Dissident movement in the People's Republic of Poland
The dissident movement in the Polish People's Republic was a political movement in the Polish People's Republic (predecessor of the modern Republic of Poland, Polish: Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa, PRL) whose aim was to change the political system from unitary Marxist–Leninist government imposed by the USSR to democratic form of government.
Historical background
One of the deciding points in post World War II history was the Yalta Conference where decisions regarding postwar Europe were taken and the continent became divided with the Iron Curtain.[1] As a result, Poland remained under the Soviet Union's dominance.[2] Formally was a separate country, in reality it couldn't make independent decisions without Moscow's approval. The power was held by the Polish United Workers' Party (Polska Zjednoczona Partia Robotnicza, PZPR).[3] The party stayed in power not because of the social support but because of suppressing society and military support from Moscow. The ties with the Soviet Union were declared through the PKWN Manifesto where the legitimacy of the coming State National Council, a Soviet-backed administration was announced.
During that time many citizens were working in government-owned companies, managed by people approved by the authorities, often as a result of political decisions.
Beginnings of the dissident movements
Imposed political system and constant suppression influenced people's lives. Million people were arrested, thousands became fatal victims of the terror, Security Service (SB) investigated millions of people.
Influence of the religion on the dissident movements
Important role in fighting communism had a common
Groups of dissidence
- The Workers' Defence Committee (Komitet Obrony Robotników, KOR)
- Movement of Young Poland (Ruch Młodej Polski)[22]
- Students' Solidarity Committees (Studenckie Komitety Solidarności)
- Movement for Defense of Human and Civil Rights(Ruch Obrony Praw Człowieka i Obywatela, ROBCiO)
- Free Trade Unions of the Coast (Wolne Związki Zawodowe Wybrzeża, WZZW)
Currents of dissidence
Strikes
In June 1976 the plan for raising goods' prices was revealed. The decision was motivated by the worsening economic situation in the Polish People's Republic. The raise would include basic commodities and influence significantly budget of the Polish households.
Formation of a dissidence
After World War II, the communist system allowed trade unions (after 1939, under German occupation those were prohibited).[29] Originally planned as an instrument of the Polish United Workers' Party (PZPR) to prevent for instance solidarity movements, later met with resistance of the participants, resulting in many further confrontations and strikes. In September 1976 group of intellectuals founded the Workers' Defence Committee (Komitet Obrony Robotników, KOR).[30] Its main goal was to provide financial, legal, and medical support to those repressed by the government after demonstrations or another form of dissidence. The group was also gathering signatures to release people from detention and was raising funds for the affected families by the disciplinary dismissals. Hunger-strikes became their common form of pressuring the authorities.
Murder of Stanisław Pyjas
Stanisław Pyjas, a student cooperating with KOR was murdered in May 1977. His death agitated the society and caused a series of protests resulting in furthers arrests. In many cities students' KOR committees started appearing. In the end, the government ceased persecution and declared an amnesty for the participants the riots.
KOR reorganization and ROBCiO creation
In 1977 the
Winter of 1978/1979
The winter of 1978/1978 was extreme and showed how inefficient the government was even when dealing with natural occurrences. Besides the large amount of snow, temperatures went down to -30 degrees Celsius. For almost a month factories were unable to operate. The government was calling citizens for help. Although they tried to introduce some solutions, their efforts were unsuccessful.
Pope John Paul II
On 16 October 1978 Polish Cardinal Karol Wojtyła was elected pope. He took the name Pope John Paul II. Since most of the society was Catholic, the election of a Pole as pope raised hope in the Polish community. The Pope also supported anti-communist narrative which caused concern among communists. The authorities of the USSR expressed opposition to the Pope's visit to Poland, however, Edward Gierek allowed the Pope to make a pilgrimage to Poland in June 1979. About 6 million people took part in the visit. Joint prayers helped Poles see how much strength they had together.[31]
See also
References
- S2CID 144902712.
- ISBN 978-0-415-93922-5.
- ^ Polish Academic Information Center, University at Buffalo (15 June 2009). "The Historical Setting: The Polish People's Republic". info-poland.icm.edu.pl. Retrieved 2020-06-19.
- ^ a b c d Hajdasz E., Kiewel G., Łukaszka E., Mazur P., Tucznio H., Lekcje o współczesne Polsce, Polski Ośrodek Naukowy Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego w Londynie (3 February 2014) PRL w pigułce, retrieved 2020-06-19
- OCLC 7653391.
- ^ Konstytucja Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (1952). Dziennik Ustaw Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej (published 22 July 1952). 1952.
- ^ "Śmierć Bolesława Bieruta". nowahistoria.interia.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2020-06-19.
- ^ Ciupa R., Małachowska E. "Wystawa "Oczy i Uszy Bezpieki"" (PDF). IPN. Retrieved 23 June 2020.
- ^ Grzelczak, Piotr (2014-03-13). "Poznański Czerwiec 1956. Walka o pamięć w latach 1956–1989". Adam Mickiewicz University Repository (in Polish).
- ISBN 83-01-14487-4.
- ^ Siedziako, Michał (14 December 2017). "Od nadziei do buntu. Polska pod rządami Władysława Gomułki". Dzieje.pl. Retrieved 23 June 2020.
- ISSN 2080-1335.
- ^ Majewski, Jerzy (30 January 2018). "Gdy 50 lat temu zdjęto z afisza "Dziady" Dejmka, społeczeństwo zaprotestowało. Pierwsza konfrontacja z władzą komunistyczną w burzliwym 1968 roku". warszawa.wyborcza.pl. Retrieved 2020-05-24.
- ^ "Grudzień 1970". dzieje.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2020-06-19.
- ^ Polskie Radio (2019-12-17). ""Czarny czwartek" - 17 grudnia 1970. Najkrwawszy dzień robotniczego powstania na Wybrzeżu". PolskieRadio24.pl. Retrieved 2020-06-19.
- ^ ISSN 2450-7814.
- ^ a b Tarnowski, Paweł (17 October 2012). "Właśnie spłaciliśmy długi Gierka". www.polityka.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2020-06-27.
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-06-27.
- ^ a b Moore, Richard. "Poland: Communism's New Look Documentary". NET, National Educational Television and Radio Center. San Francisco.
- ^ Porter, Brian. "Catholic Church in Poland | Making the History of 1989". chnm.gmu.edu. Retrieved 2020-06-27.
- ^ Walaszek, Zdzisława (1986). An Open Issue of Legitimacy: The State and the Church in Poland. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 483, Religion and the State: The Struggle for Legitimacy and Power. pp. 118–134.
- ^ Cenckiewicz, Stanisław. Służba Bezpieczeństwa w walce z Ruchem Młodej Polski 1979–1988 (PDF).
- ^ "42. rocznica radomskiego Czerwca". pb.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2020-05-20.
- ^ Karłowicz, Ziemowit. ""Solidarność" – Zmotoryzowane Odwody Milicji Obywatelskiej (ZOMO) - Leksykon - Teatr NN". teatrnn.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2020-06-23.
- ^ Sasanka, Paweł. "Czerwiec 1976". dzieje.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2020-06-23.
- ^ a b "Radom, Ursus 1976". www.rp.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2020-05-20.
- ^ "Poland's Angry Workers". Time. 1 January 1980.
- ^ Szamańska, Karolina. "Sklepy w czasach PRL" (PDF). Wiedza i edukacja. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2014-10-19. Retrieved 20 May 2020.
- ^ "Historia Powstania Związków Zawodowych". www.solidarnosc-icn.pl. Retrieved 2020-06-23.
- ^ "Dlaczego powstał KOR?". dzieje.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2020-06-23.
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-06-19.
Bibliography
- Fehér, Ferenc (1987). "Eastern Europe's Long Revolution against Yalta". East European Politics and Societies and Cultures. 2: 1–34. S2CID 144902712.
- Osmańczyk, Edmund (2003), Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: G to M, Taylor & Francis, ISBN 978-0-415-93922-5