Disease-modifying antirheumatic drug

Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) comprise a category of otherwise unrelated

The term "antirheumatic" can be used in similar contexts, but without making a claim about an effect on the disease course.^[3] Other terms that have historically been used to refer to the same group of drugs are "remission-inducing drugs" (RIDs) and "slow-acting antirheumatic drugs" (SAARDs).^[4]

Terminology

Although the use of the term DMARDs was first propagated in rheumatoid arthritis (hence their name), the term has come to pertain to many other diseases, such as Crohn's disease, lupus erythematosus, Sjögren syndrome, immune thrombocytopenic purpura, myasthenia gravis, sarcoidosis, and various others. ^{[citation needed]}

The term was originally introduced to indicate a drug that reduces evidence of processes thought to underlie the disease, such as a raised

DMARDs have been classified as:[5]

• synthetic (sDMARD)
  • conventional synthetic and targeted synthetic DMARDs (csDMARDs and tsDMARDs, respectively)
    • csDMARDs are the traditional drugs (such as methotrexate, sulfasalazine, leflunomide, hydroxychloroquine, gold salts)
    • tsDMARDs are drugs that were developed to target a particular molecular structure
• biological (bDMARD) can be further separated into original and biosimilar DMARDs (boDMARDs and bsDMARDs)
  • bsDMARDs are those that have the same primary, secondary, and tertiary structure as an original (boDMARD) and possess similar efficacy and safety as the original protein

Members

Although these agents operate by different mechanisms, many of them can have similar impacts upon the course of a condition.^[6] Some of the drugs can be used in combination.^[7] A common triple therapy for rheumatoid arthritis is methotrexate, sulfasalazine, and hydroxychloroquine.^[8]

Alternatives

When treatment with DMARDs fails,

Combinations of DMARDs are often used, because each drug in the combination can be used in a smaller dose than if it were given alone, thus reducing the risk of side effects.^{[citation needed]}

Many patients receive an NSAID and at least one DMARD, sometimes with low-dose oral glucocorticoids. If disease remission is observed, regular NSAIDs or glucocorticoid treatment may no longer be needed. DMARDs help control arthritis, but do not cure the disease. For that reason, if remission or optimal control is achieved with a DMARD, it is often continued as a maintenance dosage. Discontinuing a DMARD may reactivate disease or cause a "rebound flare", with no assurance that disease control will be re-established upon resumption of the medication.^{[citation needed]}

References