Djibouti City

Coordinates: 11°35′18″N 43°08′42″E / 11.58833°N 43.14500°E / 11.58833; 43.14500
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Djibouti (city)
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Djibouti
مدينة جيبوتي (
Arabic)
Ville de Djibouti (French)
Magaalada Jabuuti (Somali)
Gabuutî Magaala (Afar)
Capital
Heron and port, MES-CERD, Rue Marchand, Hotel Casino Impérial, Sunrise near Venise road, Place Marchand
Heron and port, MES-CERD, Rue Marchand, Hotel Casino Impérial, Sunrise near Venise road, Place Marchand
UTC+3 (East Africa Time)
Area code+253
ISO 3166 codeDJ-DJ
HDI (2018)Increase 0.504[1]
low

Djibouti (also called Djibouti City and Jibuti in early Western texts)[a] is the capital of Djibouti. It is located in the coastal Djibouti Region on the Gulf of Tadjoura.

Djibouti has a population of around 600,000 inhabitants,

French Territory of the Afars and Issas
.

History

See also:
Timeline of Djibouti (city) and History of Djibouti

There is evidence of human settlement on the eastern coastline of Djibouti dating back to the Bronze Age.

Djibouti City in 1895

From 1862 until 1894, the land to the north of the

Issa and Afar Sultans, local authorities with whom France signed various treaties between 1883 and 1887 to first gain a foothold in the region.[3][4][5] The exchange of Franco-British diplomatic notes of 2 and 9 February 1888 fixed the territorial limit between the colonies of the two countries; leaving explicitly under French authority the southern coasts of the Gulf of Tadjoura, including a peninsula composed of insubmersible plateaux, Ras Djibouti as a highly strategic location, a future bridgehead for French designs in the rest of Africa and Asia. It is then that this point begins to be used as departure for caravans towards Harar
.

Djibouti in 1902

The French subsequently founded Djibouti in 1888, in a previously

O.G.S. Crawford. Canbala appears in Muhammad al-Idrisi's map of 1192 on the coast of the Horn of Africa, southeast of the straits of Bab-el-Mandeb, and with Cambaleh, a town where the Venetian traveler Bragadino, a thirteenth-century European visitor to Ethiopia, resided for eight years.[7] In 1896, the settlement was made the capital of French Somaliland.[8]
The main purpose of the French interest in colonizing the region was to protect their trade routes to
freight
per year are handled. In addition, the railway line has not yet been fully exploited.

Although the initial French efforts to establish commercial influence in the region proved to be unsuccessful enough to require a

rail traffic. An oil terminal
was built in 1937.

The Al Sada Mosque in the 1940s

During the

Savoia-Marchetti SM.81 bombers attacked the port facilities. After the France fell and the colony was then ruled by the pro-Axis Vichy (French) government.[12] By that time, the Allied offensive against the Italians included a blockade of French Somaliland. On 25 September the RAF launched several airstrikes on the city, prompting French official Nouailhetas to institute a brutal reign of terror against Europeans and African inhabitants of the city. Famine set in malnutrition-related diseases took many lives, 70% of them women and children and many townsfolk left for the hinterland. The locals named the blockade the carmii, a word for a type of sorghum usually reserved for cattle, but used as human food at the height of the famine. The head doctor at the hospital committed suicide in despair. Only a few Arab dhows (boutres) managed to run the blockade to Djibouti and Obock and only two French ships from Madagascar
managed to run it.

The

Free French was André Bayardelle
.

In 1946,

free port and abandons the free zone. In 1948, a new currency, the Côte Française des Somalis, was created, pegged to the gold standard
and convertible into dollars.

Post-referendum demonstrations on 23 March 1967

In August 1966, an official visit to the territory by then

second plebiscite was held to determine the fate of the territory. Initial results supported a continued but looser relationship with France. However, the referendum was again marred by reports of vote rigging on the part of the French authorities, voters rejected independence by a 50-point margin. Announcement of the plebiscite results sparked civil unrest, including several deaths.[16][17]

The population of Djibouti was growing rapidly, from officially about 17,000 inhabitants in 1947. In 1949, the plan of Djibouti consisted of four main features: a hierarchical system of streets laid out in a grid, large blocks consisting of small-scale domestic dwellings, the organization of these blocks around central open spaces, and the concentration of cultural institutions to form a civic center. It then became the headquarters of the succeeding

French Territory of the Afars and Issas
.

When Djibouti declared Independence on 27 June 1977, the population of Djibouti was over 110,000, the city has served as the administrative and commercial capital of the Republic of Djibouti.[18]

The Place 27 June in the 1970s

Climate

Djibouti has an

BWh). It is characterised by very hot rainless summers and a very warm, slightly wetter winter season. Most of the annual precipitation falls between October and May. The city sees on average 163.5 millimetres (6.44 in) of rainfall per year. Average high temperatures range from 29 °C (84 °F) during the months of December, January and February, to about 42 °C (108 °F) in July. There are two seasons: a hot dry season from May to October and a cooler season with more precipitation from November to April (winter). The rainfall on the coast usually occurs between November and March, whereas further inland it falls between April and October. In the summer months, temperatures routinely exceed 40 °C (104 °F), with relative humidity at its lowest point of the year. Sunshine is abundant in the city, averaging eight to ten hours a day year-round. It is lowest during the rainy period, when there is some coastal fog and greater cloud coverage as warm air passes over the cool sea surface. However, precipitation is highly variable and long periods without any rainfall occur throughout the year. Unusual episodes of heavy rain sometimes occur, with a maximal 224 millimetres (8.82 in) falling in November 1949.[19]

This climate zone has summers that reach a maximum temperature of 41.7 °C (107.1 °F) and a minimum temperature of 32 °C (90 °F). Winters have average nighttime temperatures of 21 °C (70 °F) and a daytime maximum temperatures of 29 °C (84 °F). There are barely any days in the year without sunshine, and even during the winter there are many clear days.

Climate data for Djibouti (1961–1990)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 32.1
(89.8) 		32.6
(90.7) 		36.1
(97.0) 		36.4
(97.5) 		44.5
(112.1) 		45.9
(114.6) 		45.9
(114.6) 		45.8
(114.4) 		43.6
(110.5) 		38.3
(100.9) 		34.8
(94.6) 		32.6
(90.7) 		45.9
(114.6)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 28.7
(83.7) 		29.0
(84.2) 		30.2
(86.4) 		32.0
(89.6) 		34.9
(94.8) 		39.0
(102.2) 		41.7
(107.1) 		41.2
(106.2) 		37.2
(99.0) 		33.1
(91.6) 		30.8
(87.4) 		29.3
(84.7) 		33.9
(93.0)
Daily mean °C (°F) 25.1
(77.2) 		25.7
(78.3) 		27.0
(80.6) 		28.7
(83.7) 		31.0
(87.8) 		34.2
(93.6) 		36.4
(97.5) 		36.0
(96.8) 		33.1
(91.6) 		29.3
(84.7) 		26.9
(80.4) 		25.4
(77.7) 		29.9
(85.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 21.5
(70.7) 		22.5
(72.5) 		23.8
(74.8) 		25.4
(77.7) 		27.0
(80.6) 		29.3
(84.7) 		31.1
(88.0) 		30.6
(87.1) 		28.9
(84.0) 		25.6
(78.1) 		23.1
(73.6) 		21.6
(70.9) 		25.9
(78.6)
Record low °C (°F) 16.0
(60.8) 		16.2
(61.2) 		17.0
(62.6) 		18.5
(65.3) 		19.8
(67.6) 		24.0
(75.2) 		23.3
(73.9) 		24.1
(75.4) 		23.1
(73.6) 		17.2
(63.0) 		17.8
(64.0) 		16.8
(62.2) 		16.0
(60.8)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 10.0
(0.39) 		18.8
(0.74) 		20.3
(0.80) 		28.9
(1.14) 		16.7
(0.66) 		0.1
(0.00) 		6.2
(0.24) 		5.6
(0.22) 		3.1
(0.12) 		20.2
(0.80) 		22.4
(0.88) 		11.2
(0.44) 		163.5
(6.44)
Average rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm) 2 3 1 2 1 0 1 1 0 2 2 1 15
Average
relative humidity
(%) 		74 73 73 75 70 57 43 46 60 67 71 71 65
Mean monthly sunshine hours 243.9 218.7 262.4 274.0 314.7 283.5 259.0 276.8 278.7 296.7 285.8 271.6 3,265.8
Source 1: Hong Kong Observatory (temperature and rainfall),[20] NOAA (sunshine and records)[21]
Source 2: Deutscher Wetterdienst (rainy days 1968–1986, humidity 1953–1970)[22]
Climate data for Djibouti
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average sea temperature °C (°F) 26.0
(79.0) 		26.0
(79.0) 		27.0
(81.0) 		28.0
(82.0) 		30.0
(86.0) 		31.0
(88.0) 		30.0
(86.0) 		29.0
(84.0) 		30.0
(86.0) 		30.0
(86.0) 		28.0
(82.0) 		27.0
(81.0) 		28.5
(83.3)
Mean daily daylight hours 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 13.0 13.0 13.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 11.0 12.2
Average Ultraviolet index 10 11+ 11+ 11+ 11+ 11+ 11+ 11+ 11+ 11 10 9 10.7
Source: Weather Atlas[23]

Demographics

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1916 17,981—    
1930 22,046+22.6%
1940 27,987+26.9%
1950 35,564+27.1%
1960 39,962+12.4%
1965 50,071+25.3%
1970 70,100+40.0%
1977 110,248+57.3%
1982 149,316+35.4%
1987 230,891+54.6%
1992 279,912+21.2%
1999 312,447+11.6%
2003 379,353+21.4%
2005 452,447+19.3%
2012 496,013+9.6%
2015 529,000+6.7%
2018 603,900+14.2%

Djibouti is a multi-ethnic town. It has a population of around 603,900 residents (Djiboutians) in 2018, making it by far the largest settlement in the country.

undocumented immigrants, were expelled from Djibouti. Another mass wave of Yemeni refugees from Yemen arrived in 2015. Djibouti City was nicknamed the "French Hong Kong in the Red Sea" due to its cosmopolitan urbanism.[24] In 2023, the government of Djibouti has launched a major campaign to combat illegal immigration, citing security and public health concerns.[25]

The majority of local residents speak

Somali and Afar ethnic groups, respectively and the two main demographic groups in the city. Both languages belong to the larger Afroasiatic family. There are two official languages in Djibouti: Arabic (Afroasiatic) and French (Indo-European).[26]

Arabic is of social, cultural and religious importance. In formal settings, it consists of

Amharic (1,400 speakers).[26]

Djibouti's population is predominantly

Catholic population, which it estimates numbered around 7,000 individuals in 2006.[27]

Religion

Masjid Abdülhamid II in Jibuti City.

Among the

Evangelical Churches
.

Administration

The National Assembly of Djibouti in the centre of Djibouti

Djibouti has the distinction of being both a city and an administrative province. The Djibouti Region is one of the six regions of Djibouti. It borders the Gulf of Tadjoura and Gulf of Aden to the north and east, and the Arta Region to the south and west. The Djibouti Region is the smallest province in the country, but contains the national capital, Djibouti, and thus is the region with the greatest population of people. Djibouti Region occupies an area of 200 square kilometres (77 square miles).

Local government

The administration of Djibouti City is formed of three municipalities: The commune of Ras-Dika, commune of Boulaos and commune of Balbala. The Djibouti City Council elected members headed by the mayor, who serves a five-year term and appoints deputies. The mayor of Djibouti City, who has executive powers, and the National Assembly, which scrutinises the mayor's decisions and can accept or reject the mayor's budget proposals each year. They are responsible for most local services, such as local planning, schools, social services, local roads and refuse collection. Certain functions, such as waste management, are provided through joint arrangements.

Headquarters of the Social Development Agency of Djibouti

National government

Djibouti City is the seat of the

Government of Djibouti. Many government departments, as well as the President's residence at the presidential palace are based. The National Assembly (formerly the Chamber of Deputies) is the country's legislature consisting of 65 members elected every five years. Although unicameral, the Constitution provides for the creation of a senate. The Social Development Agency of Djibouti (Agence de Développement Sociale de Djibouti) has its head offices here, as does the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) trade bloc. Additionally, the Regional Somali Language Academy, a language regulator established in June 2013 by the governments of Djibouti, Somalia and Ethiopia, has its headquarters in the city.[29]

Architecture

The architecture of Djibouti reflects the city's history since the early 1890s and is marked by both native

cafes while many of the boulevards are lined with trees. It is serves as both a center for commerce and entertainment, as well as a residential area. To accommodate the growing middle class, many new apartments and housing developments are being constructed in and around the city. A few of the building fronts have been renovated and date back to the 19th century. The Place of 27 June in the city center is also distinguished by its Moorish-inspired arches. Due to its numerous exotic edifices and structures, the city has also been likened to a European settlement.[24] Since independence, the people of Djibouti have introduced new infrastructure and technology, which has led to new and innovative building concepts, ideas and construction techniques. Notable taller architecture in Djibouti City includes the Mezz Tower, SALAAM Tower and East Africa Bank. Djibouti City is the headquarters of the Intergovernmental Authority on Development
(IGAD).

Main sights

Ryad Market in the heart of Djibouti

Museums, libraries and theatres

The Théâtre des Salines opened in 1965 as an important

national capital. Open-air, in the form of an arena; with concrete bleachers, the Théâtre des Salines is a mythical place for Djiboutians who were born before the country's independence. Indeed, this place has hosted many shows for several decades (plays, concerts, one man show etc...).[30]

The National Archives and Library of Djibouti hosts many artifacts and artistic treasures in Djibouti,[31] it holds many culturally important artefacts, including old coins, bartering tools, traditional artwork, ancient weaponry and pottery items.[32]

Palaces

The presidential palace in Djibouti

The presidential palace is the

harbour and airport. The Governor's Palace of Djibouti was the seat of the governor of French Somaliland and French Territory of the Afars and the Issas
from 1884 to 1977.

Institutes

The

Government of Djibouti, the Federal Government of Somalia and the Government of Ethiopia launched the Regional Somali Language Academy at a ceremony in Djibouti City. The event was organized by Djibouti's Ministry of Islamic Affairs, Culture and Waqf in conjunction with the Somali-Speaking PEN Centre of Djibouti, and was attended by around 50 prominent Somali-speaking intellectuals from the region and elsewhere. Among the guests were Somalia's Minister of Information, Posts and Telecommunications Abdullahi Elmoge Hersi, Somaliland’s Minister of Culture Abiib Diriye Nur, and the Vice President of the Somali Region of Ethiopia Abdihakim Igal Omar.[29]

Parks

Djibouti has several public parks. The largest of these is the Lagarde Park.

Economy

Djibouti City economy, like that of

entrepreneurial industries ranging from construction, retail, import and export, money transfer companies, and Internet cafés
.

Djibouti City main trading ports, is a trading hub linking

economic
regulations. The city's port is the terminus for Ethiopian oil transport and export. Increase in railway infrastructure has further enabled Ethiopian and Eritrean oil products to reach the capital.

Saba Islamic Bank
branch in Djibouti

Banking

The banking sector is one of the principal foundations of Djibouti's economy. The financial sector of the Republic of Djibouti has grown dramatically in recent years, a process that began in the early 2000s, and that was in large part prompted by an explosion the number of exchange agencies and remittances throughout the country. The Djiboutian financial sector, with total assets of 265 billion DJF or 10.2 per cent of GDP, has not been affected by the international financial crisis. Djibouti has been considered an oasis of peace and a model of political stability in a region.[35]

Tourism

Siesta Beach at sunrise
Beach south of Djibouti, overlooking the Gulf of Aden

historic
buildings, two important public squares, and the Hall of the People. Many private companies offer organized tours of these sites.

The two small Maskali and Moucha islands are situated an hour's boat ride from Djibouti. They feature madreporic mangroves, with a rich seabed and colorful algae. Various fish species can also be found in the local coral gardens, including groupers, jacks and barracuda.[36]

Transport

Road

Djibouti is a major transportation hub, served by a comprehensive public transport network. Roads leading out of the city connect it to other national localities and to Somalia and Ethiopia. Public transportation is provided through buses stationed at the Djibouti Bus Service Enterprise. The city at large serves as a point of intersection for the main roads and highways linking different parts of the country. It is one of the most accessible urban areas in the country, where one can find public and private transportation 24 hours a day and 7 days a week. A significant number of the city's residents use the local informal minibuses and taxis, which include a fleet of 400 green-and-white taxis. The main bus hub in Djibouti is the Central Bus Station, located at the crossing of Rue de Bender.

Air

Djibouti-Ambouli International Airport

Djibouti is served primarily by the

Djibouti-Ambouli International Airport. It is the second largest airport in the Horn of Africa, and offers flights to numerous global destinations. As of 2016, the largest services using the airport include Air Djibouti, Yemenia, Air France, Flydubai, Ethiopian Airlines, Turkish Airlines, Kenya Airways and Qatar Airways
. It is the largest airport in Djibouti and serves as a major gateway for travellers to the Horn of Africa and the world. Located approximately 6 kilometres (3.7 miles) from the city centre, the airport was opened in 1948. Originally a modest-sized facility, the airport grew considerably in size in the post-independence period after numerous successive renovation projects. Outbound international travel from the Djibouti-Ambouli International Airport accounts for the majority of all air passengers traveling to and from Djibouti. Due to its strategic location, the facility acts as a civil aviation hub for the rest of the country. This makes for a large number of departures and arrivals, and it is not unusual for flights to be delayed in the holding pattern before landing.

Sea

The container terminal at the Port of Djibouti

The Port of Djibouti is one of the largest and busiest seaports in the Horn region. As of 2013, the container terminal at the port handles the bulk of the nation's trade. About 70% of the seaport's activity consists of imports to and exports from neighboring Ethiopia, which depends on the harbour as its main maritime outlet. The port also serves as an international refueling center and transshipment hub.[2] In 2012, the Djiboutian government in collaboration with DP World started construction on the Doraleh Container Terminal,[37] a third major seaport intended to further develop the national transit capacity.[2] A$396 million project, it has the capacity to accommodate 1.5 million 6.1-metre (20 ft) container units annually.[37] There are also daily scheduled ferry services from the Port de Peche to Tadjoura, Obock also some other destinations in Yemen, Somalia and Eritrea.

Railway

The Nagad Railway Station

Djibouti is a terminus of the

Hailemariam Dessalegn. There are two local railway stations: a passenger station at Nagad, and a freight station at the Port of Doraleh
.

Twin towns – sister cities

Djibouti is

twinned
with the following places:

Country Town
 United States Saint Paul, Minnesota[41]
 Turkey Ankara[42]
 Ethiopia Addis Ababa[43]

Notable residents

Dileita Mohamed Dileita, former Prime Minister of Djibouti and UMP representative in the District of Djibouti

Notes

  1. Arabic: مدينة جيبوتي
  2. French: Ville de Djibouti
  3. Somali: Magaalada Jabuuti
  4. Afar
: Gabuutî Magaala

References

  1. ^ "Sub-national HDI – Area Database – Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
  2. ^ a b c d e "Djibouti". The World Factbook. CIA. 5 February 2013. Retrieved 26 February 2013.
  3. ^ Raph Uwechue, Africa year book and who's who, (Africa Journal Ltd.: 1977), p. 209
  4. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Somaliland: History of French Somaliland" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 383.
  5. ^ a b A Political Chronology of Africa, (Taylor & Francis), p. 132
  6. ^ "Jibuti" (unsigned article), Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th ed. (1911), vol. 15, p. 414.
  7. ^ O.G.S. Crawford, "Some Medieval Theories about the Nile", Geographical Journal, 114 (1949), p. 8
  8. ^ World Book, Inc, The World Book Encyclopedia, Volume 1, (World Book: 2007)
  9. ^ "Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Abyssinia: (7) Provinces and Towns" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 86.
  10. ^ "Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Zaila" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 950.
  11. ^ "Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Jibuti" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 414." (i.e., Djibouti)
  12. ^ Raugh 1993, pp. 75–76.
  13. ^ Rovighi 1995, p. 109.
  14. ^ Ebsworth 1953, p. 568.
  15. ^ a b Newsweek, Volume 81, (Newsweek: 1973), p.254.
  16. ^ Jean Strouse, Newsweek, Volume 69, Issues 10–17, (Newsweek: 1967), p.48.
  17. ^ Alvin J. Cottrell, Robert Michael Burrell, Georgetown University. Center for Strategic and International Studies, The Indian Ocean: its political, economic, and military importance, (Praeger: 1972), p.166.
  18. ISBN 0-19-829645-2
  19. ^ KNMI Climate explorer, Precipitation totals 1901–2000
  20. ^ "Climatological Information for Djibouti, Djibouti". Hong Kong Observatory. Archived from the original on 17 May 2014. Retrieved 15 October 2012.
  21. ^ "Djibouti Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 13 January 2015.
  22. ^ "Klimatafel von Djibouti (Flugh.) / Dschibuti" (PDF). Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world (in German). Deutscher Wetterdienst. Retrieved 13 August 2017.
  23. ^ "Djibouti, Djibouti – Monthly weather forecast and Climate data". Weather Atlas. Archived from the original on 25 January 2019. Retrieved 25 January 2019.
  24. ^ a b Kevin Anglin, Becca Blond and Jean-Bernard Carillet, Africa on a Shoestring (London: Lonely Planet, 2004), p. 698.
  25. ^ "Government of Djibouti launches crackdown on 'irregular' migrants". France24. 2023. Retrieved 1 May 2023.
  26. ^ a b "Ethnologue, "Languages of Djibouti"". Archived from the original on 4 October 2012. Retrieved 31 August 2016.
  27. ^ David M. Cheney. "Diocese of Djibouti". Catholic-hierarchy.org. Archived from the original on 12 March 2013. Retrieved 28 February 2013.
  28. ^ J. Gordon Melton, Martin Baumann, ‘‘Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices’’, ABC-CLIO, USA, 2010, p. 899
  29. ^ a b "Regional Somali Language Academy Launched in Djibouti". COMESA Regional Investment Agency. Archived from the original on 21 January 2015. Retrieved 28 February 2014.
  30. ^ "Le Théâtre des Salines : un lieu mythique". Lanation.dj. 2021. Retrieved 6 December 2021.
  31. ^ "Djibouti: a new Library and National Archive building unveiled". Somalidispatch. 2020. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
  32. ^ "SOMALI HERITAGE ON DISPLAY IN 5 STAR HOTELS IN DJIBOUTI". Hornheritage. 2022. Retrieved 28 September 2022.
  33. ^ "Contact Us." Djibouti Airlines. 1 June 2006. Retrieved on 20 February 2011. "Republic of Djibuti, Djibuti Airlines Head Office – Place Lagarde"
  34. ^ "Djibouti ramps up efforts to get seafarers stranded by coronavirus off ships | Hellenic Shipping News Worldwide". www.hellenicshippingnews.com. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
  35. ^ "Banking – National Investment Promotion Agency – INVEST IN DJIBOUTI". Djiboutinvest.com. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
  36. S2CID 85422869
    .
  37. ^ a b Bansal, Ridhima. "Current Development Projects and Future Opportunities in Djibouti". Association of African Entrepreneurs. Archived from the original on 27 March 2013. Retrieved 26 February 2013.
  38. ^ Blas, Javier (27 November 2013). "Chinese investment triggers new era of east African rail building". The Financial Times. Archived from the original on 20 August 2016. Retrieved 25 January 2017.
  39. ^ "Ethiopia has a lot riding on its new, Chinese-built railroad to the sea". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 4 October 2016. Retrieved 4 October 2016.
  40. ^ Vaughan, Jenny (10 March 2013). "China's Latest Ethiopian Railway Project Shows Their Growing Global Influence". Agence France Presse. Archived from the original on 16 August 2017. Retrieved 25 January 2017.
  41. ^ "St. Paul approves new sister city: Djibouti City – Twin Cities". 16 July 2015. Archived from the original on 22 May 2017. Retrieved 16 May 2017.
  42. ^ "208 sister cities in 93 countries". Archived from the original on 6 April 2019. Retrieved 6 April 2019.
  43. ^ "Addis Ababa, Djibouti sign MoU on becoming sister cities – Communication and Media – aaca". Addisababa.gov.et. Archived from the original on 26 June 2020. Retrieved 24 May 2020.

Works cited

External links
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