Disputation of Paris
The Disputation of Paris (
Background
As part of its evangelistic efforts, the
Paul Johnson cites a significant difference between the Jewish and Christian sides of the debate. Christianity had developed a detailed theological system; the teachings were clear and therefore vulnerable to attack. Judaism had a relative absence of dogmatic theology; it did have many negative dogmas to combat idolatry but did not have a developed positive theology. "The Jews had a way of concentrating on life and pushing death—and its dogmas—into the background."[3]
Disputants
The debate started on 12 June 1240.
The Catholic Church had shown little interest in the Talmud until Donin presented his translation to Gregory IX. The Pope was surprised that the Jews relied on texts other than the Torah, and that those other texts contained alleged blasphemies against Christianity. This lack of interest also characterized the French monarchy which chiefly considered the Jews as a potential source of income before 1230.[8]
Rabbis
Trial
The terms of the disputation demanded that the four rabbis defend the Talmud against Donin's accusations that it contained blasphemies against the Christian religion, attacks on Christians themselves, blasphemies against God, and obscene folklore. The attacks on Christianity were from passages referring to Jesus and Mary. There is a passage, for example, of someone named Yeshu who was sent to hell to be boiled in excrement for eternity. The Jews denied that this is the Jesus of the New Testament, stating "not every Louis born in France is king."[11]
Among the obscene folklore is a story that Adam copulated with each of the animals before finding Eve. Noah, according to the Talmudic legends, was castrated by his son Ham.[12] It was common for Christians to equate the religion of the Jews with the Mosaic faith of the Old Testament, so the Church was surprised to realize that the Jews had developed an authoritative Talmud to complement their understanding of the Bible.[citation needed]
Twentieth-century Jewish scholar
Outcome
The Disputation set in place a train of events which culminated in a burning of a great number of Jewish holy texts, on 17 June 1242.[16] "One estimate is that the 24 wagonloads included up to 10,000 volumes of Hebrew manuscripts, a startling number when one considers that the printing press did not yet exist, so that all copies of a work had to be written out by hand."[16] The burning of the texts was apparently witnessed by the Maharam of Rothenburg, who wrote about the incident.[16]
Donin's translation of statements taken from the Talmud into French changed the Christian perception about Jews. Christians had viewed the Jews as the followers of the Old Testament who honored the Law of Moses and the prophets, but the alleged blasphemies included among the Talmudic texts indicated that Jewish understandings of the Old Testament differed from the Christian understanding.[17] Louis IX stated that only skilled clerics could conduct a disputation with Jews, but that laymen should plunge a sword into those who speak ill of the Christ.[18][19]
Legacy
A prominent religious-Zionist rabbi, Shlomo Aviner, suggested that the Notre-Dame fire may have been divine retribution for the burning of the Talmud in 1242.[20][21]
See also
- Criticism of Judaism
- Disputation of Barcelona (1263)
- Disputation of Tortosa (1413–1414)
- Jesus in the Talmud
- Toledot Yeshu
- Yonah Gerondi
References
- ^ ISBN 978-0-226-74507-7.
- ISBN 9780838630532.
- ISBN 0060915331.
- ISBN 978-2-200-24373-9.
- ISBN 978-0-8386-3660-2.
- ISBN 978-1-58509-092-1.
- ^ Anchel, Robert (1946). Les juifs de France (in French). Paris: J.B. Janin. p. 109.
- ISBN 978-1-4008-2525-7.
- ISBN 9780199730049. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
- ^ http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/6262-france#816 [bare URL]
- ISBN 9780838630532.
- ISBN 9780838630532.
- ISBN 9780838630532.
- ^ Ragacs, Ursela. "Christian-Jewish or Jewish-Jewish, That's my question...". European Journal of Jewish Studies: 98.
- ISBN 9780838630532.
- ^ a b c "1242: France burns all known copies of the Talmud". Haaretz. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
- ISBN 978-0-929891-07-1.
- ISBN 9780838630532.
- ISBN 978-1-136-77155-2.
- ^ Staff, Tio (17 April 2019). "Radical rabbi says Notre Dame fire retribution for 13th-century Talmud burning". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 6 August 2023.
A prominent religious-Zionist rabbi known for his extremist views suggested on Wednesday that the fire that gutted the famed Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris earlier this week may have been divine retribution for the mass-burning of Talmud volumes by French Catholic priests in the city eight centuries earlier.
- ^ Berger, Yotam (17 April 2019). "Notre Dame Fire May Be Divine Punishment, Says Prominent Settler Rabbi". Haaretz. Retrieved 6 August 2023.
External links
- The full text of The Burning of the Law at Wikisource, a poem by Meir of Rothenburg who witnessed the burning at Paris.