Diyarbakır

Coordinates: 37°55′N 40°14′E / 37.91°N 40.24°E / 37.91; 40.24
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
"Amid" redirects here. For other uses, see Amid (disambiguation).
For other uses, see Diyarbakır (disambiguation).

Diyarbakır
Kurdish: Amed
Metropolitan municipality
Clockwise from top: A park in Diyarbakir, Hasan Pasha Han, historic city walls, Gazi Pavillion, A pond park in Diyarbakir, Ongözlü Bridge (The Dicle Bridge), Great Mosque of Diyarbakır.
Licence plate
21
Websitewww.diyarbakir.gov.tr

Diyarbakır (Turkish pronunciation:

romanized: Āmīd), formerly Diyarbekir, is the largest Kurdish-majority city in Turkey.[3] It is the administrative center of Diyarbakır Province
.

Situated around a high plateau by the banks of the

Diyarbakır Fortress, it is the administrative capital of the Diyarbakır Province of southeastern Turkey. It is the second-largest city in the Southeastern Anatolia Region. As of December 2021, the Metropolitan Province population was 1,791,373 of whom 1,129,218 lived in the built-up (or metro) area made of the 4 urban districts (Bağlar, Kayapınar, Sur and Yenişehir
).

Diyarbakır has been a main focal point of the

independent Kurdistan following the Treaty of Sèvres, but this was disregarded following subsequent political developments.[6][7][8]

On 6 February 2023 Diyarbakır was affected by the twin

Turkey-Syria earthquakes, which inflicted some damage on its city walls.[9]

Names and etymology

In ancient times the city was known as Amida, a name which could derive from an older Assyrian toponym Amedi.[10] The name Āmid was also used in Arabic.[11][12] The name Amit is found in official documents of the Empire of Trebizond from 1358.[13]

After the

northern Mesopotomia during the pre-Islamic period. In the 7th century, during the caliphate of Uthman and under the regional governorship of Mu'awiya, a portion of the tribe was ordered to settle further north in the lands near the city.[12] The city was later also known in Turkish as Kara-Amid ("Black Amid"), on account of its black basalt walls.[16]

In November 1937, Turkish President

Turkification process of non-Turkish place names, in which non-Turkish (Kurdish, Armenian, Arabic and other) geographical names were changed to Turkish alternatives.[18][19]

The modern

Kurdish[21] and in Syriac as ܐܡܝܕ (Āmīd).[22]

History

Main article: History of Diyarbakır

Antiquity

Kurkh stele of Shalmaneser III in the British Museum, 9th century BC

People have inhabited the area around Diyarbakır since the Stone Age. The first major civilization to establish itself in the region of Diyarbakır was the

Shapur II of Persia captured Amida after a siege of 73 days.[25][26]

According to the

Julian's Persian War, becoming the main Roman stronghold in the region.[28] The chronicle attributed to Joshua the Stylite describes the capture of Amida by the Persians under Kavad I (r. 488–531) in the second Siege of Amida in 502–503, part of the Anastasian War.[28]

Either the emperor

Justinian the Great (r. 527–565) rebuilt the walls of Amida, a feat of defensive architecture praised by the Greek historian Procopius.[28] As recorded by the works of John of Ephesus, Zacharias Rhetor, and Procopius, the Romans and Persians continued to contest the area, and in the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628 Amida was captured and held by the Persians for twenty-six years, being recovered in 628 for the Romans by the emperor Heraclius (r. 610–641), who also founded a church in the city on his return to Constantinople (Istanbul) from Persia the following year.[27][28]

Ecclesiastical history

Page from abridged Bible created in Diyarbakır in 1601 by the Serapion of Edessa for the future Co-Catholicos of All Armenians, now at the Chester Beatty Library

bishoprics.[29]

At some stage, Amida became a see of the

Armenian Church. The bishops who held the see in 1650 and 1681 were in full communion with the Holy See, and in 1727 Peter Derboghossian sent his profession of faith to Rome. He was succeeded by two more bishops of the Armenian Catholic Church, Eugenius and Ioannes of Smyrna, the latter of whom died in Constantinople in 1785. After a long vacancy, three more bishops followed.[30][31][32][33][34] The diocese had some 5,000 Armenian Catholics in 1903,[35] but it lost most of its population in the 1915 Armenian genocide. The last diocesan bishop of the see, Andreas Elias Celebian, was killed with some 600 of his flock in the summer of 1915.[30][31][32][33]

An eparchy for the local members of the

Persecution of Christians in the Ottoman Empire during the First World War brought an end to the existence of both these Syrian residential sees.[30][31][36][37]

Middle Ages

See also: Diyar Bakr
Fragment of an unglazed jar from Diyarbakir, 13th century AD

In 639, as part of the

monasteries in the city, including the Zuqnin Monastery and several ancient churches mentioned by John of Ephesus.[28] One of these, the Church of the Virgin Mary, remains the city's cathedral and the see of the bishop of Diyarbakır in the Syriac Orthodox Church.[28] Another ancient church, the Church of Mar Cosmas, was seen by the British explorer Gertrude Bell in 1911 but was destroyed in 1930, while the former Church of Saint George, in the walled citadel, may originally have been built for Muslim use or for the Church of the East.[28]

The city was part of the

Kara Koyunlu and Aq Qoyunlu – two Turkoman confederations – were in control of the city in succession. Diyarbakır was conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1514 by Bıyıklı Mehmed Pasha, in the reign of the sultan Selim I (r. 1512–1520). Mohammad Khan Ustajlu, the Safavid governor of Diyarbakir, was evicted from the city and killed in the following Battle of Chaldiran in 1514.[39][40]

Safavids and Ottomans

See also:
Diyarbekir Vilayet
Matrakci Nasuh

The Classical Age of the Ottoman Empire saw it expand into Western Armenia and all but the eastern regions of Kurdistan at the expense of the Safavids. From the early 16th century, the city and the wider region was the source of intrigue between the Safavids and the Ottoman Empire, both of whom sought the support of the Kurdish chieftains around Idris Bitlisi.[39] It was conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1514 in the campaigns of Bıyıklı Mehmed Pasha, under the rule of Sultan Selim I. Mohammad Khan Ustajlu, the Safavid Governor of Diyarbakir, was evicted from the city and killed in the following Battle of Chaldiran in 1514.[39]

Following their victory, the Ottomans established the

Ebu Hanife in Baghdad. Ottoman rule was confirmed by the 1555 Peace of Amasya which followed the Ottoman–Safavid War (1532–1555)
.

Depiction of Diyarbakır in a 17th-century Ottoman map, possibly created by Evliya Çelebi

Concerned with independent-mindedness of the

sufi sheiks and religious orders rose to prominence and spread their influence throughout the region. One of the prominent Sufi leaders was Shaikh Ubaidalla Nahri, who began a revolt in the region between Lakes Van and Urmia. The area under his control covered both Ottoman and Qajar territories. Shaikh Ubaidalla is regarded as one of the earliest proponents of Kurdish nationalism. In a letter to a British
Vice-Consul, he declared: "The Kurdish nation is a people apart... we want our affairs to be in our hands."

Diyarbakır, c. 1900

In 1895 an estimated 25,000

Assyrian genocide; nearly 150,000 were expelled from the city to the death marches in the Syrian Desert.[43]

Republic of Turkey

In January 1928, Diyarbakır became the center of the First Inspectorate-General, a regional subdivision for an area containing the provinces of Hakkari, Van, Şırnak, Mardin, Siirt, Bitlis and Şanlıurfa. In a reorganization of the provinces in 1952, Diyarbakır city was made the administrative capital of the Diyarbakır Province. In 1993, Diyarbakir was established as a Metropolitan Municipality.[44] Its districts are Bağlar, Bismil, Ergani, Hazro, Kayapinar, Çermik, Çinar, Eğil, Dicle, Kulp, Kocaköy, Lice, Silvan, Sur, Yenişehir, Hani and Çüngüş.[45]

The American-Turkish

Pirinçlik
Air Force Base near Diyarbakır was operational from 1956 to 1997.

Diyarbakır has seen much violence in recent years, involving Turkish security forces, the

Turkish military and the PKK.[49] In early November 2015, Kurdish lawyer and human rights activist Tahir Elçi was killed in the Sur district during a press statement in which he had been calling for a de-escalation in violence between the PKK and the Turkish state.[50]

Diyarbakır's city walls in the Sur district (2010 photo)

A 2018 report by Arkeologlar Derneği İstanbul found that, since 2015, 72% of the city's historic Sur district had been destroyed through demolition and redevelopment, and that laws designed to protect historic monuments had been ignored. They found that the city's "urban regeneration" policy was one of demolition and redevelopment rather than one of repairing cultural assets damaged during the recent civil conflict, and because of that many registered historic buildings had been completely destroyed. The extent of the loss of non-registered historic structures is unknown because any historic building fragments revealed during the demolition of modern structures were also demolished.[51] As of 2021, large parts of the city and district were restored and government officials were looking towards tourism again.[52][53][54][26]

Many residences and buildings collapsed or suffered substantial damage in the 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes around 200 miles (300 km) from the epicentre.[55][56][57] A Turkish professor and former journalist from the country commented, "It is like having an epicenter of an earthquake in Harrisburg and buildings in New York City are collapsing."[58]

Sports

The most notable

Amed S.K. were promoted at the end of the 2016–17 Turkish Women's Second Football League season to the Women's First League.[60]

Politics

In the

Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK)".[61] The Turkish government ordered a general internet blackout after the arrest.[62] Nevertheless, on 26 October, several thousand demonstrators at Diyarbakir city hall demanded the mayors' release.[61] Some days later, the Turkish government appointed an unelected state trustee as the mayor.[63] In November, public prosecutors demanded a 230-year prison sentence for Kışanak.[64]

In January 2017, the un-elected state trustee appointed by the Turkish government ordered the removal of the Assyrian sculpture of a mythological winged bull from the town hall, which had been erected by the BDP mayors to commemorate the Assyrian history of the town and its still resident Assyrian minority. All Kurdish language street signs were also removed, alongside the shutting down of organisations concerned with Kurdish language and culture, removal of Kurdish names from public parks, and removal of Kurdish cultural monuments and linguistic symbols.[65][66]

In the

Kurdish activists and politicians accused of terrorism charges by the Turkish state. Inmates have been subject to torture, rape, humiliation, beating, murder and other abuses.[74]

Economy

Historically, Diyarbakır produced

licorice trees. This system would allow the wheat to be preserved for up to ten years.[75][26] In the late 19th and early 20th century, Diyarbakır exported raisins, almonds, and apricots to Europe.[76] Angora goats were raised, and wool and mohair was exported from Diyarbakır. Merchants would also come from Egypt, Istanbul, and Syria, to purchase goats and sheep.[77] Honey was also produced, but not so much exported, but used by locals. Sericulture was observed in the area, too.[78]

Prior to World War I, Diyarbakır had an active

jet, and quartz, but primarily for local use.[79]

The city is served by Diyarbakır Airport and Diyarbakır railway station. In 1935 the railway between Elazığ and Diyarbakır was inaugurated.[80]

Demographics

At the turn of the 19th century, the Christian population of the city was mainly made up of Armenians and Assyrians.

Vilayet of Diyarbakır, the Armenian population of Diyarbakir was resettled and exterminated.[85]

After World War II, as the Kurdish population moved from the villages and mountains to urban centres, Diyarbakir's Kurdish population continued to grow.[86] Diyarbakır grew from a population of 30,000 in the 1930s to 65,000 by 1956, to 140,000 by 1970, to 400,000 by 1990,[87] and eventually swelled to about 1.5 million by 1997.[88] During the 1990s, the city grew dramatically due to the immigrant population from thousands of Kurdish villages depopulated by Turkey during the Kurdish–Turkish conflict.[89]

According to a November 2006 survey by the Sûr Municipality, 72% of the inhabitants of the municipality use

Assyrian, Armenian and Turkish.[90]

There are some

Alevi Turkmen villages around Diyarbakır's old city, but there are no official reports about their population numbers.[82][91]

There have been attempts by Turkish lawmakers to deny Diyarbakır's Kurdish majority identity,[92] with Turkey's Education Ministry releasing a school book named "Our City, Diyarbakir" ("Şehrimiz Diyarbakır" in Turkish) on Diyarbakir Province in which it claims that a Turkish similar to that spoken in Baku is spoken in the city along with regional languages like Arabic, Persian, Kurdish, Turkmen and Caucasian languages.[93][90][94][95] Critics link this to a general trend towards anti-Kurdish sentiment in Turkey.[92]

Culture

There is local jewelry making and other craftwork in the area. Folk dancing to the drum and zurna (pipe) are a part of weddings and celebrations in the area. The Diyarbakir Municipality Theatre was founded in 1990, and had to close its doors in 1995.[96] It was re-opened in 1999,[96] under Mayor Osman Baydemir. It was closed down in 2016 after the dismissal of the mayor in 2016.[97][98] The Municipality City Theatre also performed plays in the Kurdish language.[97][99]

One of the other common celebrations in Turkey is Nowruz. This celebration is done on the pretext of the beginning of spring and the beginning of the new year. The establishment of Nowruz has a long history, so much so that it has been celebrated in different parts of Asia for the past three thousand years, especially in the Middle East. In different parts of Turkey, especially the Kurdish regions of this country, Nowruz is considered one of the most important cultural and historical traditions of these regions. Lighting a fire, wearing new clothes, holding a dance ceremony, and giving gifts to each other are some of the activities that are done in this celebration.[26][100][101][102][103]

Cuisine

Diyarbakır's cuisine includes lamb dishes which use spices such as black pepper, sumac and coriander; rice, bulgur and butter. Local dishes include Meftune, lamb meat and vegetables with garlic and sumac, and Kaburga Dolması, baked lamb's ribs stuffed with rice, almonds and spices.[104] Watermelons are grown locally and there is an annual Watermelon Festival.[105]

Main sights

The Evli Beden or Ulu Beden Tower in the southern city walls, built in 1208 during the Artuqid period by Nasir al-Din Artuq Arslan.[106][107]

The core of Diyarbakır is surrounded by an almost intact set of high walls of black basalt forming a 5.5 km (3.4 mi) circle around the old city. There are four gates into the old city and 82 watch-towers on the walls, which were built in antiquity and restored and extended by the Roman emperor Constantius II in 349. The area inside the walls is known as the Sur district; before its recent demolition and redevelopment this district had 599 registered historical buildings.[51] Nearby is Karaca Dağ.[citation needed]

Medieval mosques and medreses

Sheikh Matar Mosque with its four-legged minaret
  • Malik Shah
    in the 11th century. The mosque, one of the oldest in Turkey, is constructed in alternating bands of black basalt and white limestone (The same patterning is used in the 16th century Deliler Han Madrassah, which is now a hotel). The adjoining Mesudiye Medresesi/Medreseya Mesûdiyeyê was built at the same time, as was another prayer-school in the city, Zinciriye Medresesi/Medreseya Zincîriyeyê.
  • Behram Pasha Mosque (Beharampaşa Camii/Mizgefta Behram Paşa) – an Ottoman mosque built in 1572 by the governor of Diyarbakır, Behram Pasha, noted for the well-constructed arches at the entrance.
  • Sheikh Matar Mosque with Dört Ayaklı Minare/Mizgefta Çarling (the Four-legged Minaret) – built by Kasim Khan of the Aq Qoyunlu.
  • Fatihpaşa Camii/Mizgefta Fetih Paşa – built in 1520 by Diyarbakır's first Ottoman governor, Bıyıklı Mehmet Paşa ("the moustachioed Mehmet pasha"). The city's earliest Ottoman building, it is decorated with fine tilework.
  • Hazreti Süleyman Mosque/Mizgefta Hezretî Silêman (1155–1169) Süleyman son of Halid Bin Velid, who died capturing the city from the Arabs, is buried here along with his companions.
  • Hüsrevpaşa Camii/Mizgefta Husrev Paşa – the mosque of the second Ottoman governor, 1512–1528. Originally the building was intended to be a school (medrese)
  • İskender Paşa Camii/Mizgefta Îskender Paşa – a mosque of an Ottoman governor, in black and white stone, built in 1551.
  • Melek Ahmet Camii/Melek Ahmed Paşa a 16th-century mosque with tiled prayer-niche and for the double stairway up the minaret.
  • Nebii Camii/Mizgefta Pêxember – an Aq Qoyunlu mosque, a single-domed stone construction from the 16th century. Nebi Camii means "the mosque of the prophet" and is named for the inscriptions in honour of the prophet on its minaret.
  • Safa Camii/Mizgefta Palo – built in the middle of the 15th century under Uzun Hasan, ruler of the Aq Qoyunlu (White Sheep Turkomans) tribe[108] and restored in Ottoman time in 1532.

Churches

Syriac Orthodox St. Mary Church, Diyarbakır
St. Giragos Armenian Church

Museums

Interior of the Cahit Sıtkı Tarancı Museum, an example of Diyarbakır's historic domestic architecture, built in local dark basalt

Other historical buildings

  • The
    UNESCO World Heritage site in 2015.[113][114]
  • Hasan Pasha Han, a large 16th-century Ottoman caravanserai, now hosting shops and cafés.[115][116]
  • Delliler Han, a caravanserai built in 1527, now used as a five-star hotel.[115][116]
  • Sülüklü Han, built circa 1680, now a popular café and meeting spot.[116]
  • The Dicle Bridge, an 11th-century bridge with ten arches.
  • Urfa Kapi, Urfa Kapi (Urfa Gate) is one of the four main gates built in the 4th century Byzantine era city walls of Diyarbakir that leads the road from the west to the town of Urfa.[117]

Climate

Diyarbakır has a Mediterranean (Köppen climate classification: Csa) or an anomalously warm, hot-summer oceanic climate (Trewartha climate classification: Doa). Summers are very hot and very dry, due to its location on the Mesopotamian plain which is subject to hot air masses from the deserts of Syria and Iraq to the south. The highest recorded temperature was 46.2 °C (112.64 °F) on 21 July 1937. Winters are chilly with moderate precipitation and frosty nights. Snowfall is quite common between the months of December and March, snowing for a week or two. [citation needed] The lowest recorded temperature was −24.2 °C (−10.12 °F) on 11 January 1933. Highest recorded snow depth was 65 cm (25.6 inches) on 16 January 1971.

Climate data for Diyarbakır (1991–2020, extremes 1929–2020)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 16.9
(62.4) 		21.8
(71.2) 		28.3
(82.9) 		35.3
(95.5) 		39.8
(103.6) 		42.0
(107.6) 		46.2
(115.2) 		45.9
(114.6) 		42.0
(107.6) 		35.7
(96.3) 		28.4
(83.1) 		22.5
(72.5) 		46.2
(115.2)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 7.3
(45.1) 		9.6
(49.3) 		15.0
(59.0) 		20.5
(68.9) 		26.8
(80.2) 		34.4
(93.9) 		38.9
(102.0) 		38.7
(101.7) 		33.4
(92.1) 		25.7
(78.3) 		16.3
(61.3) 		9.2
(48.6) 		23.0
(73.4)
Daily mean °C (°F) 2.1
(35.8) 		3.8
(38.8) 		8.7
(47.7) 		13.5
(56.3) 		18.9
(66.0) 		26.3
(79.3) 		31.0
(87.8) 		30.5
(86.9) 		25.0
(77.0) 		17.8
(64.0) 		9.3
(48.7) 		3.8
(38.8) 		15.9
(60.6)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −2.0
(28.4) 		−1.1
(30.0) 		2.6
(36.7) 		6.6
(43.9) 		10.9
(51.6) 		16.8
(62.2) 		21.7
(71.1) 		21.2
(70.2) 		15.9
(60.6) 		10.4
(50.7) 		3.8
(38.8) 		−0.5
(31.1) 		8.9
(48.0)
Record low °C (°F) −24.2
(−11.6) 		−21.0
(−5.8) 		−14.0
(6.8) 		−6.1
(21.0) 		0.8
(33.4) 		1.8
(35.2) 		9.9
(49.8) 		11.4
(52.5) 		0.0
(32.0) 		−1.8
(28.8) 		−12.9
(8.8) 		−23.4
(−10.1) 		−24.2
(−11.6)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 63.6
(2.50) 		66.8
(2.63) 		67.5
(2.66) 		63.1
(2.48) 		50.0
(1.97) 		10.8
(0.43) 		1.0
(0.04) 		0.4
(0.02) 		8.4
(0.33) 		37.3
(1.47) 		54.3
(2.14) 		75.2
(2.96) 		498.4
(19.62)
Average precipitation days 11.77 11.10 12.80 12.43 11.40 3.80 0.83 0.60 2.13 7.00 8.20 11.83 93.9
Average
relative humidity
(%) 		76.4 71.8 66.4 65.1 57.3 34.4 25.2 24.7 30.6 47.7 64.7 76.5 53.3
Mean monthly sunshine hours 124.0 135.6 173.6 210.0 282.1 348.0 362.7 341.0 279.0 220.1 165.0 114.7 2,755.8
Mean daily sunshine hours 4.0 4.8 5.6 7.0 9.1 11.6 11.7 11.0 9.3 7.1 5.5 3.7 7.5
Source 1: Turkish State Meteorological Service[118]
Source 2:
NOAA (humidity, 1991–2020)[119]

Notable people born in the city

See also

References

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Sources

Further reading

External links

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37°55′N 40°14′E / 37.91°N 40.24°E / 37.91; 40.24

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