).

This development was marked by volontarisme, the belief that difficulties (e.g. postwar devastation, lack of natural resources) could be overcome through willpower and ingenuity. For instance, following the

modernization, resulting in a variety of ambitious state plans. Examples of this trend include the extensive use of nuclear energy (close to 80% of French electrical consumption), the Minitel, an early online system for the masses, and the TGV, a high-speed rail
network.

India

See also: Hindu rate of growth

Dirigisme is seen in

central planning,[9] while trade and foreign investment policies were relatively liberal.[10] However, in regard to trade and foreign investment, other authors disagree stating that high tariff barriers were maintained, with import duties of 350% not being uncommon,[11] and there was also severe restrictions on the entry of foreign goods, capital, and technology.[11] Although a mixed economy, the share of investment in public sector enterprises was 60%.[12] India's economic policies during this period were more akin to Soviet economic planning rather than the French dirigisme model.[12] Socialist economic planning was especially prevalent in form of the Planning Commission and Five-Year plans.[13][14]

After

dairy, fertilizers & chemicals,[20] airports,[21] nuclear, mining, digitization, defense, steel, rare earths, water, electricity, oil and gas industries and power plants,[22] and has substantial control over digitalization, Broadband as national infrastructure, telecommunication, supercomputing, space, port and shipping industries,[23] among other industries, were effectively nationalised in the mid-1950s.[24][13][14]
In essence, the Indian Government has indirect control on all sectors except technology and consumer goods.

Other economies with dirigiste characteristics

Economic dirigisme has been described as an inherent aspect of

collectivism, totalitarianism, and anti-communism.[26]

Dirigisme has been brought up as a politico-economic scheme at odds with laissez-faire capitalism in the context of French overseas holdings. To varying degrees throughout the post-colonial period, countries such as Lebanon and Syria have been influenced by this motif.[27]

See also

Economies with dirigisme or similar policies

References

  1. ^ "Dirigisme". Oxford Dictionaries. Retrieved 25 May 2013.
  2. ISBN 978-1-349-14157-9
    .
  3. doi:10.21512/jas.v10i2.9075
    .
  4. S2CID 211395480
    .
  5. ^ "India's Far from Neo-liberal Economic Order in the Modi Era". 30 October 2020.
  6. ^ "View: Welcome to Modi's state capitalism 2.0". The Economic Times. 2 February 2022.
  7. S2CID 212790073
    .
  8. ^ Mazzucato, Mariana (25 June 2013). "The myth of the 'meddling' state". Public Finance Focus.
  9. ^ Panagariya 2008, pp. 31–32
  10. ^ Panagariya 2008, p. 24
  11. ^ a b Tharoor 2003, p. 242
  12. ^ a b Sharma & Dhindsa 2005, p. xxv
  13. ^
    ISBN 978-1-137-02830-3
    , retrieved 2020-09-04
  14. ^ a b Mazumdar, Surajit (2012). "Industrialization, Dirigisme and Capitalists: Indian Big Business from Independence to Liberalization". mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de. Retrieved 2020-09-04.
  15. ^ Babones, Salvatore (27 July 2011). "Why France Has a Much Better India Strategy Than America". FP.
  16. ^ Srivastava, Pankaj (27 July 2011). "I believe the neoliberal regime is also reaching a dead end: Prabhat Patnaik". GOVERNANCENOW.
  17. ^ D'Silva, Jeetha (1 September 2007). "India growth story is attracting talent from govt establishments". Livemint.
  18. ^ Sikarwar, Deepshikha (27 July 2011). "Sovereign guarantee for all policies issued by LIC will continue". The Economic Times.
  19. ^ Nirmal, Rajalakshmi (27 July 2021). "Ending APMC monopoly: Centre bites the bullet at last". The Hindu.
  20. ^ Fernández, Lucía (27 July 2021). "Leading fertilizer companies in India as of February 2021, based on net sales". statista.
  21. ^ "New Cargo Agency To End Aai Monopoly". Business Standard. 27 July 2021.
  22. ^ "Energy Statistics 2017" (PDF). Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation.
  23. ^ "About Us". Official webpage of the Shipping Corporation of India. Archived from the original on 6 November 2007. Retrieved 3 June 2009.
  24. ^ Staley, Sam (2006). "The Rise and Fall of Indian Socialism: Why India embraced economic reform". Reason. Archived from the original on 14 January 2009. Retrieved 17 January 2011.
  25. ISBN 978-1-139-45264-9
    .
  26. S2CID 155046186
    .
  27. ^ Quilty, Jim (October 17, 2007). "Cohabitation leading to a shotgun wedding and a bitter divorce". The Daily Star.[permanent dead link]

Further reading

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