Distrust

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Aboriginal women showing distrust of the photographer

Distrust is a formal way of not

checks and balances can operate. The phrase "trust, but verify
" refers specifically to distrust.

In systems of government

An

behaviour
in sensitive social settings.

accounting scandals and calls for accounting reform are the inevitable result. It is precisely to avoid such larger crises of trust in "the system
" that formal distrust measures are put in place to begin with.

In computer science

A

validations. Once these are passed, the responsibility for errors
lies strictly with the receiving part of the system, not that which sent the original information. Applying this principle inside one program is called contract-based design.

Neurochemical studies

Neuroeconomics explain how economists are attempting to understand why humans trust or distrust others by recording physiological measurements during trust experiments.[1] Economists conducted an experiment observing distrust through a trust game. Subjects were asked to anonymously donate various amounts of money to other anonymous subjects with no guarantee of receiving money in return. Various conditions were run of the experiment and after each decision, subjects' levels of DHT were measured. The results of this experiment suggest men and women respond to distrust physiologically differently; a heightened level of the hormone Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in men is associated with distrust. However, more research is needed in order to accurately state the correlation between the amount of DHT present in males and responses to distrust.[1]

Sociological studies

It has been argued that by supporting healthy suspicion and vigilance, distrust does not always have detrimental consequences and can be related to positive outcomes.[2] It has been shown to increase the speed and performance of individuals and groups[3] at certain tasks. It has been empirically shown that distrust increases performance in nonroutine (creative, unstructured) tasks while decreasing performance in routine (cooperative, structured) tasks.[4]

Research on high-risk settings such as oil platforms, investment banking, medical surgery, aircraft piloting and nuclear powerplants has related distrust to failure avoidance.[5][6] When nonroutine strategies are needed, distrusting persons perform better, while when routine strategies are needed trusting persons perform better.[7] This research was extended to entrepreneurial firms by Gudmundsson and Lechner.[8] They argued that in entrepreneurial firms, the prospect of failure is ever present, resembling nonroutine situations in high-risk settings. They found that the firms of distrusting entrepreneurs were more likely to survive than the firms of optimistic or overconfident entrepreneurs, because the distrusting entrepreneurs would emphasize failure avoidance through sensible task selection, and more analysis.[9] Kets de Vries has pointed out that distrusting entrepreneurs are more alert about their external environment.[10] Thus, distrusting entrepreneurs are less likely to discount negative events, and are more likely to engage control mechanisms.[8][11][10][12] Thus, according to Gudmundsson and Lechner distrust leads to higher precaution and therefore increases chances of entrepreneurial firm survival.[8]

See also

References

  1. ^
    PMID 29125276
    .
  2. .
  3. .
  4. .
  5. ^ Conchie, S. M. & Donald, I. J. (2007). The functions and development of safety-specific trust and distrust. Safety Science, 46(1) 92-103.
  6. ^ Burns, C., Mearns, K. & McGeorge, P. (2006). Explicit and Implicit Trust Within Safety Culture. Risk Analysis, 26(5), 1139-1150.
  7. ^ Schul, Y., Mayo, R., & Burnstein, E. (2008). The Value of Distrust. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44, 1293–1302.
  8. ^ a b c GUDMUNDSSON, S.V. and LECHNER, C. (2013) Cognitive Biases, Organization, and Entrepreneurial Firm Survival. European Management Journal, 31(3), 278-294
  9. ^ Teach, R.D., Schwartz, R.G., & Tarpley, F.A. (1989). The recognition and exploitation of opportunity in the software industry: a study of surviving firms. Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research. Wellesley, MA: Babson College, 383–397.
  10. ^ a b Kets de Vries, M. (2003). The entrepreneur on the couch. INSEAD Quarterly, 5, 17-19.
  11. ^ Davis, J. H., Schoorman, F. D., & Donaldson, L. (1997). Toward a stewardship theory of management. Academy of Management Review, 22, 20-47.
  12. ^ Lewicki, R., McAllister, D., & Bies, R. (1998). Trust and distrust: New relationships and realities. Academy of Management Review, 23, 438 – 458.

Further reading

  • Ethan Zuckerman (2021). Mistrust: Why Losing Faith in Institutions Provides the Tools to Transform Them. W. W. Norton & Company. .