Discrimination against gay men
 | The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with France and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. (August 2023) |
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Discrimination against gay men, sometimes called homophobic prejudice, hatred, or bias specifically directed toward gay men, male homosexuality, or men who are perceived to be gay.[1][2][3][4] This discrimination is closely related to femmephobia, which is the dislike of, or hostility toward, individuals who present as feminine, including gay and effeminate men.[5]
Discrimination against gay men can result from religion, prejudicial reactions to one's feminine
mannerisms, styles of clothing, and even vocal register.[6][7][8] Within the LGBT-community, internalized issues around meeting social expectations of masculinity have been found among gay, bisexual, and transgender men.[9] It is analogous to lesbophobia
.
Discrimination in society
According to the
hypersexualisation."[3]
The journalist Pierre Bouvier described anti-gay male sentiment as parallel to
collective imagination over-sexualizes gay men and exerts strong verbal and physical violence against boys and men who are not considered sufficiently masculine or heterosexual; for women, on the other hand, the assertion of their lesbian identity will be further disqualified, minimized, reduced to a fad, or even sexualized as a prelude to heterosexuality.
In 2002 male homosexuality was illegal in at least 30 countries whereas lesbian homosexuality was illegal in none. Compared to lesbians, gay men are more often victims of hate crimes and have more difficulty adopting children.[11]
Queer theory
In French academia, queer theorists have examined the unique ways in which patriarchy attempts to enforce both masculinity and heterosexuality on those with male bodies. The French queer and race theorist Louis-Georges Tin examined discrimination against gay men, and the historical development of the various forms of LGBT-related phobias under the umbrella of homophobia. He writes:
There has been an inverse movement of lexical differentiation operating at the heart of the concept of
bisexuals, often stigmatized by both heterosexual and homosexual communities. Moreover, we need to take into consideration the very different issues linked to transsexual, transvestite, and transgender persons, which brings to mind the notion of transphobia.[12]
In her 2017 text, The Women's Liberation Movement: Impacts and Outcomes, the German gender historian
Gay Rights Movement, prejudice against gay men attracted more media attention than lesbophobia, largely due to the rhetoric of reactionary conservatives such as Anita Bryant, who suggested that gay men were sexual predators.[13]
Academic studies
In
statistically significant differences between heterosexual men and women in regards to their attitudes toward gay men.[14] While no statistically significant differences were found in men and women in regard to lesbians, heterosexual men do demonstrate statistically significant elevated levels of animosity toward men they perceive as gay.[14]
Linguistics
Scholars have noted most
faggot, pansy, puff, shirt-lifter, brown-hatter, fairy, batty-boy, queer, etc.) is further testament to their status as 'target.'"[15]
See also
References
- ISBN 9780387717982. Retrieved 3 March 2021.
- ^ "No More, No Less" (PDF). Sexual and Gender Diversity. Confédération des syndicats nationaux. Retrieved 1 March 2021.
- ^ a b "2020-2023 National Action Plan to Promote Equal Rights and Combat Anti-LGBT+ Hatred and Discrimination" (PDF). # France LGBT+. The Government of the French Republic. Retrieved 3 March 2021.
- ^ "gayphobia". Glosbe. Retrieved 1 March 2021.
- ISBN 9789766401504.
- S2CID 143995645. Retrieved 4 March 2021.
- doi:10.1386/fspc.3.2.225_1. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2020-11-05. Retrieved 4 March 2021.
- ^ Meredith, Natasha. "Gay men who 'sound gay' encounter more stigma and discrimination from heterosexual peers". EurekAlert!. University of Surrey. Retrieved 4 March 2021.
- ISBN 978-1-4338-1855-4. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
- ^ Bouvier, Pierre. "Pride march: 'Lesbians are not necessarily found in the speeches of many LGBT associations'". Hebergement. Retrieved 3 March 2021.
- ISBN 978-0-470-67446-8.
- ISBN 9781551523149. Retrieved 2021-03-03.
- ISBN 9781785335877. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
- ^ . Retrieved 1 March 2021.
- ISBN 9780415261807. Retrieved 16 November 2022.
External links
Media related to Gayphobia at Wikimedia Commons
The dictionary definition of gayphobia at Wiktionary
Quotations related to Gayphobia at Wikiquote
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