List of infectious diseases

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
(Redirected from
Disease causative agent
)

"List of endemic diseases" redirects here. This list includes endemic, epidemic, pandemic, and eradicated diseases.

This is a list of

vaccine-preventable diseases
.

List

Infectious agent Common name Signs and symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Current status Vaccine(s)
Acinetobacter baumannii Acinetobacter infections
  • Blood infection: Fever, chills, vomiting, confusion
  • Urinary tract infection: bloody urine, cloudy urine
  • Pneumonia: Fever, chills, coughing
 Culture Supportive care No
Propionibacterium propionicus
 		Actinomycosis Painful abscesses Histologic findings Penicillin, doxycycline, and sulfonamides No
Adenoviridae Adenovirus infection
virus isolation, and serology
 Most infections are mild and require no therapy or only symptomatic treatment. Under research[1]
Trypanosoma brucei African sleeping sickness (African trypanosomiasis)
  • Hemolymphatic phase: Fever, lymphadenopathy
  • Neurological phase: Sleep disorders, neurological symptoms, psychiatric symptoms
 Identification of trypanosomes in a sample by microscopic examination Fexinidazole by mouth or pentamidine by injection for T. b. gambiense.

Suramin by injection is used for T. b. rhodesiense

Undergoing worldwide elimination as a public health problem and regional control[2] Under research[3]
HIV (Human immunodeficiency virus) AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)
Opportunistic infections
 Antibody test, p24 antigen test, PCR Treatment is typically a
nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors
(NRTIs)
Under research[4]
Entamoeba histolytica Amoebiasis Most are asymptomatic. Microscopy Those with symptoms require treatment with an amoebicidal tissue-active agent and a luminal cysticidal agent. Individuals that are asymptomatic only need a luminal cysticidal agent. No
Anaplasma species Anaplasmosis
liver enzymes
 indirect immunofluorescence antibody assay for IgG Tetracycline drugs (including tetracycline, chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline, rolitetracycline, doxycycline, and minocycline) and imidocarb No
Angiostrongylus Angiostrongyliasis Abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and weakness, fever, central nervous system (CNS) symptoms Lumbar puncture, brain imaging, serology Albendazole No
Anisakis Anisakiasis Severe abdominal pain, malnutrition, and vomiting Gastroscopic examination, or histopathologic examination Albendazole No
Bacillus anthracis Anthrax
skin lesion that eventually forms an ulcer with a black center (eschar
) 		Culture, PCR Large doses of intravenous and oral antibiotics, such as
fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin), doxycycline, erythromycin, vancomycin, or penicillin
Yes
Arcanobacterium haemolyticum Arcanobacterium haemolyticum infection Head and neck infections, pharyngitis, and sinusitis Culture in human blood agar plates erythromycin (proposed as the first-line drug), clindamycin, gentamicin, and cephalosporins No
Junin virus
 Argentine hemorrhagic fever Fever, headache, loss of appetite, vomiting, if left untreated: organ failure Yes[5]
Ascaris lumbricoides Ascariasis Migrating larvae, intestinal blockage, and bowel obstruction
Fecal smear
pyrantel pamoate
 No
Aspergillus species Aspergillosis Hemoptysis, chest pain
silver stains
liposomal amphotericin B in combination with surgical debridement
 No
Astroviridae species Astrovirus infection
Diarrhoea, followed by nausea, vomiting, fever
, malaise and abdominal pain
Electron microscopy, enzyme-immunoassay (ELISA), immunofluorescence, and polymerase chain reaction
 Supportive care No
Babesia species Babesiosis Fever and hemolytic anemia
thin-film blood smear
 Atovaquone and azithromycin. In life-threatening cases, exchange transfusion is performed. No
Bacillus cereus Bacillus cereus infection Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea Culture Vancomycin No
multiple bacteria
Bacterial meningitis
 neck stiffness, sudden high fever, and altered mental status Lumbar puncture (contraindicated if there is a mass in the brain or the intracranial pressure is elevated), CT or MRI Antibiotics No
multiple bacteria Bacterial pneumonia Fever, rigors, cough, and runny nose, chest pain Sputum Gram stain and culture, Chest radiography Antibiotics No
List of bacterial vaginosis microbiota Bacterial vaginosis Increased vaginal discharge that usually smells like fish Gram stain and whiff test Metronidazole or clindamycin No
Bacteroides species Bacteroides infection No
Balantidium coli Balantidiasis Intermittent diarrhea, constipation, vomiting, abdominal pain, anorexia, weight loss, headache, colitis, and marked fluid loss microscopic examination of stools, or colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy
iodoquinol
 No
Bartonella Bartonellosis
bacteremia, endocarditis, chronic lymphadenopathy
, and neurological disorders 		microscopy, serology, and PCR Antibiotics No
Baylisascaris species Baylisascaris infection No
BK virus BK virus infection usually asymptomatic; fever, difficulty urinating No
Piedraia hortae
Black piedra
 formation of nodules on the scalp, moustache and pubic hair Stain or culture Antifungal shampoos such as
pyrithione zinc, formaldehyde and salicylic acid
 No
Blastocystis species Blastocystosis abdominal pain,
anal itching
, constipation, diarrhea, watery or loose stool 		microscopic examination of a chemically preserved stool specimen Lack of scientific study to support the efficacy of any particular treatment No
Blastomyces dermatitidis Blastomycosis fever, chills, arthralgia (joint pain), myalgia (muscle pain), headache, and a nonproductive cough KOH prep, cytology, or histology Itraconazole or ketoconazole No
Machupo virus
 Bolivian hemorrhagic fever Headache, fever, myalgia, external and internal bleeding, convulsions, tremors (1/3 of cases) No
Clostridium botulinum; Note: Botulism is not an infection by Clostridium botulinum but caused by the intake of botulinum toxin. Botulism (and Infant botulism) Double vision, drooping of both eyelids, loss of facial expression and swallowing problems
electrochemiluminescent
(ECL) tests 		Botulism antitoxin and supportive care No
Sabiá virus
 Brazilian hemorrhagic fever Flushing of face and chest, petechiae, bodily swelling caused by edema, low blood pressure, vomiting, malaise, diarrhea, capillary bleeding, hypocoagulability (severe cases) No
Brucella species Brucellosis fevers, sweating (often with characteristic foul, moldy smell sometimes likened to wet hay), and migratory arthralgia and myalgia (joint and muscle pain) Culture Tetracyclines, rifampicin, and the aminoglycosides streptomycin and gentamicin Yes[6]
Yersinia pestis Bubonic plague
seizures
 Culture
fluoroquinolone ciprofloxacin
 Under research[7]
usually
Burkholderia cepacia and other Burkholderia
species 		Burkholderia infection No
Mycobacterium ulcerans Buruli ulcer Swollen bump
real-time PCR
 The most widely used antibiotic regimen is once daily oral rifampicin plus twice daily oral clarithromycin. No
Caliciviridae species Calicivirus infection (Norovirus and Sapovirus) Vomiting, diarrhea, stomach pain No
Campylobacter species Campylobacteriosis Fever, headache, and myalgia, followed by diarrhea Stool culture Erythromycin can be used in children, and tetracycline in adults. No
usually
Candida
 species 		Candidiasis (Moniliasis; Thrush) Redness, itching, and discomfort In oral candidiasis, simply inspecting the person's mouth for white patches and irritation may make the diagnosis.

Symptoms of vaginal candidiasis are vaginal itching or soreness, pain during sexual intercourse

Antifungal medications
 No
Intestinal disease by Capillaria philippinensis, hepatic disease by Capillaria hepatica and pulmonary disease by Capillaria aerophila Capillariasis No
Streptococcus mutans
Dental caries
 Tooth pain, difficulty eating, discoloration, tooth loss Under research[8]
Bartonella bacilliformis Carrion's disease Fever, pale appearance, malaise, painless liver enlargement, jaundice, enlarged lymph nodes, and enlarged spleen Peripheral blood smear with
immunoblot, indirect immunofluorescence, and PCR
Fluoroquinolones (such as ciprofloxacin) or chloramphenicol in adults and chloramphenicol plus beta-lactams in children are the antibiotic
regimens of choice during the acute phase of Carrion's disease. 		No
Bartonella henselae Cat-scratch disease Malaise, decreased appetite, and aches Polymerase chain reaction Azithromycin No
usually Group A Streptococcus and Staphylococcus Cellulitis An area that is red, hot, and painful By history and physical examination Penicillinase-resistant semisynthetic penicillin or a first-generation cephalosporin No
Trypanosoma cruzi Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis) Fever, malaise, headache, and enlargement of the liver, spleen, and lymph nodes Microscopic examination of fresh anticoagulated blood, or its buffy coat, for motile parasites; or by preparation of thin and thick blood smears stained with Giemsa, for direct visualization of parasites Benznidazole and nifurtimox (though benznidazole is the only drug available in most of Latin America) Undergoing elimination of human transmissions and regional control[9] Under research[10]
Haemophilus ducreyi Chancroid Painful sores on the genitalia Clinical diagnosis The CDC recommendation is either a single oral dose (1 gram) of azithromycin, a single IM dose (250 mg) of ceftriaxone, oral (500 mg) of erythromycin three times a day for seven days, or oral (500 mg) of ciprofloxacin twice a day for three days. No
Varicella zoster virus (VZV) Chickenpox nausea, loss of appetite, aching muscles, and headache, followed by the characteristic rash or oral sores, malaise, and a low-grade fever The diagnosis of chickenpox is primarily based on the signs and symptoms, with typical early symptoms followed by a characteristic rash. Confirmation of the diagnosis is by examination of the fluid within the vesicles of the rash, or by testing blood for evidence of an acute immunologic response. Aciclovir Yes
Alphavirus Chikungunya sudden onset, combining high fever,
joint pain, and rash
 Laboratory criteria include a decreased lymphocyte count consistent with viremia. However a definitive laboratory diagnosis can be accomplished through viral isolation, RT-PCR, or serological diagnosis. Supportive care Under research[11]
Chlamydia trachomatis
Chlamydia
 In women, those who have an asymptomatic infection that is not detected by their doctor, approximately half will develop pelvic inflammatory disease (PID),

In men, painful or burning sensation when urinating

strand displacement amplification
(SDA) 		azithromycin, doxycycline, erythromycin, levofloxacin or ofloxacin No
Chlamydophila pneumoniae
Chlamydophila pneumoniae
 infection (Taiwan acute respiratory agent or TWAR) 		No
Vibrio cholerae Cholera Profuse diarrhea and vomiting of clear fluid A rapid dipstick test is available. oral rehydration therapy (ORT) Yes
usually Fonsecaea pedrosoi Chromoblastomycosis Usually, the infection slowly spreads to the surrounding tissue while still remaining localized to the area around the original wound. microscopy (KOH scrapings)
antifungal azole, is given orally, with or without flucytosine
. 		No
Batrachochytrium dendrabatidis Chytridiomycosis No
Clonorchis sinensis Clonorchiasis No
Clostridium difficile
Clostridium difficile colitis
 		diarrhea, recent antibiotic exposure, abdominal pain, fever, and a distinctive foul odor Colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy, cytotoxicity assay, toxin ELISA Vancomycin or fidaxomicin by mouth No
Coccidioides immitis and Coccidioides posadasii Coccidioidomycosis No
Colorado tick fever virus (CTFV) Colorado tick fever (CTF) No
usually rhinoviruses and coronaviruses Common cold (Acute viral rhinopharyngitis; Acute coryza)
runny nose, sneezing, nasal congestion, and a sore throat
 Based on symptoms Supportive care No
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
(SARS-CoV-2)
Coronavirus disease 2019
(COVID-19) 		Fever, cough, loss of taste and smell Yes
Coxsackie B virus Coxsackie B virus infection
muscle pain
 Enterovirus infection is diagnosed mainly via
serological tests such as ELISA
and from cell culture. 		There is no well-accepted treatment for the Coxsackie B group of viruses. Under research[12]
PRNP
 Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD) Memory loss, behavioral changes, poor coordination No
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever
(CCHF) 		No
Cryptococcus neoformans Cryptococcosis Cough, shortness of breath, chest pain and fever India ink of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Intravenous Amphotericin B combined with flucytosine
by mouth 		No
Cryptosporidium species Cryptosporidiosis Gastrointestinal and respiratory symptoms No
usually Ancylostoma braziliense; multiple other parasites Cutaneous larva migrans (CLM) No
Cyclospora cayetanensis Cyclosporiasis No
Taenia solium Cysticercosis No
Cytomegalovirus Cytomegalovirus infection Fatigue, swollen glands, fever, sore throat, muscle aches Blood and urine tests, biopsy Cidofovir, foscarnet, ganciclovir, valganciclovir Under research[13]
Dengue viruses (DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3 and DEN-4) – Flaviviruses Dengue fever Sudden-onset fever, headache, muscle and joint pains, and a rash Clinical diagnosis Treatment depends on the symptoms. Yes
Green algae Desmodesmus armatus Desmodesmus infection No
Dientamoeba fragilis Dientamoebiasis No
Corynebacterium diphtheriae Diphtheria fever of 38 °C (100.4 °F) or above; chills;
hoarseness; cough; headache; difficulty swallowing; painful swallowing; difficulty breathing; rapid breathing; foul-smelling and bloodstained nasal discharge; and lymphadenopathy
 Laboratory criteria
  • Isolation of C. diphtheriae culture
  • Histopathologic diagnosis

Toxin demonstration

  • In vivo tests (guinea pig inoculation)
  • In vitro test: Elek's gel precipitation test, PCR, ELISA, ICA

Clinical criteria

  • URT illness with sore throat
  • Low-grade fever
  • An adherent, dense, grey pseudomembrane covering the posterior aspect of the pharynx
Procaine penicillin G
 Yes
Diphyllobothrium Diphyllobothriasis No
Dracunculus medinensis Dracunculiasis Burning pain, blister from which worm emerges Undergoing worldwide eradication No
Eastern equine encephalitis virus Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) High
seizures
 Blood tests
anticonvulsants
, and supportive measures (treating symptoms) 		Under research[14]
Ebolavirus (EBOV)
hemorrhagic fever
 Flu-like symptoms, severe internal and external bleeding Yes
Echinococcus species Echinococcosis Imaging, Serology test Surgical removal of the cysts combined with chemotherapy No
Ehrlichia species Ehrlichiosis Under research[15]
Enterobius vermicularis
Enterobiasis
(Pinworm infection) 		Anal itching that gets worse at night, disturbed sleep No
Enterococcus species Enterococcus infection No
Enterovirus species Enterovirus infection No
Rickettsia prowazekii Epidemic typhus No
Parvovirus B19
Erythema infectiosum
(Fifth disease) 		No
human herpesvirus 7
(HHV-7)
Exanthem subitum
(Sixth disease) 		No
Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica
Fasciolasis
 No
Fasciolopsis buski
 		Fasciolopsiasis No
PRNP
Fatal familial insomnia
(FFI) 		Severe insomnia followed by dementia, hallucinations, and death No
Filarioidea superfamily Filariasis No
Clostridium perfringens
Food poisoning by Clostridium perfringens
 Diarrhea, vomiting, and fever Stool test Supportive care No
multiple
Free-living amebic infection
 No
Fusobacterium species Fusobacterium infection No
usually Clostridium perfringens; other Clostridium species Gas gangrene (Clostridial myonecrosis) Discoloration, large black blisters, foul odor, pain and numbness No
Geotrichum candidum Geotrichosis No
PRNP
Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome
(GSS) 		No
Giardia lamblia
 		Giardiasis Symptoms vary from none to severe diarrhea with poor absorption of nutrients. Detection of antigens on the surface of organisms in stool Treatment is not always necessary. If medications are needed, a nitroimidazole medication is used such as metronidazole, tinidazole, secnidazole or ornidazole. No
Burkholderia mallei Glanders No
Gnathostoma spinigerum and Gnathostoma hispidum Gnathostomiasis No
Neisseria gonorrhoeae Gonorrhea Swelling, itching, pain, and the formation of pus Gram stain and culture Ceftriaxone by injection and azithromycin by mouth Under research[16]
Klebsiella granulomatis Granuloma inguinale (Donovanosis) No
Streptococcus pyogenes Group A streptococcal infection Culture Penicillin No
Streptococcus agalactiae Group B streptococcal infection
  • Pneumonia: fever, lung consolidation, pleural effusion, tachypnea, tachycardia, or hypotension
  • Meningitis: fever, confusion, hypotension, headache, nuchal rigidity, or changing mental status
  • Bacteremia: fever, murmur, evidence of an embolic event, hypotension, phlebitis, tachycardia, tachypnea, splenomegaly, or evidence of heart failure
  • Skin and soft tissue infection, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, or discitis: fever, cellulitis, arthritis, arthralgia, localized pain, decubitus ulcer, vascular insufficiency of the lower extremity, back pain, wound infection, or neurologic dysfunction
  • Urinary tract infection or pelvic abscess: fever, flank pain, pelvic pain, or abdominal pain
 Gram stain Penicillin and ampicillin No
Haemophilus influenzae Haemophilus influenzae infection Pain, fever Gram stain In severe cases,
fluoroquinolones
are preferred. 		Yes
enterovirus 71
(EV71)
Hand, foot and mouth disease
(HFMD) 		Fever, rash, small blisters A diagnosis usually can be made by the presenting signs and symptoms alone. If the diagnosis is unclear, a throat swab or stool specimen may be taken to identify the virus by culture. Medications are usually not needed as hand, foot, and mouth disease is a viral disease that typically resolves on its own. Currently, there is no specific curative treatment for hand, foot and mouth disease. Under research[17][18]
Sin Nombre virus
Hantavirus
Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) 		No
Heartland virus
Heartland virus
disease 		No
Helicobacter pylori Helicobacter pylori infection Stomach ulcers No
Escherichia coli O157:H7, O111 and O104:H4
Hemolytic-uremic syndrome
(HUS) 		thrombocytopenia and microangiopathic hemolysis, plus one or more of the following: neurological symptoms (e.g., confusion, cerebral convulsions, seizures); renal impairment (e.g., elevated creatinine, decreased estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR], abnormal urinalysis); and gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms (e.g., diarrhea, nausea/vomiting, abdominal pain, gastroenteritis). First diagnosis of aHUS is often made in the context of an initial, complement-triggering infection, and Shiga-toxin has also been implicated as a trigger that identifies patients with aHUS. Treatment involves
blood transfusions, and plasmapheresis
. 		No
Bunyaviridae
species
Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome
(HFRS) 		Redness of cheeks and nose,
respiratory
problems 		HFRS is difficult to diagnose on clinical grounds alone and serological evidence is often needed. There is no cure for HFRS. Treatment involves supportive therapy including renal dialysis. No
Hendra virus Hendra virus infection No
Hepatitis A virus
 Hepatitis A Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dark urine, jaundice, fever, abdominal pain Blood tests
Supportive care, liver transplantation
 Yes
Hepatitis B virus Hepatitis B None,
tiredness, dark urine, abdominal pain
 Blood tests
tenofovir, interferon), liver transplantation
 Yes
Hepatitis C virus Hepatitis C Typically none Blood testing for
antibodies or viral RNA
 Antivirals (sofosbuvir, simeprevir, others) Under research[19]
Hepatitis D Virus
 Hepatitis D Feeling tired, nausea and vomiting Immunoglobulin G Antivirals, pegylated interferon alpha No
Hepatitis E virus
 Hepatitis E Nausea, jaundice Hepatitis E virus (HEV) Rest, ribavirin (if chronic) Yes
Herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2)
Herpes simplex
 Blisters on genitalia and lips Based on symptoms, PCR, viral culture Aciclovir, valaciclovir, paracetamol (acetaminophen), topical lidocaine No
Histoplasma capsulatum Histoplasmosis Nonspecific respiratory symptoms, often cough or flu-like Histoplasmosis can be diagnosed by samples containing the fungus taken from sputum (via
antigens in blood or urine samples by ELISA or polymerase chain reaction
. 		In the majority of
Antifungal medications are used to treat severe cases of acute histoplasmosis and all cases of chronic and disseminated disease. Typical treatment of severe disease first involves treatment with amphotericin B, followed by oral itraconazole
. 		No
Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus Hookworm infection Under research[20]
Human bocavirus (HBoV) Human bocavirus infection No
Ehrlichia ewingii
Human ewingii ehrlichiosis
 Fever, headache, myalgias, and malaise The diagnosis can be confirmed by using PCR. A peripheral blood smear can also be examined for intracytoplasmic inclusions called morulae. Doxycycline No
Anaplasma phagocytophilum Human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA) PCR Doxycycline No
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) Human metapneumovirus infection No
Ehrlichia chaffeensis
Human monocytic ehrlichiosis
 Fever, headache, malaise, and muscle aches (myalgia). PCR Doxycycline No
One of the
human papillomaviruses
Human papillomavirus
(HPV) infection 		Warts Yes
Human parainfluenza viruses
(HPIV)
Human parainfluenza virus
infection 		Under research[21][22]
Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1) Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 infection Under research[23][24]
Hymenolepis nana and Hymenolepis diminuta Hymenolepiasis Abdominal pain, loss of appetite, itching around the anus, irritability, and diarrhea Examination of the stool for eggs and parasites Praziquantel, niclosamide No
Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) Epstein–Barr virus infectious mononucleosis (Mono)
  • Fever – usually lasting 14 days; often mild
  • Sore throat
    – usually severe for 3–5 days, before resolving in the next 7–10 days.
  • Swollen glands –  mobile; usually located around the back of the neck (posterior cervical lymph nodes) and sometimes throughout the body.
 Diagnostic modalities for infectious mononucleosis include: Infectious mononucleosis is generally self-limiting, so only symptomatic or supportive treatments are used.
Under research[25]
Orthomyxoviridae species Influenza (flu) The onset of symptoms is sudden, and initial symptoms are predominately non-specific, including fever, chills, headaches,
loss of appetite
, lack of energy/fatigue, and confusion. These symptoms are usually accompanied by respiratory symptoms such as a dry cough, sore or dry throat, hoarse voice, and a stuffy or runny nose. 		Diagnostic methods that can identify influenza include viral cultures, antibody- and antigen-detecting tests, and nucleic acid-based tests. Treatment of influenza in cases of mild or moderate illness is supportive and includes anti-fever medications such as
acetaminophen and ibuprofen
, adequate fluid intake to avoid dehydration, and resting at home. 		Under research[26]
Yes
Isospora belli
 		Isosporiasis Infection causes acute, non-bloody diarrhea with crampy abdominal pain, which can last for weeks and result in malabsorption and weight loss Microscopic demonstration of the large typically shaped oocysts is the basis for diagnosis. Because the oocysts may be passed in small amounts and intermittently, repeated stool examinations and concentration procedures are recommended. If stool examinations are negative, examination of
acid-fast stain
.
Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
 No
Japanese encephalitis virus
 Japanese encephalitis Fever, headache and
Mental retardation
 Available tests detecting JE virus-specific IgM antibodies in serum and/or cerebrospinal fluid, for example by IgM capture ELISA. Supportive Yes
unknown; evidence supports that it is infectious Kawasaki disease Fever > 5 days, large lymph nodes, rash, sore throat, diarrhea Based on symptoms,
ultrasound of the heart
immunoglobulin
 No
multiple Keratitis Treatment depends on the cause of the keratitis. Infectious keratitis can progress rapidly, and generally requires urgent antibacterial, antifungal, or antiviral therapy to eliminate the pathogen. Antibacterial solutions include levofloxacin, gatifloxacin, moxifloxacin, ofloxacin. It is unclear if steroid eye drops are useful or not No
Kingella kingae Kingella kingae infection No
PRNP
 Kuru Body tremors, random outbursts of laughter, gradual loss of coordination Autopsy None No
Lassa virus
 Lassa fever Partial or complete, temporary or permanent hearing loss Laboratory testing Supportive No
Legionella pneumophila
Legionellosis
(Legionnaires' disease) 		Cough, shortness of breath, fever, muscle pains, headaches Urinary
antigen test, sputum culture
 Effective antibiotics include most macrolides, tetracyclines, ketolides, and quinolones. No
Legionella pneumophila Pontiac fever No
Leishmania species Leishmaniasis
low red blood cells, enlarged liver
 Leishmaniasis is diagnosed in the hematology laboratory by direct visualization of the
Buffy-coat preparations of peripheral blood or aspirates from marrow, spleen, lymph nodes, or skin lesions should be spread on a slide to make a thin smear and stained with Leishman stain or Giemsa stain (pH
7.2) for 20 minutes. 		For visceral leishmaniasis in India, South America, and the Mediterranean,
pentavalent antimonials. In Africa, a combination of pentavalent antimonials and paromomycin is recommended. These, however, can have significant side effects. Miltefosine
, an oral medication, is effective against both visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis. 		Under research[27]
Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium lepromatosis Leprosy Numbness, small nodules, deformation of extremities In countries where people are frequently infected, a person is considered to have leprosy if they have one of the following two signs:
  • Skin lesion consistent with leprosy and with definite sensory loss.
  • Positive skin smears.
 Rifampicin, dapsone, clofazimine Undergoing worldwide elimination of transmission[28] Under research[29]
Leptospira species Leptospirosis None, headaches, muscle pains, fevers Testing blood for
antibodies against the bacterium or its DNA
 Doxycycline, penicillin, ceftriaxone
Yes
Listeria monocytogenes Listeriosis Diarrhea, fever, headache Culture of blood or spinal fluid Ampicillin, gentamicin No
Borrelia burgdorferi, Borrelia garinii, and Borrelia afzelii Lyme disease (Lyme borreliosis) Expanding area of redness at the site of a
tiredness
 Based on symptoms, tick exposure, blood tests Doxycycline, amoxicillin, ceftriaxone, cefuroxime
Under research[30]
Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi Lymphatic filariasis (Elephantiasis) Severe swelling of extremities, thickened skin Microscopic examination of blood Albendazole with ivermectin or diethylcarbamazine Undergoing worldwide elimination[31] No
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) Lymphocytic choriomeningitis Fever, lack of appetite, headache, muscle aches, malaise, nausea, and/or vomiting Blood test Symptomatic and supportive No
Plasmodium species Malaria Headache, fever, shivering, joint pain, vomiting, hemolytic anemia, jaundice, hemoglobin in the urine, retinal damage, and convulsions Examination of the blood, antigen detection tests Antimalarial medication
Undergoing worldwide eradication
 Yes
Marburg virus
hemorrhagic fever
(MHF) 		Fever, weakness, myalgias Blood test Supportive Under research[32]
Measles virus
 Measles Fever, cough, runny nose, red Fever, cough, runny nose, inflamed eyes, rash Typically, clinical diagnosis begins with the onset of fever and malaise about 10 days after exposure to the measles virus, followed by the emergence of cough, coryza, and conjunctivitis that worsen in severity over 4 days of appearing. Observation of Koplik's spots is also diagnostic.
Supportive care
 Undergoing regional elimination[33] Yes
Middle East respiratory syndrome–related coronavirus
Middle East respiratory syndrome
(MERS) 		Fever, cough, shortness of breath rRT-PCR testing
supportive
 Under research[34]
Burkholderia pseudomallei Melioidosis (Whitmore's disease) None, fever, pneumonia, multiple abscesses Growing the bacteria in culture mediums
co-trimoxazole
 No
multiple Meningitis Fever, headache, neck stiffness Lumbar puncture
steroids
 No
Neisseria meningitidis Meningococcal disease
seizures, purpura
 Treatment in primary care usually involves prompt intramuscular administration of
cephalosporins, e.g., cefotaxime or ceftriaxone. Benzylpenicillin and chloramphenicol
are also effective. 		Yes
usually Metagonimus yokagawai Metagonimiasis Diarrhea and colicky abdominal pain Metagonimiasis is diagnosed by eggs seen in feces. Praziquantel No
Microsporidia phylum Microsporidiosis PCR Fumagillin has been used in the treatment. Another agent used is albendazole. No
Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV) Molluscum contagiosum (MC) Small, raised, pink lesions with a dimple in the center Based on appearance Cimetidine, podophyllotoxin No
Monkeypox virus
Monkeypox
 Fever, headache, muscle pains, shivering, blistering rash, swollen lymph nodes Testing for viral DNA Supportive,
antivirals, vaccinia immune globulin
 Yes
Mumps virus Mumps Parotitis and non-specific symptoms such as fever, headache, malaise, muscle pain, and loss of appetite Antibody testing, viral cultures, and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction
Supportive
 Yes
Rickettsia typhi Murine typhus (Endemic typhus) Headache, fever, muscle pain, joint pain, nausea and vomiting Early diagnosis continued to be based on clinical suspicion. The most effective antibiotics include tetracycline and chloramphenicol. No
Mycoplasma pneumoniae Mycoplasma pneumonia Fever, malaise, cough, headache Chest X-Ray, Chest CT, blood test Erythromycin, doxycycline No
Mycoplasma genitalium Mycoplasma genitalium infection Discharge and pain from genitals Nucleic acid amplification test Azithromycin, moxifloxacin No
numerous species of
fungi (Eumycetoma
) 		Mycetoma Triad: painless firm skin lump, multiple weeping sinuses, grainy discharge
fine needle aspiration
Antibiotics or antifungal
medication 		No
dipterous
fly larvae 		Myiasis Boil with larva inside Examination and serologic testing Petroleum jelly over the central punctum No
most commonly Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae Neonatal conjunctivitis (Ophthalmia neonatorum) Antibiotic ointment (erythromycin, tetracycline, or rarely silver nitrate or Argyrol) No
Nipah virus Nipah virus infection Under research[35]
Norovirus Norovirus Diarrhea, vomiting, stomach pain, headache Based on symptoms
Supportive care
 Under research[36]
PRNP
 (New) Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (vCJD, nvCJD) No
usually Nocardia asteroides and other Nocardia species Nocardiosis Pulmonary infection

Neurological infection

  • Headache, lethargy, confusion, seizures, sudden onset of neurological deficit

Cardiac conditions

  • In recorded cases, it has caused damage to heart valves whether natural or prosthetic

Lymphocutaneous disease

Ocular disease

Disseminated nocardiosis

  • Fever, moderate or very high can be seen
 chest x-ray to analyze the lungs, a bronchoscopy, a brain/lung/skin biopsy, or a sputum culture. trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole or high doses of sulfonamides No
Onchocerca volvulus Onchocerciasis (River blindness) Undergoing elimination in the WHO regions of the Americas and Africa[37] Under research[38]
Opisthorchis viverrini and Opisthorchis felineus Opisthorchiasis No
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis Paracoccidioidomycosis (South American blastomycosis) No
usually Paragonimus westermani and other Paragonimus species Paragonimiasis No
Pasteurella species Pasteurellosis No
Pediculus humanus capitis
Pediculosis capitis
(Head lice) 		Itching, nits attached to hair No
Pediculus humanus corporis Pediculosis corporis (Body lice) No
Pthirus pubis Pediculosis pubis (pubic lice, crab lice) No
multiple Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) Lower abdominal pain, vaginal discharge, fever, burning with urination, pain with sex, irregular menstruation Based on symptoms,
laparoscopic surgery
 Typical regimens include cefoxitin or cefotetan plus doxycycline, and clindamycin plus gentamicin. No
Bordetella pertussis
Pertussis
(whooping cough) 		Severe coughing fits ending in gasps Nasopharyngeal swab erythromycin, clarithromycin, or azithromycin Yes
Yersinia pestis Plague Fever, weakness, headache Finding the bacterium in a lymph node, blood, sputum
fluoroquinolone
 Under research[7]
Streptococcus pneumoniae Pneumococcal infection
bloodstream infections and bacterial meningitis
. 		Culture
cephalosporins, and fluoroquinolones such as levofloxacin and moxifloxacin
 Yes
Pneumocystis jirovecii Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP)
shortness of breath and/or difficulty breathing (of gradual onset), fever, dry/non-productive cough, weight loss, night sweats
arterial oxygen level
 trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole No
multiple Pneumonia Cough, shortness of breath, chest pain, fever Based on symptoms,
chest X-ray
antivirals, oxygen therapy
 No
Poliovirus
Poliomyelitis
 Fever, sore throat Finding the virus in the
antibodies
in the blood
supportive care
 Undergoing worldwide eradication Yes
Prevotella species Prevotella infection No
usually Naegleria fowleri
Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis
(PAM) 		Fever, vomiting, stiff neck, seizures, poor coordination, confusion, death flagellation test Miltefosine, fluconazole, amphotericin B, posaconazole, voriconazole, targeted temperature management No
JC virus
 Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy clumsiness, progressive weakness, and visual, speech, and sometimes personality changes finding JC virus DNA in spinal fluid, brain CT No
Chlamydophila psittaci
 		Psittacosis severe pneumonia Culture tetracyclines and chloramphenicol No
Coxiella burnetii Q fever
symptoms, such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea
 Based on serology doxycycline, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, and ofloxacin Yes
Rabies virus Rabies Fever, extreme aversion to water, confusion, excessive salivary secretion, hallucinations, disrupted sleep, paralysis, coma, hyperactivity, headache, nausea, vomiting, anxiety fluorescent antibody test (FAT) Supportive care Undergoing worldwide elimination in humans and animals[39] Yes
Borrelia hermsii, Borrelia recurrentis, and other Borrelia species Relapsing fever
headaches, muscle or joint aches, and nausea
 blood smear Tetracycline-class antibiotics No
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) Respiratory syncytial virus infection wide variety of signs and symptoms that range from mild upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) to severe and potentially life-threatening lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) A variety of laboratory tests Treatment for RSV infection is focused primarily on supportive care. Under research[40]
Rhinosporidium seeberi Rhinosporidiosis No
Rhinovirus Rhinovirus infection No
Rickettsia species Rickettsial infection No
Rickettsia akari Rickettsialpox No
Rift Valley fever virus Rift Valley fever (RVF) No
Rickettsia rickettsii Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) No
Rotavirus Rotavirus infection Yes
Rubella virus Rubella Undergoing regional elimination[41] Yes
Salmonella species Salmonellosis No
SARS coronavirus
Severe acute respiratory syndrome
(SARS) 		Under research[42]
Sarcoptes scabiei Scabies No
Group A Streptococcus species Scarlet fever No
Schistosoma species Schistosomiasis Undergoing regional elimination and being eliminated as a public health problem[43] Under research[44]
multiple Sepsis No
Shigella species Shigellosis (bacillary dysentery) No
Varicella zoster virus (VZV) Shingles (Herpes zoster)
Yes[45]
Variola major
or Variola minor 		Smallpox (variola)
Eradicated worldwide
 Yes
Sporothrix schenckii Sporotrichosis No
Staphylococcus species
Staphylococcal food poisoning
 No
Staphylococcus species Staphylococcal infection No
Strongyloides stercoralis Strongyloidiasis No
Measles virus
 Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis Yes
Treponema pallidum
Bejel, Syphilis, and Yaws
 Yaws is undergoing worldwide eradication[46] Under research[47]
Taenia
 species 		Taeniasis No
Clostridium tetani Tetanus (lockjaw) Yes
Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) Tick-borne encephalitis Yes
usually Trichophyton species Tinea barbae (barber's itch) No
usually Trichophyton tonsurans Tinea capitis (ringworm of the scalp) No
usually Trichophyton species Tinea corporis (ringworm of the body) No
usually Epidermophyton floccosum, Trichophyton rubrum, and Trichophyton mentagrophytes Tinea cruris (Jock itch) No
Trichophyton rubrum Tinea manum (ringworm of the hand) No
usually Hortaea werneckii Tinea nigra No
usually Trichophyton species Tinea pedis (athlete's foot) No
usually Trichophyton species Tinea unguium (onychomycosis) No
Malassezia species Tinea versicolor (Pityriasis versicolor) No
Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) Under research[48][49]
Toxocara canis or Toxocara cati Toxocariasis (ocular larva migrans (OLM)) No
Toxocara canis or Toxocara cati Toxocariasis (visceral larva migrans (VLM)) No
Toxoplasma gondii Toxoplasmosis No
Chlamydia trachomatis Trachoma Undergoing regional elimination and worldwide elimination as a public health problem[50] No
Trichinella spiralis Trichinosis No
Trichomonas vaginalis Trichomoniasis No
Trichuris trichiura Trichuriasis (whipworm infection) No
usually Mycobacterium tuberculosis Tuberculosis Undergoing worldwide elimination as a public health problem
Yes
Francisella tularensis Tularemia Under research[51]
serovar
typhi 		Typhoid fever Yes
Rickettsia
Typhus fever
 No
Ureaplasma urealyticum Ureaplasma urealyticum infection No
Coccidioides immitis or Coccidioides posadasii.[52]
Valley fever
 No
Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus
Venezuelan equine encephalitis
 No
Guanarito virus
 Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever No
Vibrio vulnificus Vibrio vulnificus infection No
Vibrio parahaemolyticus Vibrio parahaemolyticus enteritis No
multiple viruses Viral pneumonia No
West Nile virus West Nile fever Under research[53]
Trichosporon beigelii
 		White piedra (tinea blanca) No
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infection No
Yersinia enterocolitica Yersiniosis No
Yellow fever virus
 Yellow fever Yes
Zeaspora fungus
Zeaspora
 No
Zika virus Zika fever rash, fever, red or swollen eyes, pain in joints, Under research[54]
Mucorales order (Mucormycosis) and Entomophthorales order (Entomophthoramycosis) Zygomycosis No

See also

References

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  2. ^ "Trypanosomiasis, human African (sleeping sickness)". www.who.int. Retrieved 2023-06-16.
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  10. ^ "Potential Chagas Vaccine Candidate Shows Unprecedented Efficacy". Science Daily. 26 March 2013. Retrieved 14 September 2013.
  11. ^ Docksai, Rick (31 May 2017). "DoD Vaccine Research Saves Military, Civilian Lives". US Department of Defense. Retrieved 7 July 2018.
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  19. ^ "Hepatitis C vaccine by Inovio could be tested in humans by end of year". Philadelphia Business Journal. January 9, 2013. Retrieved April 24, 2013.
  20. ^ "Human hookworm vaccine trial". Medical News Today. January 20, 2012. Retrieved April 24, 2013.
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  25. ^ Pullen, L.C. (November 7, 2011). "Epstein-Barr Virus Vaccine May Soon Enter Phase 3 Trial". Medscape Today. Retrieved April 24, 2013.
  26. ^ "H5N1 Influenza Virus Vaccine, manufactured by Sanofi Pasteur, Inc. Questions and Answers". FDA. 12 April 2019.
  27. ^ Nakkazi, E. (March 12, 2012). "New vaccine trials to prevent visceral leishmaniasis". New Science Journalism. Retrieved June 16, 2013.
  28. ^ "Leprosy". www.who.int. Retrieved 2023-06-16.
  29. ^ McGuinness, R. (November 20, 2012). "Search for leprosy vaccine continues as disease still affects thousands". Metro News. Retrieved May 29, 2013.
  30. ^ "Lyme Disease Vaccine". Lyme Info. Retrieved April 24, 2013.
  31. ^ "Lymphatic filariasis". www.who.int. Retrieved 2023-06-16.
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  33. ^ "Measles". www.who.int. Retrieved 2023-06-16.
  34. ^ "MERS vaccine shows promise in clinical trial, say researchers". Archived from the original on 2020-05-03.
  35. ^ "Developing a vaccine against Nipah virus".
  36. ^ Sifferlin, A. (March 22, 2013). "Norovirus leading cause of intestinal disorders in kids". CNN. Retrieved April 24, 2013.
  37. ^ "Onchocerciasis (river blindness)". www.who.int. Retrieved 2023-06-16.
  38. ^ Sanjit Bagchi (April 26, 2006). "Study raises hopes of vaccine for river blindness". SciDev Net. Retrieved April 24, 2013.
  39. ^ "Rabies". www.who.int. Retrieved 2023-06-16.
  40. PMID 21789184
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  41. ^ "Rubella". www.who.int. Retrieved 2023-06-16.
  42. PMID 32201503
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  43. ^ "Schistosomiasis". www.who.int. Retrieved 2023-06-16.
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  46. ^ "Yaws". www.who.int. Retrieved 2023-06-16.
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  50. ^ "Trachoma".
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  54. ^ Sifferlin, Alexandra (21 January 2016). "U.S. Launches 'Full-court Press' for a Zika Vaccine". Time. Retrieved 23 January 2016.
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