Disappearance of Natalee Holloway

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Natalee Holloway
Senior portrait of Natalee Holloway in 2004
Born
Natalee Ann Holloway

(1986-10-21)October 21, 1986
DisappearedMay 30, 2005 (aged 18)
Oranjestad, Aruba, Netherlands
StatusMissing for 18 years, 9 months and 27 days; declared dead on January 12, 2012[2]
EducationMountain Brook High School
Height5 ft 4 in (1.63 m)[3]
Parents

Natalee Ann Holloway (October 21, 1986 – disappeared May 30, 2005; declared dead January 12, 2012) was an 18-year-old American high school graduate from Mountain Brook, Alabama, who disappeared from the Caribbean island of Aruba on May 30, 2005.[4] Her disappearance resulted in an international media sensation, especially in the United States.[5] The prime suspect, Dutch national Joran van der Sloot, has made conflicting statements over the years about his involvement, including a confession to killing her.[6] Holloway's remains have not been found.

Holloway, who had visited Aruba with classmates following her high school graduation, was scheduled to fly home on May 30 but failed to appear for her flight.

Alabama Governor Bob Riley's support but failed to gain widespread backing.[12][13]

With the assistance of hundreds of volunteers, Aruban investigators conducted an extensive search operation. American special agents from the

F-16 aircraft participated in the search.[15][16][17] In addition to the ground search, divers searched the ocean for Holloway's body.[18] She was never found.[19][20][21]

On December 18, 2007, Aruban prosecutors announced that the case would be closed without charging anyone with a crime.

legally dead on January 12, 2012.[2]

On June 8, 2023, van der Sloot, who was still the main suspect in Holloway's disappearance, was

blunt force trauma after she rejected his sexual advances.[6] Eleven days later, he returned to Peru to finish his sentence for killing Flores.[27]

Background

Mountain Brook High School, where Holloway graduated just before her ill-fated trip to Aruba

Natalee Holloway was the first of two children born to David "Dave" and

State Farm in Meridian, Mississippi, while Beth Twitty was employed by the Mountain Brook School System.[29][34][35]

Disappearance in Aruba

On Thursday, May 26, 2005, Holloway and 124 fellow graduates of Mountain Brook High School arrived in Aruba for a five-day, unofficial graduation trip.[30][36] The teenagers were accompanied by seven chaperones.[37] According to teacher and chaperone Bob Plummer, the chaperones met with the students each day to make sure everything was fine.[38] Jodi Bearman, who organized the trip, stated, "[T]he chaperones were not supposed to keep up with their every move."[37][39] Aruban police commissioner Gerold Dompig, who headed the investigation from mid-2005 until 2006, stated that the Mountain Brook students engaged in "wild partying, a lot of drinking, lots of room switching every night. We know the Holiday Inn told them they weren't welcome next year. Natalee, we know, she drank all day every day. We have statements she started every morning with cocktails—so much drinking that Natalee didn't show up for breakfast two mornings."[37] Two of Holloway's classmates, Liz Cain and Claire Fierman, agreed that the drinking on the trip was "kind of excessive".[40]

Holloway was last seen by her classmates around 1:30 a.m. on Monday, May 30, as she was leaving the

luggage and her passport were found in her room at the Holiday Inn.[10][37] Aruban authorities initiated searches for Holloway throughout the island and surrounding waters but did not find her.[10]

Investigation

Early investigation

Immediately following Holloway's missed flight, her mother and stepfather flew with friends to Aruba by private jet.[9] Within four hours of landing on the island, the Twittys presented Aruban police with the name and address of van der Sloot, who was the person with whom Holloway left the nightclub.[9] Beth stated that van der Sloot's full name was given to her by the night manager at the Holiday Inn, who supposedly recognized him on a videotape.[32] The Twittys and their friends went to the van der Sloot residence with two Aruban policemen to look for Holloway. Van der Sloot initially denied knowing Holloway's name, but then told a story corroborated by Deepak Kalpoe, who was present in the house:[37] van der Sloot stated that they drove Holloway to the California Lighthouse area of Arashi Beach because she wanted to see sharks; they later dropped Holloway off at her hotel at around 2:00 a.m.[46] According to van der Sloot, Holloway fell down as she exited the car but refused his help.[46] He stated that as he and Deepak were driving away, Holloway was approached by a dark man in a black shirt similar to those worn by security guards.[46]

Carlos'n Charlie's in Oranjestad, Aruba. The restaurant was the last place Holloway was seen by her classmates.

The

Dutch marines conducted an extensive search of the shoreline.[15] Aruban banks raised $20,000 and provided other support to aid volunteer search teams.[17] Beth Twitty was provided with housing, initially at the Holiday Inn, where she coincidentally stayed in the same room her daughter had occupied.[47] She subsequently stayed at the presidential suite of the nearby Wyndham Hotel.[37]

Reports indicated that Holloway did not appear on any nighttime security camera footage of the Holiday Inn lobby;[48] however, Twitty has made varying statements as to whether the cameras were operational that night. According to an April 19, 2006, statement made by Twitty, the video cameras at the hotel were not functioning the night Holloway vanished.[48] Twitty has made other statements indicating that they were working and stated so in her book.[49][1] Police Commis­sioner Jan van der Straatenthe initial head of the investigation until his 2005 retire­mentsaid that Holloway did not have to go through the lobby to return to her room.[50]

The search for physical evidence was extensive and subject to occasional false leads; for example, a possible blood sample taken from Deepak's car was tested but determined not to be blood.[51]

American law enforcement cooperated substantially with Aruban authorities from the early days of the investigation. U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice stated to reporters that the U.S. was in constant contact with Aruban authorities. Another State Department official indicated, "Substantial resources are being applied to this as they [Aruba officials] continue to ask for more."[52]

2005 arrests of multiple suspects

On June 5, Aruban police detained Nick John and Abraham Jones, former security guards[53] from the nearby Allegro Hotel[8] (which was then closed for renovation)[54] on suspicion of murder and kidnapping.[55] Authorities have never officially disclosed the reason for their arrests, but, according to news accounts, statements made by van der Sloot and the Kalpoe brothers may have been a factor in their arrests.[56][57] Reports also indicated that the two former guards were known for cruising hotels to pick up women, and at least one of them had a prior incident with law enforcement.[58] John and Jones were released on June 13 without being charged.[44]

Mug shot of Joran van der Sloot, who was one of the suspects in Holloway's disappearance, June 2005

On June 9, van der Sloot and the Kalpoe brothers were arrested on suspicion of the kidnapping and murder of Holloway.

wiretaps and even monitoring of their e-mail.[40] Dompig indicated that pressure from Holloway's family caused police to prematurely stop their surveillance and detain the three suspects.[40]

As the investigation continued, David Cruzspokesman for the Aruban Minister of Justicefalsely indicated on June 11 that Holloway was dead and that authorities knew the location of her body.[61] Cruz later retracted the statement, saying he was a victim of a "misinformation campaign".[61] That evening, Dompig alleged to the Associated Press that one of the detained young men admitted "something bad happened" to Holloway after the suspects took her to the beach and that the suspect was leading police to the scene.[61] The next morning, prosecution spokeswoman Vivian van der Biezen refused to confirm or deny the allegation, simply stating that the investigation was at a "very crucial, very important moment".[61]

On June 17, a sixth person later identified as disc jockey Steve Gregory Croes was also arrested. Van der Straaten told the media that "Croes was detained based on information from one of the other three detainees."[39] On June 22, Aruban police detained van der Sloot's father, Paulus van der Sloot, for questioning; he was arrested that same day. Both Paulus and Croes were ordered to be released on June 26.[44]

During this period, the suspects who had been detained changed their stories.

Marriott Hotel. Van der Sloot stated that he did not harm Holloway but left her on the beach.[62] According to Satish's attorney, David Kock, van der Sloot called Deepak to tell the latter that he was walking home and sent him a text message forty minutes later.[44] At some time during the interrogation, van der Sloot detailed a third account that he was dropped off at home and Holloway was driven off by the Kalpoe brothers.[37]
Dompig discounted the story, stating:

This latest story [came about] when [Van der Sloot] saw [that] the other guys, the Kalpoes, were kind of finger-pointing in his direction, and he wanted to screw them also, by saying he was dropped off. But that story doesn't check out at all. He just wanted to screw Deepak. They had great arguments about this in front of the judge. Because their stories didn't match. This girl, she was from Alabama, she's not going to stay in the car with two black kids. We believe the second story, that they were dropped off by the Marriott.[37]

Following hearings before a judge, the Kalpoe brothers were released on Monday, July 4, but van der Sloot was detained for an additional sixty days.[63]

Continued search, rearrests and releases

Dutch Marines searching for Holloway's remains near the California Lighthouse in Aruba

On July 4, the

infrared sensors to aid in the search, but the results came up empty.[14][16] In March 2006 it was reported that satellite photos were being compared with photographs taken more recently (presumably from the F-16s) in an attempt to find unexpected shifts of ground that might be Holloway's grave.[64]

After a local gardener

FBI used cadaver dogs to assist in the recovery operation.[69] The searches were fruitless.[37]

Holloway's family initially offered $175,000 and donors offered $50,000 for her safe return.[31] Two months after her disappearance, the reward was increased from $200,000 to $1,000,000, with a $100,000 reward for information leading to the location of her remains.[70] In August 2005, the reward for information leading to Natalee's remains was increased from $100,000 to $250,000.[71]

The FBI announced that Aruban authorities had provided its agency with documents, suspect interviews and other evidence. Investigators found a piece of duct tape with strands of blond hair attached to it; the samples were tested at a Dutch lab. A group from the Aruban police and prosecutor's office then traveled to the FBI laboratory at Quantico, Virginia, to consult with American investigators. The hair samples were then tested a second time.[70][72] The FBI announced that the hair samples did not belong to Holloway.[73]

The Kalpoe brothers were rearrested on August 26 along with another new suspect, 21-year-old Freddy Arambatzis.[18] Arambatzis' lawyer said that his client was suspected of taking photographs of an underage girl and having inappropriate physical contact with said girl. This incident allegedly occurred before the Holloway disappearance. Arambatzis' friends van der Sloot and the Kalpoe brothers were supposedly involved in the incident. Van der Sloot's mother, Anita van der Sloot, stated, "It's a desperate attempt to get the boys to talk. But there is nothing to talk about."[74] While no public explanation was then made for the Kalpoe rearrests, Dompig later said that it was an unsuccessful attempt to pressure the brothers into confessing.[37]

On September 3, the four detained suspects were released by a judge despite the attempts of the

Combined Appeals Court of the Netherlands Antilles and Aruba.[76]

In the months following his release, van der Sloot gave several interviews that explained his version of events. The most notable interview was broadcast on Fox News over three nights in March 2006. During the interview, van der Sloot indicated that Holloway wanted to have sex with him, but he did not because he did not have a condom.[77] He stated that Holloway wanted them to stay on the beach, but that he had to go to school in the morning. According to van der Sloot, he was picked up by Satish at about 3:00 a.m. and left Holloway sitting on the beach.[78] In August 2005, David Kock, Satish's attorney, stated that his client had gone to sleep and had not returned to drive van der Sloot home.[79] Van der Sloot stated that he was somewhat ashamed to have left a young woman alone on the beach, albeit by her own request, and related that he was not truthful at first because he was convinced that Holloway would soon turn up.[78]

In January 2006, the FBI and Aruban authorities interviewed—or in some cases, re-interviewed—several of Holloway's classmates in Alabama.[80] On January 17, Aruban police searched for Holloway's body in sand dunes on the northwest coast of Aruba, as well as areas close by the Marriott Hotel beach.[81] Additional searches took place in March and April 2006, without result.[40]

Shortly before leaving the case, Dompig gave an interview to CBS News in which he stated that he believed Holloway was not murdered but probably died from alcohol and/or drug poisoning, and that someone later hid her body. He also stated that Aruba had spent about $3 million on the investigation, which was about 40% of the police operational budget.[40] Dompig indicated that there was evidence that pointed to possession (though not necessarily use) of illicit drugs by Holloway.[20][82] Members of Holloway's family denied that she used drugs.[83]

On April 11, 2006, Holloway's father published a book—co-authored with R. Stephanie Good and Larry Garrison—called Aruba: The Tragic Untold Story of Natalee Holloway and Corruption in Paradise, that recounted the search for his daughter.[29][84]

2006 arrests of new suspects; Dutch investigation takeover

On April 15, 2006, Geoffrey van Cromvoirt was arrested by Aruban authorities on suspicion of criminal offenses related to dealing in narcotics which, according to the prosecutor, might have been related to the disappearance of Holloway.[85] At his first court appearance, his detention was extended by eight days. Van Cromvoirt was released, however, on April 25.[86] In addition, another individual with initials "A.B." was arrested on April 22, but was released the same day.[86]

On May 17, Guido Wever, the son of a former Aruban politician, was detained in the Netherlands on suspicion of assisting in the abducting, battering and killing of Holloway.

Utrecht. Aruban prosecutors initially sought his transfer to the island, but he was instead released by agreement between the prosecutor and Wever's attorney.[88]

At Aruba's request, the Netherlands took over the investigation. Following receipt of extensive case documentation in Rotterdam, a team of the Dutch National Police started work on the case in September.[89] On April 16, 2007, a combined Aruban–Dutch team began pursuing the investigation in Aruba.[89]

Book, search and inspection

A book by van der Sloot and reporter Zvezdana Vukojevic,

media frenzy that followed. He admits to and apologizes for his initial lies but maintains his innocence.[91]

On April 27, a new search involving approximately twenty investigators was launched at the van der Sloot family residence in Aruba.[92][93] Dutch authorities searched the yard and surrounding area, using shovels and thin metal rods to penetrate the dirt.[92] Prosecution spokeswoman Van der Biezen stated, "The investigation has never stopped and the Dutch authorities are completely reviewing the case for new indications."[92] A statement from the prosecutor's office related, "The team has indications that justify a more thorough search."[92] Investigators did not comment on what prompted the new search,[92] except that it was not related to van der Sloot's book.[89] According to Paulus van der Sloot, "nothing suspicious" was found, and all that was seized were diary entries of him and his wife, and his personal computer—which was subsequently returned.[94] According to Jossy Mansur, managing editor of Aruba's Diario newspaper, investigators were following up on statements made during early suspect interrogations regarding communications between the Kalpoe brothers and van der Sloot. He also said investigators could be seen examining a laptop at the house.[95]

On May 12, the Kalpoe family residence was searched by the authorities.[96] The two brothers were detained for about an hour upon objecting to the entry by police but were released when they left.[96][97] According to Kock, the brothers objected to the search because officials did not show them an order justifying the intrusion. A statement from Van der Biezen did not mention what, if anything, officials were searching for, but indicated nothing was removed from the home.[96][97] A subsequent statement from the Aruban prosecutor's office indicated that the purpose of the visit was to "get a better image of the place or circumstances where an offense may have been committed and to understand the chain of events leading to the offense."[98][99]

2007 rearrests and re-releases

Citing what was described as newly discovered evidence, Aruban investigators rearrested van der Sloot and the Kalpoe brothers on November 21, 2007, on suspicion of involvement in "manslaughter and causing serious bodily harm that resulted in the death of Holloway."[11] Van der Sloot was detained by Dutch authorities in the Netherlands, while the Kalpoe brothers were detained in Aruba.[11] Van der Sloot was returned to Aruba, where he was incarcerated.[11]

Soon after, Dave Holloway announced a new search for his daughter that probed the sea beyond the original 330-foot (100 m) depths in which earlier searches had taken place.[100] That search involved a vessel called the Persistence and was abandoned due to lack of funds at the end of February 2008, when nothing of significance was found.[101]

On November 30, a judge ordered the release of the Kalpoe brothers. Despite attempts by the prosecution to extend their detention,[102][103] the brothers were released on the following day.[104] The prosecution appealed their release, which was denied on December 5, with the court writing, "Notwithstanding expensive and lengthy investigations on her disappearance and on people who could be involved, the file against the suspect does not contain direct indications that Natalee passed away due to a violent crime."[105] Van der Sloot was released without charge on December 7 due to lack of evidence implicating him as well as a lack of evidence that Holloway died as the result of a violent crime. The prosecution indicated it would not appeal.[106]

On December 18, prosecutor Hans Mos officially declared the case closed, and that no charges would be filed due to lack of evidence.

chatroom message, had stated that Holloway was dead. This was hotly contested by Deepak's attorney, who stated that the prosecution, in translating from Papiamento to Dutch, had misconstrued a reference to a teacher who had drowned as one to Holloway.[109] Attorney Ronald Wix also stated, "Unless [Mos] finds a body in the bathroom of one of these kids, there's no way in hell they can arrest them anymore."[110]

Dutch television programme

On January 31, 2008, Dutch crime reporter Peter R. de Vries claimed that he had solved the Holloway case.[111] De Vries stated that he would tell all on a special program on Dutch television on February 3.[111] On February 1, Dutch media reported that van der Sloot made a confession regarding Holloway's disappearance. Later that day, van der Sloot stated that he was telling the individual what he wanted to hear, and denied any involvement in her disappearance.[112] That same day, the Aruba prosecutor's office announced the reopening of the case.[24]

The broadcast, aired on February 3, 2008, included excerpts from footage recorded from hidden cameras and microphones in the vehicle of

marijuana[114] and stating that he was with Holloway when she began convulsively shaking, then became unresponsive. Van der Sloot stated that he attempted to revive her, without success. He said that he called a friend, who told van der Sloot to go home and who disposed of the body.[115] An individual reputed to be this friend, identified in the broadcast as Daury, denied van der Sloot's account, indicating that he was then in Rotterdam at school.[116]

The Aruban prosecutor's office attempted to obtain an arrest warrant for van der Sloot based on the tapes; however, a judge denied the request.[117] The prosecutor appealed the denial, but the appeal failed on February 14.[118] The appeals court held that the statements on the tape were inconsistent with evidence in the case and were insufficient to hold van der Sloot.[119] On February 8, van der Sloot met with Aruban investigators in the Netherlands and denied that what he said on the tape was true, stating that he was under the influence of marijuana at the time. Van der Sloot indicated that he still maintains that he left Holloway behind on the beach.[113]

In March 2008, news reports indicated that van der Eem was secretly taped after giving an interview for Aruban television. Van der Eem, under the impression that cameras had been turned off, disclosed that he had been a friend of van der Sloot for years (contradicting his statement on De Vries' show that he had met van der Sloot in 2007), that he expected to become a millionaire through his involvement in the Holloway case, and that he knew the person who supposedly disposed of Holloway's body—and that van der Sloot had asked him for two thousand euros to buy the man's silence. According to Dutch news service ANP, van der Eem, who had already signed a book deal, "was furious" after learning of the taping and "threatened" the interviewer, who sought legal advice.[120] Van der Eem's book Overboord (Overboard),[121] co-written with E.E. Byars, was released (in Dutch) on June 25.[122] Van der Eem was arrested on December 13 in the Netherlands for allegedly hitting his girlfriend with a crowbar and engaging in risky driving behavior while fleeing police.[123]

The De Vries broadcast was discussed in a seminar by Dutch legal psychologist Willem Albert Wagenaar, who indicated that the statements did not constitute a confession. Wagenaar criticized De Vries for broadcasting the material, stating that the broadcast made it harder to obtain a conviction, and had De Vries turned over the material to the authorities without broadcasting it, they would have held "all the trumps" in questioning van der Sloot. Wagenaar opined that not only was the case not solved, it was not even clear that a crime had been committed. Professor Crisje Brants, in the same seminar, also criticized De Vries' methods.[124]

On November 24, Fox News aired an interview with van der Sloot in which he alleged that he sold Holloway into sexual slavery, receiving money both when Holloway was taken, and later on to keep quiet. Van der Sloot also alleged that his father paid off two police officers who had learned that Holloway was taken to Venezuela. Van der Sloot later retracted the statements made in the interview.[25] Fox News also aired part of an audio recording provided by van der Sloot, which he alleged is a phone conversation between him and his father, in which the father displays knowledge of his son's purported involvement in human trafficking. According to Mos, this voice heard on the recording is not that of Paulus van der Sloot—the Dutch newspaper De Telegraaf reported that the "father's" voice is almost certainly that of Joran van der Sloot himself, trying to speak in a lower tone.[125] Paulus died of a heart attack on February 10, 2010.[126]

On March 20, 2009, Dave Holloway transported a search dog to Aruba to search a small reservoir in the northern part of the island. The reservoir was previously identified by a supposed witness as a possible location of Natalee's remains. Aruban authorities indicated that they had no new information in the case, but that Holloway had been given permission to conduct the search.[127]

On February 23, 2010, it was reported that van der Sloot had stated in an interview (first offered to RTL Group in 2009) that he had disposed of Holloway's body in a marsh on Aruba. New chief prosecutor Peter Blanken indicated that authorities had investigated the latest story, and had dismissed it. Blanken stated that the "locations, names, and times he gave just did not make sense."[128]

In March 2010, underwater searches were conducted by Aruban authorities after an American couple reported[129] that they were snorkeling when they photographed what they thought might be human skeletal remains, possibly those of Holloway. Aruban authorities sent divers to investigate, but no remains were ever recovered.[130]

Van der Sloot's extortion of Holloway family

On March 29, 2010, van der Sloot contacted John Q. Kelly, Beth Twitty's legal representative, with an offer to reveal the location of Holloway's body and the circumstances surrounding her death, if he were given advance of US$25,000 against a total of $250,000.

Joyce White Vance obtained an arrest warrant and transmitted it to Interpol.[137][138] On June 30, van der Sloot was indicted on the charges.[139]

At the request of the

U.S. Justice Department, authorities conducted a June 4 raid and confiscated items from two homes in the Netherlands. One of the homes belonged to reporter Jaap Amesz, who had previously interviewed van der Sloot and claimed knowledge of his criminal activities.[140] Aruban investigators used information gathered from the extortion case to launch a new search at a beach, but no new evidence was found.[141] Dave Holloway returned to Aruba on June 14 to pursue possible new clues.[142]

Van der Sloot's murder of Stephany Flores Ramirez in Peru

On May 30, 2010five years to the day after Holloway's disappearanceStephany Flores Ramírez, a 21-year-old business student, was reported missing in Lima, Peru. She was found dead three days later in a hotel room registered in van der Sloot's name.[143] On June 3, van der Sloot was arrested in Chile on a murder charge and extradited to Peru the next day.[144] On June 7, Peruvian authorities said that van der Sloot confessed to killing Flores after he lost his temper because she accessed his laptop without permission and found information linking him to Holloway.[145] Police chief César Guardia related that van der Sloot told Peruvian police that he knew where Holloway's body was and offered to help Aruban authorities find it.[132][146] However, Guardia stated that the interrogation was limited to their case in Peru, and that questions about Holloway's disappearance were avoided.[147] On June 11, van der Sloot was charged in Lima Superior Court with first-degree murder and robbery.[148] On June 15, Aruban and Peruvian authorities announced an agreement to cooperate and allow investigators from Aruba to interview van der Sloot at Miguel Castro Castro prison in Peru.[149] In a September 2010 interview from the prison, van der Sloot reportedly admitted to the extortion plot, stating: "I wanted to get back at Natalee's family—her parents have been making my life tough for five years."[150] On January 11, 2012, van der Sloot pleaded guilty to murdering Flores[21] and was sentenced to 28 years in prison.[151]

Declaration of death

In June 2011 (six years after Natalee's disappearance), Dave Holloway filed a petition with the Alabama courts to have his daughter declared

legally dead. The papers were served on his ex-wife Beth Twitty, who announced her intention to oppose the petition.[152] A hearing was held on September 23, 2011, at which time Probate Judge Alan King ruled that Dave Holloway had met the requirements for a legal presumption of death.[153] On January 12, 2012, a second hearing was held, after which Judge King signed the order declaring Natalee Holloway to be dead.[21]

Unrelated bone discovery, contested Oxygen documentary

On November 12, 2010, tourists found a jawbone on an Aruban beach near the Phoenix Hotel and Bubali Swamp.[154] Preliminary examination by a forensic expert determined that the bone was from a young woman.[155] A part of the bone was sent to The Hague for testing by the Netherlands Forensic Institute.[155][156] On November 23, 2010, Aruba Solicitor-General Taco Stein announced that based on dental records, the jawbone was not of Holloway, and it was not even possible to determine whether it had come from a man or woman.[157]

In 2016, Dave Holloway hired a private investigator, T.J. Ward, to once more go through all evidence and information related to the disappearance of his daughter. This led to an informant, Gabriel, who claimed to have been a roommate of one of van der Sloot's closest friends, American John Ludwick, in 2005. Gabriel claimed that Ludwick was told what became of Natalee.[158][159] In an interview with the Oxygen television channel, Gabriel gave a detailed description of what happened on the night of Natalee's disappearance. Oxygen created a new documentary series on Natalee's disappearance that aired on August 19, 2017. Using Gabriel's information, the investigator had found what appeared to be human bones. On October 3, 2017, DNA testing concluded that one piece of bone was human but did not belong to Natalee.[160]

On the show, Ludwick claimed to have helped van der Sloot dig up, smash and cremate Holloway's bones in 2010. In February 2018, Elizabeth Holloway sued the producers, alleging this and other claims are fictional and harmfully lurid, and that she was misled into providing a DNA sample for comparison without being made aware of plans for a show. In March 2018, Ludwick was stabbed to death by a woman he tried to kidnap.[161]

2023 extradition of Joran van der Sloot to the United States

On June 8, 2023, Joran van der Sloot was officially extradited from Peru, where he was serving his 28-year sentence for the 2010 murder of Stephany Flores Ramírez, to the United States, landing at

Shuttlesworth Airport in Birmingham, Alabama just before 2:30 p.m.[26] After arriving in Birmingham, he was taken into U.S. custody and transported to the Hoover City Jail.[162] On June 9, he was arraigned in the federal court in Birmingham on one count of extortion and one count of wire fraud against Beth Holloway, Natalee Holloway's mother.[163][26][164] He pleaded not guilty to each charge.[163]

On October 18, 2023, van der Sloot confessed in a

proffer letter to killing Holloway. He wrote that he kicked and bludgeoned her with a cinder block after she refused his sexual advances, and disposed of her body in the ocean.[6]

Investigation criticism

A young woman leaves a message on a prayer wall erected in support and memory of Holloway

The Twittys and their supporters criticized a perceived lack of progress by Aruban police.[165][166] The Twittys' own actions in Aruba were also criticized, and the Twittys were accused of actively stifling any evidence that might impugn Holloway's character by asking her fellow students to remain silent about the case and using their access to the media to push their own version of events. The Twittys denied this.[37]

In televised interviews and in a book, Beth Twitty alleged that van der Sloot and the Kalpoe brothers knew more about Holloway's disappearance than they have told authorities and that at least one of them

libelous, and totally outrageous." On July 8, 2005, Twitty read a statement that said her remarks were fuelled by "despair and frustration" and that she "apologize[d] to the Aruban people and to the Aruban authorities if I or my family offended you in any way."[168]

In 2007, Twitty released her own book

and said that,

What we want is, we want justice. And you know—and we have to recognize the fact that, you know, this crime has been committed on the island of Aruba, and we know the perpetrators. We know it's these suspects, Deepak and Satish Kalpoe and Joran Van Der Sloot. And you know, we just have to, though, keep going, Nancy, because the only way we will get justice for Natalee is if we do keep going. I mean, if we give up, absolutely nothing will happen. Nothing.

Following the airing of the De Vries programme on Dutch television, Twitty adhered to the position that the tapes represented the way events transpired and told the New York Post that she believed her daughter might still be alive if van der Sloot had called for help. She contended that van der Sloot had dumped Holloway's body, possibly alive, into the Caribbean sea.[171] Twitty also alleged that the person van der Sloot supposedly called that evening was his father, Paulus, who, according to Twitty, "orchestrated what to do next".[172] Holloway's parents alleged that Van der Sloot was receiving "special legal favors".[172] After the court decision not to rearrest Van der Sloot was affirmed, Twitty stated, "I think that what I do take comfort in, his life is a living hell,"[173] later adding, "I'd be good with a Midnight Express prison anywhere for Joran."[174]

In response to her daughter's disappearance, Twitty founded the International Safe Travels Foundation,

National Museum of Crime & Punishment. Located in Washington, D.C., the center opened on June 8 to aid families of missing people.[177]

Holloway's family initially discouraged a travel boycott of Aruba, but this changed by September 2005. Twitty urged that people not travel to Aruba and other Dutch territories because of what she stated were tourist safety issues. In a November 8, 2005, news conference, Governor

Bob Riley and the Holloways urged Alabamians and others to boycott Aruba.[12] Riley also wrote to other United States governors seeking their support—the governors of Georgia and Arkansas eventually joined in the call for a boycott. Philadelphia's city council voted to ask the Pennsylvania Governor Ed Rendell to call for a boycott.[178] Rendell did not do so, and no federal support was given.[12][13]

The boycott was supported by some of Alabama's

American Society of Travel Agents.[179] Shelby stated, "For the safety, security and well-being of our citizens, I do not believe that we can trust that we will be protected while in Aruba."[179] Prime Minister Oduber stated that Aruban investigators have done their best to solve the case, and responded to the call for boycott, "This is a preposterous and irresponsible act. We are not guerillas. We are not terrorists. We don't pose a threat to the United States, nor to Alabama."[180]

Members of the Aruba Hotel and Tourism Association, the Aruba Tourism Authority, the Aruba Hospitality and Security Foundation, the Aruban Chamber of Commerce and government figures, including Public Relations Representative Ruben Trapenberg, formed an "Aruba Strategic Communications Task Force" to respond collectively to what they perceived to be unfounded and/or negative portrayals of the island.[181] The group issued press releases and sent representatives to appear in news media. They joined the Aruban government in opposing the calls for a boycott of the island.[37]

Skeeters tape and Dr. Phil; lawsuits

On September 15, 2005, the

Dr. Phil television show showed parts of a hidden camera interview with Deepak Kalpoe in which he seemingly affirmed a suggestion that Holloway had sex with all three men.[167] The taping had been instigated by Jamie Skeeters, a private investigator. When the tape was broadcast, news reports indicated an expectation of a rearrest, which Dompig termed a "strong possibility" if the tapes were legitimate.[182]

Aruban police subsequently provided a fuller version of the relevant part of the tape in which Kalpoe's response differed from the Dr. Phil version, apparently due to editing that may have altered the meaning of what was said.[183] An unofficial Aruban-affiliated spokesperson and commentator on the case said that the uncut videotape showed that Kalpoe had shaken his head and said, "No, she didn't", thereby denying that Holloway had sex with him and the other two men. According to an MSNBC report, the crucial words are inaudible, and presenter Rita Cosby questioned if it could be substantiated that Kalpoe had ever made the statements attributed to him in the Dr. Phil version of the recording.[184]

In December 2006, the Kalpoes filed a

wrongful death lawsuit against the Kalpoes in the same venue. The wrongful death suit was dismissed for lack of personal jurisdiction on June 1, 2007;[185] the libel and slander case was initially set for trial on October 12, 2011[186] but was later set for April 2015.[187] An earlier suit had been filed in New York City by Holloway's parents against Joran and Paulus van der Sloot and served on them on a visit to New York. The case had been dismissed in August 2006 as filed in an inconvenient forum.[188]

On November 10, 2005, Paulus van der Sloot won an unjust detention action against the Aruban government, clearing him as a suspect and allowing him to retain his government contract.[76] The elder van der Sloot then brought a second action, seeking monetary damages for himself and his family because of his false arrest.[189][190] The action was initially successful, but the award of damages was reversed on appeal.[191]

Amigoe article

The Amigoe newspaper reported on interviews with Julia Renfro and Dompig in which they said that Aruban authorities had been systematically obstructed in their investigation by U.S. officials. They also said that within a day of Holloway's being reported missing, a medjet, unauthorized by Aruban authorities, had arrived on Aruba and had remained for several days for the purpose of covertly taking Holloway off the island without notifying local authorities.[192] Renfro, an American-born editor of an English-language daily, Aruba Today, who at the time of Holloway's disappearance had become close friends with Twitty, also said she and Twitty received a phone call from an unknown woman on June 2, 2005, asking for money in return for information about Holloway's location, and asserting that Holloway was unwilling to return to her mother. According to Renfro, she and another American went to a drug house where Holloway supposedly was, bringing money, but found that Jug Twitty had already been to the area, spreading "a lot of uproar and panic in the direct vicinity", and nothing could be accomplished.[192] The Twittys disputed Renfro's accounts, with Beth Twitty describing Renfro as "a witch".[37]

Film adaptations

On April 19, 2009, LMN aired Natalee Holloway, a television film based on Twitty's book Loving Natalee.[193] Starring Tracy Pollan as Beth Twitty, Grant Show as Jug Twitty, Amy Gumenick as Holloway, and Jacques Strydom as van der Sloot, the film retells events leading up to the night of Holloway's disappearance in 2005 and the ensuing investigation in the aftermath. It was shot in South Africa.[194]

The movie stages re-creations of various scenarios based on the testimony of key players and suspects, including van der Sloot. The broadcast of the film attracted 3.2 million viewers, garnering the highest television ratings in the network's eleven year history.

Lifetime, the movie received mixed reviews from critics. Alec Harvey of The Birmingham News called the movie "sloppy and uneven, a forgettable look at the tragedy that consumed the nation's attention for months."[196] However, Jake Meaney of PopMatters found the film surprisingly "calm and levelheaded", and praised Pollan's portrayal of Holloway's mother.[197]

A follow-up film,

Justice for Natalee Holloway
, aired in mid-2011 on LMN. This film picks up in 2010, on the five-year anniversary of Holloway's disappearance.

TV adaptations

In an episode of Vanished with Beth Holloway,[198] Beth recounted the story of Natalee's disappearance, which is reenacted for the show.

Media coverage

News crews covering the story 11 days after Holloway's disappearance, June 10, 2005

U.S. television networks devoted substantial air time to the search for Holloway, the investigation of her disappearance, and rumors surrounding the case.

Headline News program, were among the most prominent television personalities to devote time to the incident. Van Susteren's almost continuous coverage of the story garnered On the Record its best ratings to date,[199] while Grace's show became the cornerstone of the new "Headline Prime" block on Headline News, which ran two episodes (a live show and a repeat) every night during primetime. As the case wore on, much of the attention was given to Beth Twitty and her statements.[200] Aruban government spokesman Ruben Trapenberg stated, "The case is under a microscope, and the world is watching."[47] [201]

The saturation of coverage triggered a backlash among some critics who argued that such extensive media attention validated the "missing white woman syndrome" theory, which argues that missing person cases involving white women and girls receive disproportionately more attention in the media compared with cases involving white males or people of color. CNN ran a segment criticizing the amount of coverage their competitors gave to the story despite what they characterized as a lack of new items to report, with CNN news anchor Anderson Cooper calling the coverage "downright ridiculous".[202]

Early in the case, political commentator and columnist Arianna Huffington wrote, "If you were to get your news only from television, you'd think the top issue facing our country right now is an 18-year-old girl named Natalee who went missing in Aruba. Every time one of these stories comes up, like, say, Michael Jackson, when it's finally over I think, what a relief, now we can get back to real news. But we never do."[5] In March 2008, El Diario commented, "But if doubts persist about cases involving missing Latinos, there are reasons why. These cases rarely receive the attention and resources we see given to other missing persons. The English language media, for example, appear to be focused on the stories of missing white women, such as with the disappearance of Natalee Holloway in Aruba. Cases of missing Latino and African-American women often remain faceless, if and when they are even covered."[203]

CBS senior journalist Danna Walker stated, "There is criticism that it is only a story because she is a pretty blonde—and white—and it is criticism that journalists are taking to heart and looking elsewhere for other stories. But it is a big story because it is an American girl who went off on an adventure and didn't come back. It is a huge mystery; it is something people can identify with."[5] Good Morning America anchor Chris Cuomo was unapologetic of his program's extensive coverage of the Holloway case, stating: "I don't believe it's my role to judge what people want to watch … If they say, 'I want to know what happened to this girl' … I want to help them find out."[204]

Holloway's family, however, took the opposite approach and criticized the lessening of coverage of her disappearance due to a shift in news priority when Hurricane Katrina struck on August 23, 2005. The saturation coverage of Holloway's disappearance would ultimately be eclipsed by the hurricane.[205][206] Beth Twitty and Dave Holloway alleged that Aruba took advantage of the extensive coverage of Hurricane Katrina to release the suspects;[205] however, the deadline for judicial review of van der Sloot's detention was set long before Katrina.[76]

Dave Holloway lamented in his book:

Hurricane Katrina had left the door open for the boys to be sent on their way with little publicity and few restrictions because it took the world's focus off of [sic] Natalee, but only for a brief time. The huge amount of publicity had waned and, during that time of quiet for us, Joran and the Kalpoe brothers were sent home ... All of the news shows that had followed our every move only a day before had now become fixated on the next big ratings grabber: the victims of Hurricane Katrina.[206]

See also

  • List of people who disappeared

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Holloway, Beth; Sunny Tillman (2007). Loving Natalee: A Mother's Testament of Hope and Faith. New York: HarperOne.
    OCLC 154702068
    .
  2. ^ a b "Natalee Holloway declared dead by judge six years after disappearance". The Guardian. London. January 12, 2012. Archived from the original on November 12, 2013. Retrieved October 19, 2012.
  3. ^ "Kidnapped poster". CourtTV. May 2005. Archived from the original on February 16, 2008. Retrieved October 4, 2007.
  4. ^ Koch, Wendy (June 2, 2005). "Search continues in Aruba for missing teen". USA Today. Archived from the original on February 27, 2009. Retrieved March 23, 2008.
  5. ^ a b c Davis, Matthew (June 25, 2005). "Missing teen case grips US media". BBC News. Archived from the original on January 15, 2012. Retrieved March 22, 2008.
  6. ^ a b c Yan, Holly; Sayers, Devon M.; Casarez, Jean. "Joran van der Sloot admits to killing Alabama teen Natalee Holloway, judge says". CNN. Archived from the original on October 19, 2023. Retrieved October 18, 2023.
  7. ^ a b "Judge: Both suspects can be held in Alabama teenager's disappearance in Aruba". Court TV. June 8, 2005. Archived from the original on April 18, 2008. Retrieved May 12, 2007.
  8. ^ a b "Judge orders suspects held in teen's disappearance". CNN. June 9, 2005. Archived from the original on September 1, 2005. Retrieved March 22, 2008.
  9. ^ a b c "Dutch Teen Tells 'Primetime' About Night With Natalee Holloway". ABC News. February 23, 2006. Archived from the original on June 29, 2011. Retrieved June 5, 2007.
  10. ^ a b c d O'Neill, Ann (May 31, 2006). "Holloway case a mystery after a year of 'catch and release'". CNN. Archived from the original on June 27, 2006. Retrieved May 14, 2007.
  11. ^ a b c d "3 re-arrested in Aruba disappearance of U.S. teen". Fox News Channel. Associated Press. November 22, 2007. Archived from the original on January 16, 2008. Retrieved March 31, 2008.
  12. ^ a b c "Poll: Most Alabama residents support Aruba boycott". USA Today. November 21, 2005. Archived from the original on June 28, 2006. Retrieved April 28, 2007.
  13. ^ a b "Washington refuses to back Aruba boycott". Expatica. November 2005.
  14. ^ a b c d Williams, Carol (June 4, 2007). "In Holloway case, Aruba also suffers". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 23, 2007. Retrieved November 28, 2007. [...] when locals mutter about American media distortions and 'missing white woman syndrome'.
  15. ^ a b Savidge, Martin (June 6, 2005). "Aruba gripped by mystery over missing teen". NBC News. Archived from the original on March 6, 2016. Retrieved July 15, 2007.
  16. ^ a b "Judge Approves Transfer for Suspect in Natalee Holloway Disappearance Case". Fox News Channel. Associated Press. November 22, 2007. Archived from the original on November 24, 2007. Retrieved November 28, 2007.
  17. ^ a b c "Some Arubans angry at Holloway's mom". NBC News. June 6, 2005. Archived from the original on July 15, 2014. Retrieved March 8, 2008.
  18. ^ a b "Aruba divers find nothing". CBS News. August 29, 2005. Archived from the original on May 20, 2007. Retrieved March 23, 2008.
  19. ^ "Holloway suspect released from detention". NBC News. May 23, 2006. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved May 28, 2008.
  20. ^ a b "Police: Natalee Holloway may have died from alcohol, drugs". Court TV. March 24, 2006. Archived from the original on March 27, 2008. Retrieved May 14, 2007.
  21. ^
    Huffington Post. Associated Press. Archived
    from the original on April 10, 2012. Retrieved January 12, 2012.
  22. ^ "Aruba Prosecutors End Investigation into Disappearance of American Teen Natalee Holloway". Fox News Channel. December 19, 2007. Archived from the original on January 11, 2008. Retrieved March 31, 2008.
  23. ^ "Aruba prosecutors close Holloway case". USA Today. December 18, 2007. Archived from the original on January 18, 2008. Retrieved December 18, 2007.
  24. ^ a b James, Michael S.; Cuomo, Chris; Velmans, Jissica (February 3, 2008). "Holloway Suspect: 'I Know What Happened'". ABC News. Archived from the original on November 6, 2008. Retrieved October 20, 2008.
  25. ^ a b "Joran van der Sloot goes 'On the Record' with new Natalee Holloway story". WTVY. November 24, 2008. Archived from the original on December 1, 2008. Retrieved November 26, 2008.
  26. ^ a b c Chandler, Berly; Cano, Regina Garcia; Briceno, Franklin (June 8, 2023). "Main suspect in 2005 disappearance of Natalee Holloway arrives in US from Peru to face charges". Associated Press. Archived from the original on June 8, 2023. Retrieved June 8, 2023.
  27. ^ Robinson, Carol (November 1, 2023). "Joran van der Sloot returns to Peru to serve murder sentence after Natalee Holloway confession". AL. Retrieved January 2, 2024.
  28. ^ "Did Witness Lie in Holloway Case?". Associated Press. April 25, 2006. Archived from the original on March 23, 2016. Retrieved November 28, 2007. Aruban authorities say he remains a suspect in the May 30, 2005, disappearance of the Clinton, Mississippi, native.
  29. ^ a b c Holloway, Dave; Good, R. Stephanie; Garrison, Larry (April 2006). "Everybody's Child / Aruba".
    OCLC 63472537
    .
  30. ^ a b "Ala. girl missing in Aruba called 'dependable' by friends". Court TV. June 6, 2005. Archived from the original on April 24, 2008. Retrieved May 12, 2007.
  31. ^ a b "Family increases reward for missing U.S. teen in Aruba". USA Today. July 21, 2005. Archived from the original on September 29, 2012. Retrieved August 7, 2011.
  32. ^ a b Hansen, Chris (February 22, 2008). "The search for Natalee Holloway". NBC News. Archived from the original on October 3, 2017. Retrieved May 28, 2008.
  33. ^ "Missing teen's family still has hope". American Broadcast Corporation. June 8, 2005. Archived from the original on January 22, 2012. Retrieved August 7, 2011.
  34. ^ "Dave Holloway Insurance Agency". State Farm. Archived from the original on September 5, 2013. Retrieved January 12, 2012.
  35. ^ "Interview With Beth Holloway Twitty; BTK Sentenced". Larry King Live. August 18, 2005. Archived from the original on March 6, 2016. Retrieved May 21, 2008.
  36. ^ "Alabama town hopes for safe return of missing teen". Court TV. June 7, 2005. Archived from the original on March 29, 2008. Retrieved May 12, 2007.
  37. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Burrough, Bryan (January 2006). "Disappearance Missing White Female". Vanity Fair. Archived from the original on May 28, 2010. Retrieved May 14, 2007.
  38. ^ "Transcript: Holloway Chaperone Speaks Out". On the Record. February 24, 2006. Archived from the original on April 23, 2008. Retrieved May 19, 2008.
  39. ^ a b "Three Aruba suspects going to prison". Fox News Channel. June 15, 2005. Archived from the original on February 17, 2008. Retrieved March 8, 2008. Police Superintendent Jan van der Straaten told The Associated Press Croes was detained based on information from one of the other three detainees.
  40. ^ a b c d e f "Natalee Holloway: New Clues". CBS News. March 25, 2006. Archived from the original on May 2, 2007. Retrieved April 28, 2007.
  41. ^ "Lawyer: Missing Alabama teen went to beach with men before she disappeared". Court TV. June 10, 2005. Archived from the original on March 24, 2008. Retrieved May 19, 2008.
  42. ^ "Seeking information: Disappearance of Natalee Ann Holloway". Federal Bureau of Investigation. Archived from the original on May 14, 2008. Retrieved May 19, 2008.
  43. ^ "Two brothers freed in Aruba". NBC News. Associated Press. July 5, 2005. Archived from the original on February 4, 2014. Retrieved October 20, 2008.
  44. ^ a b c d e f "Two Aruba suspects ordered released". CNN. June 25, 2005. Archived from the original on October 20, 2012. Retrieved March 20, 2008.
  45. ^ "Holloway Parents Sue Dutch Teen". CBS News. Associated Press. February 17, 2006. Archived from the original on May 14, 2007. Retrieved May 14, 2007.
  46. ^ a b c "Three more arrested in Aruba case of missing teen". CNN. June 9, 2005. Archived from the original on April 24, 2008. Retrieved June 5, 2007.
  47. ^ a b "Holloway's mom a media star". Fox News Channel. July 5, 2005. Archived from the original on August 7, 2007. Retrieved March 11, 2008.
  48. ^ a b Grace, Nancy (April 19, 2006). "New Developments in the Natalee Holloway Case". CNN. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved April 28, 2007.
  49. ^ "Rita Cosby Live & Direct". NBC News. December 5, 2005. Archived from the original on November 3, 2013. Retrieved July 23, 2007.
  50. ^ "Nancy Grace". CNN. June 2, 2005. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved June 22, 2008.
  51. ^ "Three Suspects in Holloway Case Change Stories". Fox News Channel. June 13, 2005. Archived from the original on October 14, 2007. Retrieved April 28, 2007.
  52. ^ "Too little, too late?". Fox News Channel. June 15, 2005. Archived from the original on July 26, 2008. Retrieved July 6, 2008.
  53. ^ "Aruban PM takes to airwaves". CBS News. June 9, 2005. Archived from the original on May 22, 2006. Retrieved March 22, 2008.
  54. ^ "Three probed in missing teen case". Fox News Channel. June 4, 2005. Archived from the original on April 14, 2008. Retrieved March 22, 2008.
  55. ^ a b "Suspects in teen's disappearance remain jailed". NBC News. June 9, 2005. Archived from the original on March 6, 2016. Retrieved July 15, 2007.
  56. ^ Oglesby, Christy (June 15, 2005). "Was race a factor in Aruba arrests?". CNN. Archived from the original on March 11, 2008. Retrieved December 8, 2007.
  57. ^ "Questions Surround Aruba Probe". Fox News Channel. Associated Press. June 26, 2005. Archived from the original on December 15, 2007. Retrieved December 8, 2007.
  58. ^ "Kisses, tryst in Aruba case". CBS News. June 10, 2005. Archived from the original on October 26, 2012. Retrieved March 22, 2008.
  59. ^ "Scarborough Country for June 10". NBC News. June 13, 2005. Archived from the original on March 6, 2016. Retrieved July 15, 2007.
  60. ^ a b c "Mother of missing Ala. teen asks countries to deny freed brothers asylum". CourtTV. Associated Press. July 6, 2005. Archived from the original on March 24, 2008. Retrieved March 23, 2008.
  61. ^ a b c d "Reports Conflict in Case of Missing Ala. Teen". Fox News Channel. June 11, 2005. Archived from the original on July 2, 2007. Retrieved May 20, 2007.
  62. ^ "Natalee suspect questioned by specialists". Fox News Channel. August 2, 2005. Archived from the original on June 5, 2009. Retrieved March 24, 2008.
  63. ^ "Judge frees two Aruba suspects". BBC News. June 4, 2005. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved March 22, 2008.
  64. ^ "Aruba 'close to solving' case". BBC News. January 17, 2006. Archived from the original on May 9, 2016. Retrieved May 23, 2007.
  65. ^ "Draining of Aruba pond begins". CNN. July 27, 2005. Archived from the original on May 13, 2006. Retrieved March 21, 2008.
  66. ^ "Pond Search Continues in Aruba". CBS News. July 27, 2005. Archived from the original on May 1, 2007. Retrieved April 28, 2007.
  67. ^ "Transcripts: Nancy Grace for August 12, 2005, CNNHN". CNN. August 12, 2005. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved February 14, 2008.
  68. ^ a b "Aruban police again search landfill". NBC News. July 31, 2005. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved July 15, 2007.
  69. ^ "Missing teen's mother leaves Aruba". CNN. August 1, 2005. Archived from the original on May 6, 2007. Retrieved March 21, 2008.
  70. ^ a b "Aruba case reward rises to $1 million". CNN. July 26, 2005. Archived from the original on March 10, 2006. Retrieved March 21, 2008.
  71. ^ Prengman, Peter (August 9, 2005). "Family of Missing U.S. Teen in Aruba Raises Reward for Help Solving the Case".
    First Coast News. Associated Press. Archived from the original
    on January 23, 2013. Retrieved April 28, 2007.
  72. ^ "FBI, Aruban authorities to test hair in search for missing girl". CNN. July 18, 2005. Archived from the original on January 27, 2006. Retrieved March 21, 2008.
  73. ^ "DNA on duct tape not missing teen's". CNN. July 29, 2005. Archived from the original on March 6, 2006. Retrieved March 21, 2008.
  74. ^ "Aruba suspects accused of taking sex photos of another girl". Fox News Channel. September 1, 2005. Archived from the original on November 7, 2014. Retrieved March 24, 2008.
  75. ^ "AMW missing data file for Natalee Holloway: All Suspects Released". America's Most Wanted. February 15, 2008. Archived from the original on August 8, 2007. Retrieved March 31, 2008.
  76. ^ a b c "Natalee Holloway timeline". CBS News. January 31, 2008. Archived from the original on January 17, 2008. Retrieved February 9, 2008.
  77. ^ "Joran van der Sloot Talks About Night With Natalee Holloway". ABC News. February 22, 2006. Archived from the original on October 24, 2012. Retrieved December 19, 2007.
  78. ^ a b "Transcript: Joran van der Sloot Goes 'On the Record,' Part 1". Fox News Channel. March 1, 2006. Archived from the original on December 26, 2007. Retrieved December 19, 2007. Well, I mean I had—I had to go to school the next day. I was close to my exams to do my final exams and, you know, the bus was picking me up at 6:40 am
  79. ^ "Free and clear? (excerpt from On the Record)". Fox News Channel. August 24, 2005. Archived from the original on December 24, 2007. Retrieved March 26, 2008.
  80. ^ "On the Record—Hunting for Answers (Transcript)". Fox News Channel. January 27, 2006. Archived from the original on March 8, 2008. Retrieved March 8, 2008.
  81. ^ "Sources: Search resuming for Natalee". CBS News. March 29, 2006. Archived from the original on June 9, 2007. Retrieved March 11, 2008.
  82. ^ "Aruba Police Probe Drug, Alcohol Role in Holloway Case". Fox News Channel. March 24, 2006. Archived from the original on April 7, 2007. Retrieved April 28, 2007.
  83. ^ "Scarborough Country for March 23". NBC News. March 24, 2006. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved December 22, 2007.
  84. ^ "Transcript: Corruption in paradise?". Fox News Channel. April 11, 2006. Archived from the original on December 15, 2007. Retrieved March 12, 2008.
  85. ^ "Lawyer: Joran doesn't know man arrested in Holloway case". ABC News. April 17, 2006. Archived from the original on April 5, 2007. Retrieved April 28, 2007.
  86. ^ a b "Prosecutors: Holloway suspect van (sic) Cromvoirt freed". CNN. April 24, 2006. Archived from the original on December 23, 2007. Retrieved April 28, 2007.
  87. ^ "Suspect in Holloway case to be released". CNN. May 22, 2006. Archived from the original on February 7, 2007. Retrieved April 28, 2007.
  88. ^ "Lawyer: Natalee Holloway suspect "is gay"". Fox News Channel. March 23, 2006. Archived from the original on January 3, 2007. Retrieved August 24, 2007.
  89. ^ a b c Korps landelijke politiediensten. "Gecombineerd rechercheteam onderzoekt vermissing Natalee Holloway" (in Dutch). Archived from the original on July 13, 2011.
  90. ^ Van der Sloot, Joran; Zvezdana Vukojevic (2007). De zaak Natalee Holloway: mijn eigen verhaal over haar verdwijning op Aruba (in Dutch). Amsterdam: Sijthoff.
    OCLC 150235828
    .
  91. ^ Brouwer, Christine (November 28, 2007). "Van der Sloot's Book gives his version of the night Natalee vanished". ABC News. Archived from the original on October 24, 2012. Retrieved March 21, 2008.
  92. ^ a b c d e Wever, Margaret (April 27, 2007). "Holloway probe continues in Aruba". ABC News. Associated Press.
  93. ^ "Investigators Search Natalee Holloway Disappearance Suspect's House". CNN's Nancy Grace (Transcript). April 30, 2007. Archived from the original on March 6, 2016. Retrieved May 4, 2008.
  94. ^ "New Natalee Holloway Search Pleases Family". CBS News. May 1, 2007. Archived from the original on May 3, 2007. Retrieved May 2, 2007.
  95. ^ "Investigators Search Kalpoe Brothers Home". NBC News. May 2007.
  96. ^ a b c "Investigators search home in Holloway case". NBC News. March 12, 2007. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved May 12, 2007.
  97. ^ a b "Kalpoe Brothers Home Inspected in Natalee Holloway Case". FOX6WBRC. May 2007.
  98. ^ "Onderzoek bij de broers Kalpoe" (in Dutch). Antilliaans Dagblad. May 15, 2007. een beter beeld krijgen van de plaats waar, of de omstandigheden waaronder, een delict zou zijn begaan, of waar sporen van betrokkenheid bij een delict kunnen worden vastgesteld
  99. ^ "Huiszoekingen in zaak Holloway" (in Dutch). Radio Nederland Wereldomroep. May 14, 2007. Retrieved May 17, 2008.[permanent dead link]
  100. ^ Wever, Margaret (November 22, 2007). "Missing Teen's Father to Search for Body". The Washington Post. Associated Press. Archived from the original on May 5, 2016. Retrieved November 25, 2007.
  101. ^ Cisneros, Cynthia (February 28, 2008). "Holloway searchers need help". ABC KRTK. Archived from the original on November 25, 2010. Retrieved March 2, 2008.
  102. ^ "2 suspects to be freed in Holloway case". NBC News. Associated Press. November 30, 2007. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved November 30, 2007.
  103. ^ Greta Van Susteren and Neil Cavuto (November 30, 2007). "November 30, 2007".
    Studio B
    . New York: Fox News Channel.
  104. ^ "Brothers in Holloway case walk away from jails – again". CNN. December 1, 2007. Archived from the original on December 4, 2007. Retrieved December 1, 2007.
  105. ^ "Appeal denied in release of Holloway suspects". USA Today. AP via USAToday. December 5, 2007. Archived from the original on February 9, 2008. Retrieved August 7, 2011.
  106. ^ "Van der Sloot ordered released from Aruba jail". CNN. December 7, 2007. Archived from the original on December 9, 2007. Retrieved December 7, 2007.
  107. ^ "Cracking the Holloway Case?". Newsweek. February 8, 2008. Archived from the original on October 23, 2010. Retrieved March 8, 2008. Last December the case was officially closed for lack of evidence.
  108. ^ "Natalee Holloway Case Closed for Lack of Evidence". People. December 18, 2007. Archived from the original on March 19, 2008. Retrieved March 8, 2008.
  109. ^ Wever, Margaret (December 21, 2007). "Defense Response to Aruban Prosecutors". USA Today. Associated Press. Archived from the original on February 27, 2009. Retrieved March 31, 2008.
  110. ^ "Aruban Authorities Reveal 'Proof' In Case of Missing Teen". Associated Press. December 20, 2007. Archived from the original on June 29, 2011. Retrieved December 23, 2007.
  111. ^ a b "Reporter Claims to Crack Natalee Holloway Case". ABC News. January 31, 2008. Archived from the original on November 19, 2018. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
  112. ^ "Holloway Suspect: I Lied About Involvement". CBS News. February 1, 2008. Archived from the original on February 3, 2008. Retrieved February 2, 2008.
  113. ^ a b Chris Francescani; Christine Brouwer (February 8, 2008). "Investigators grill Joran van der Sloot". ABC News. Archived from the original on January 20, 2012. Retrieved February 8, 2008.
  114. ^ "Natalee will never be found, says Joran". DutchNews.nl. February 3, 2008. Archived from the original on February 7, 2008. Retrieved February 7, 2008.
  115. ^ "Hidden camera shows Dutch student saying Natalee Holloway died on Aruba beach". Fox News Channel. February 4, 2008. Archived from the original on February 5, 2008. Retrieved February 3, 2008.
  116. ^ "Mystery man in Holloway case comes forward". ABC News. February 5, 2008. Archived from the original on January 21, 2012. Retrieved March 21, 2008.
  117. ^ "No warrant for Van Der Sloot's arrest: judge". DutchNews.nl. January 4, 2008. Archived from the original on February 7, 2008. Retrieved February 3, 2008.
  118. ^ "Court ignores confession in Holloway case". Radio Netherlands. February 15, 2008. Archived from the original on September 13, 2010. Retrieved February 15, 2008.
  119. ^ "Court blocks Dutch student's arrest in Holloway's disappearance". Fox News Channel. February 15, 2008. Archived from the original on February 18, 2008. Retrieved February 15, 2008.
  120. ^ "'Friend' knows who dumped Natalee". DutchNews.nl. March 7, 2008. Archived from the original on March 13, 2008. Retrieved February 11, 2008.
  121. ^ Visser, G. J.; de Knegt, A. F. M.; de Knegt-Bos, C. (1996). Prism Nederlands-Engels. Utrecht: Prisma-Boeken. p. 260. .
  122. ^ "Van der Eem snoof bij Joran in auto" (in Dutch). rtlnieuws.nl. Archived from the original on April 13, 2013.
  123. ^ "Van der Eem in cel voor mishandeling vriendin". Algemeen Dagblad (in Dutch). December 18, 2008. Archived from the original on February 18, 2016.
  124. ^ "Holloway confession on TV: Trial by psychology". Radio Netherlands Worldwide. February 11, 2008. Archived from the original on September 13, 2010. Retrieved February 11, 2008.
  125. ^ "Joran fools Fox News". De Telegraaf (in Dutch). November 27, 2008. Archived from the original on December 11, 2008. Retrieved November 29, 2008.
  126. ^ "Death of suspect's father complicates Natalee Holloway case". Radio Netherlands Worldwide. February 11, 2010. Archived from the original on April 5, 2012. Retrieved January 14, 2012.
  127. ^ "Holloway's father sends search dog to Aruba". NBC News. March 20, 2009. Archived from the original on March 6, 2016. Retrieved June 16, 2009.
  128. ^ "Natalee Holloway confession called "fantasy"". NBC News. February 23, 2010. Archived from the original on October 10, 2021. Retrieved February 23, 2010.
  129. ^ "Aruban Divers and Natalee Holloway Remains — What Was Found?". National Ledger. March 27, 2010. Archived from the original on March 30, 2010. Retrieved March 31, 2010.
  130. ^ "Authorities call off underwater search for Natalee Holloway's remains". CNN. March 24, 2010. Archived from the original on November 8, 2012. Retrieved March 25, 2010.
  131. ^ "Interpol: Van der Sloot tried to extort Holloway's mother". CNN. June 8, 2010. Archived from the original on June 13, 2010. Retrieved June 9, 2010.
  132. ^ a b "Van Der Sloot Talking About Holloway to Peru Authorities: Is He Lying Again?". Fox News Channel. June 11, 2010. Archived from the original on June 14, 2010. Retrieved June 11, 2010.
  133. ^ "FBI Sheds Light on Joran van der Sloot Investigation". Entertainment Tonight. June 9, 2010. Archived from the original on January 22, 2013.
  134. ^ "Details of the Alleged Van der Sloot-Holloway Extortion Revealed". Fox News Channel. June 6, 2010. Archived from the original on June 9, 2010. Retrieved June 7, 2010.
  135. ^ "FBI gave $25,000 to van der Sloot in attempted sting, official says". CNN. June 9, 2010. Archived from the original on October 20, 2012. Retrieved June 9, 2010.
  136. ^ "Alabama charges Van der Sloot with extortion in Holloway case". WSFA News. June 3, 2010. Archived from the original on March 19, 2016. Retrieved June 7, 2010.
  137. ^ "Van Der Sloot, Joran Andreas Petrus". Archived from the original on June 21, 2010. Retrieved June 19, 2010.
  138. ^ "Alabama authorities: Van der Sloot tried to sell Holloway details". CNN. June 3, 2010. Archived from the original on June 8, 2010. Retrieved June 7, 2010.
  139. ^ "Federal Grand Jury Indicts Joran Van der Sloot For Wire Fraud, Extortion". WHNT-TV. June 30, 2010. Archived from the original on July 3, 2010. Retrieved June 30, 2010.
  140. ^ "Natalee Holloway's Mom Seeks 'Swift Justice'". AOL News. June 4, 2010. Archived from the original on June 20, 2010.
  141. ^ "Joran van der Sloot pelted With rotten vegetables on way to court". Good Morning America. June 11, 2010. Archived from the original on August 11, 2019. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
  142. ^ "Natalee Holloway's father seeks answers in Aruba". USA Today. Associated Press. June 14, 2010. Archived from the original on June 21, 2010. Retrieved August 26, 2017.
  143. ^ "'Van der Sloot' Google search stuns slain woman's brother". CNN. June 7, 2010. Archived from the original on June 11, 2010. Retrieved June 8, 2010.
  144. ^ "Dutch murder suspect Van der Sloot in Peru". Associated Press. June 4, 2010. Archived from the original on January 11, 2012.
  145. ^ "Police: Van der Sloot has information about Holloway location". CNN. June 11, 2010. Archived from the original on June 14, 2010. Retrieved June 11, 2010.
  146. ^ "Van der Sloot is moved after confessing to slaying, officials say". Fort Worth Star-Telegram. June 10, 2010.[dead link]
  147. ^ "Van Der Sloot Charged With First-Degree Murder". CBS News. June 11, 2010. Archived from the original on June 12, 2019. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
  148. ^ "Aruban, Peruvian authorities will 'help each other' in murder probe". CNN. June 15, 2010. Archived from the original on November 8, 2012. Retrieved June 16, 2010.
  149. ^ "Van der Sloot admits Holloway family extortion plot: 'Why not?'". NBC News. September 6, 2010. Archived from the original on October 10, 2021. Retrieved September 6, 2010.
  150. ^ "Van der Sloot sentenced to 28 years for Peru murder". CNN. January 13, 2012. Archived from the original on May 29, 2015. Retrieved August 29, 2013.
  151. ^ "Natalee Holloway's Dad Wants Her Declared Legally Dead". ABC News. September 14, 2011. Archived from the original on September 14, 2011. Retrieved September 14, 2011.
  152. ^ Rawls, Phillip (September 23, 2011). "Judge moves toward declaring Natalee Holloway dead".
    Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Associated Press. Retrieved January 9, 2011.[dead link
    ]
  153. ^ "Cops test jawbone for Natalee Holloway Link'". NBC News. November 16, 2010. Archived from the original on October 10, 2021. Retrieved November 16, 2010.
  154. ^ a b "Tests under way to see if bone is Holloway's". CNN. November 16, 2010. Archived from the original on October 20, 2012. Retrieved November 16, 2010.
  155. ^ "Forensic experts examine possible Holloway jaw bone". DutchNews.nl. November 16, 2010. Archived from the original on November 19, 2010. Retrieved November 16, 2010.
  156. ^ "Jawbone doesn't close Holloway disappearance, Aruba says". CNN. November 23, 2010. Archived from the original on November 23, 2010. Retrieved November 23, 2010.
  157. ^ "Natalee Holloway's dad having human remains found in Aruba DNA tested". USA Today. August 17, 2017. Archived from the original on August 17, 2017. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
  158. ^ "4 Crucial Details To Know About The New Lead In The Natalee Holloway Case". Oxygen Media. August 21, 2017. Archived from the original on August 28, 2017. Retrieved August 27, 2017.
  159. ^ "Skeletal fragments discovered in Aruba are not Natalee Holloway remains". Fox News. October 3, 2017. Archived from the original on April 26, 2018. Retrieved October 6, 2017.
  160. Independent.co.uk. March 16, 2018. Archived
    from the original on March 17, 2018. Retrieved March 22, 2018.
  161. ^ "Joran van der Sloot arrives at Birmingham airport, transported to Hoover City Jail". WBRC. June 8, 2023. Archived from the original on June 8, 2023. Retrieved June 8, 2023.
  162. ^ a b Paepcke, Jon (June 9, 2023). "Joran van der Sloot pleads 'not guilty' to federal charges of extortion, wire fraud". WVTM. Archived from the original on June 9, 2023. Retrieved June 9, 2023.
  163. ^ Lang, Taylor (June 8, 2023). "The charges against Joran van der Sloot". WVTM. Archived from the original on June 8, 2023. Retrieved June 8, 2023.
  164. ^ Geiss, Chuck (October 6, 2005). "Publisher's notebook". Black & White, Birmingham's City Paper. Archived from the original on July 25, 2012. Retrieved April 28, 2007.
  165. ^ "National Coalition of Victims in Action urges tourists to boycott Aruba". Cyber Diver News Network. November 10, 2005. Archived from the original on January 10, 2007. Retrieved March 24, 2008. Senator Shelby stated in a letter, 'From all appearances, this investigation has been plagued with inconsistencies and conflicting information'.
  166. ^ a b "Suspect: We Had Sex With Natalee". CBS News. October 6, 2005. Archived from the original on January 2, 2008. Retrieved March 8, 2008. When an investigator asked if she had sex with all three, he responded, 'She did. You'd be surprised how easy it was.'
  167. ^ a b "Missing teen's mom apologizes for comments". CNN. July 8, 2005. Archived from the original on July 10, 2005. Retrieved December 23, 2007.
  168. ^ "Nancy Grace transcript". CNN. January 24, 2006. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved March 21, 2008.
  169. ^ "New Book, Few Leads on Holloway Anniversary". MSNBC. June 2007.
  170. ^ "Holloway's Anguished Mother: Tape Confession Means Natalee Could Have Been Saved". Fox News Channel. February 5, 2008. Archived from the original on February 7, 2008. Retrieved February 5, 2008.
  171. ^ a b "Deadline for Van der Sloot close, Natalee's parents worried strings being pulled". NBC 13. February 12, 2008. Archived from the original on April 24, 2009. Retrieved February 13, 2008.
  172. ^ "Natalee Holloway's parents still have hope for justice". NBC 13. February 15, 2008. Archived from the original on July 3, 2007. Retrieved February 17, 2008.
  173. ^ "Natalee Holloway's mom: Aruba investigators 'not following up on any leads'". Fox News Channel. November 19, 2008. Archived from the original on December 5, 2008. Retrieved November 25, 2008.
  174. ^ "Natalee Holloway's Stepfather Seeks Divorce". Fox News Channel. January 5, 2007. Archived from the original on April 23, 2008. Retrieved May 21, 2008.
  175. ^ "About ISTF: Our Mission". The International Safe Travels Foundation. Archived from the original on June 28, 2006. Retrieved May 21, 2008.
  176. ^ "Mother opening Natalee Holloway center to aid families with members missing, in trouble". al.com. Associated Press. May 28, 2010. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved May 29, 2010.
  177. ^ "Aruba boycott over missing teen case may spread to Philadelphia". Jamaica Observer. November 11, 2005. Archived from the original on September 26, 2007. Retrieved April 28, 2007.
  178. ^ a b "Transcript of 'Rita Cosby Live & Direct' for December 28". NBC News. December 29, 2005. Archived from the original on March 6, 2016. Retrieved March 24, 2008.
  179. ^ "Aruba's prime minister condemns boycott call over Holloway case". USA Today. November 9, 2005. Archived from the original on May 24, 2008. Retrieved March 10, 2008.
  180. ^ "The Strategic Communications Task Force". Aruba.com. April 2006. Archived from the original on April 22, 2006. Retrieved June 5, 2007."The Strategic Communications Task Force". Aruba.com. April 2006. Archived from the original on April 22, 2006. Retrieved June 5, 2007.
  181. ^ "Aruban police say new tapes could spur arrests". NBC News. October 12, 2005. Archived from the original on March 8, 2016. Retrieved April 28, 2007.
  182. ^ "Nancy Grace – What Did Deepak Kalpoe Tell Investigators? (Transcript)". Fox News Channel. December 1, 2005. Archived from the original on March 6, 2016. Retrieved March 8, 2008. SKEETERS: Nobody told her that you can't (DELETED) her – you know? I mean, and I'm sure she had sex with all of you and (INAUDIBLE) KALPOE: No, she didn't.
  183. ^ "Rita Cosby Live & Direct", NBC News, November 30, 2005, archived from the original on June 7, 2019, retrieved April 20, 2020, You know, Clint, are we ever going to know sort of what those words are? And do you think it's something that the FBI—my understanding is—when Jamie was on this show, he did say that the FBI had just picked up the tape. I think that was about a week or two ago. Why don't we hear from the FBI to sort of settle this out?
  184. ^ a b "Judge tosses wrongful death lawsuit in Holloway case". Fox News Channel. June 2, 2007. Archived from the original on June 4, 2007. Retrieved June 2, 2007.
  185. ^ "Judge Oks trial against Dr. Phil in Holloway suit". The San Diego Union-Tribune. May 5, 2011. Archived from the original on January 13, 2017. Retrieved May 21, 2011.
  186. ^ "Dr. Phil, CBS Gain Advantage in Defamation Lawsuit over Natalee Holloway Show". The Hollywood Reporter. March 12, 2014. Archived from the original on September 12, 2016. Retrieved July 6, 2014.
  187. ^ "Natalee mom 'crushed' by legal setback". CBS News. August 5, 2006. Archived from the original on August 7, 2006. Retrieved March 11, 2008.
  188. ^ "Holloway suspect's father awarded damages in Aruba". UPI via Caribbean Net News. August 4, 2006. Archived from the original on January 2, 2008. Retrieved March 8, 2008.
  189. ^ "Aruban Prosecutors to Appeal Order to Pay Damages to Paulus Van Der Sloot". Fox News Channel. Associated Press. August 8, 2006. Archived from the original on May 22, 2010. Retrieved March 8, 2008.
  190. ^ "No damages in Holloway case". Expatica. February 15, 2007.
  191. ^ a b "The other side of the Holloway-case: 'Police Aruba hindered by FBI'". Amigoe. July 3, 2007.
  192. ^ "Lifetime planning Natalee Holloway movie". United Press International. October 7, 2008. Archived from the original on October 20, 2012. Retrieved June 15, 2009.
  193. ^ Strauss, Gary (2009). "Pollan plays Natalee Holloway's mother". USA Today. Archived from the original on March 16, 2016. Retrieved August 6, 2015.
  194. ^ Kissel, Rick (April 20, 2009). "Lifetime Movie scores with 'Holloway". Variety. Retrieved June 15, 2009.
  195. ^ Harvey, Alec (April 17, 2009). "'Natalee Holloway' a disappointing TV movie". The Birmingham News. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved June 15, 2009.
  196. ^ Meaney, Jake (January 22, 2010). "Review: Natalee Holloway". PopMatters. Archived from the original on January 23, 2010. Retrieved August 20, 2009.
  197. ^ "Vanished with Beth Holloway". Imdb. Archived from the original on May 11, 2023. Retrieved May 11, 2023.[unreliable source?]
  198. ^ "From paradise to paradox in Aruba". St. Petersburg Times. August 22, 2005. Archived from the original on January 2, 2008. Retrieved May 4, 2008. On the Record with Greta Van Susteren, who is averaging more than 2-million viewers a night, up almost 60 percent from a year ago.
  199. ^ Kosinski, Michelle (August 24, 2005). "How mom keeps spotlight on the Holloway case". NBC News. Archived from the original on June 24, 2013. Retrieved April 28, 2007.
  200. ^ "How Natalee Holloway's case put a spotlight on media coverage of missing White women". Washington Post.
  201. ^ "Anderson Cooper 360° – Transcript (Aired August 11, 2005  – 19:00 ET)". CNN. August 11, 2005. Archived from the original on September 8, 2015. Retrieved November 28, 2007. We decided to start tracking their coverage, because to be honest, it's getting downright ridiculous. – Cooper
  202. ^ "Justice for Reyna Isabel". El Diario. March 17, 2008.
  203. ^ "News anchor picks a different forum to make a difference". The Washington Post. May 7, 2008.
  204. ^ a b "Local Philanthropist Helping Mother of Girl Missing in Aruba". NBC10. September 25, 2005. Archived from the original on November 13, 2005. Retrieved February 4, 2008. I can't help but think, they were released under the cloak of Hurricane Katrina – Twitty
  205. ^ a b Holloway, Dave; Good, R. Stephanie; Garrison, Larry (April 2006).
    OCLC 63472537
    . Hurricane Katrina had left the door open for the boys to be sent on their way with little publicity and few restrictions because it took the world's focus off of Natalee, but only for a brief time. The huge amount of publicity had waned and, during that time of quiet for us, Joran and the Kalpoe brothers were sent home … All of the news shows that had followed our every move only a day before had now become fixated on the next big ratings grabber: the victims of Hurricane Katrina.

External links