Dnieper
Dnieper | |
---|---|
Native name |
|
Location | |
Countries | |
Cities | |
Physical characteristics | |
Source | |
• location | Valdai Hills, Russia |
• coordinates | 55°52′18.08″N 33°43′27.08″E / 55.8716889°N 33.7241889°E |
• elevation | 220 m (720 ft) |
Mouth | Dnieper Delta |
• location | Ukraine |
• coordinates | 46°30′00″N 32°20′00″E / 46.50000°N 32.33333°E |
• elevation | 0 m (0 ft) |
Length | 2,201 km (1,368 mi) |
Basin size | 504,000 km2 (195,000 sq mi) |
Discharge | |
• location | Kherson |
• average | 1,670 m3/s (59,000 cu ft/s) |
Basin features | |
Tributaries | |
• left | Inhulets |
Protection status | |
Official name | Dnieper River Floodplain |
Designated | 29 May 2014 |
Reference no. | 2244[1] |
Settlements next to the Dnieper Towns/villages | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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The Dnieper (/(də)ˈniːpər/), also called Dnipro (/dəˈniːproʊ/) or Dniapro,[a] is one of the major transboundary rivers of Europe, rising in the Valdai Hills near Smolensk, Russia, before flowing through Belarus and Ukraine to the Black Sea. Approximately 2,200 km (1,400 mi) long,[2] with a drainage basin of 504,000 square kilometres (195,000 sq mi), it is the longest river of Ukraine and Belarus and the fourth-longest river in Europe, after the Volga, Danube, and Ural rivers.[3]
In antiquity, the river was part of the
Names
Dnieper
In English, the name Dnieper is attested by the early 17th century, along with obsolete forms Deneper, Neper.
Dnipro derives from Ukrainian: Дніпро, romanized: Dnipro.[12] The English pronunciation is /dəˈniːproʊ/.[13] The Ukrainian name has a rare form Дніпр, Dnipr and rare dialectal Дніпер, Dniper.[14] The Middle Ukrainian form attested in the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries was Днѣпръ, Dnǐpr.[14] The city of Dnipro is named for the river.
The name varies slightly in the local Slavic languages of the three countries through which it flows:
- Belarusian: Дняпро, romanized: Dnyapro, [dⁿʲaˈprɔ], or Днепр Dnyepr,[15] [ˈdⁿʲɛpr]
- Russian: Днепр, tr. Dnepr, IPA: [ˈdⁿʲepr]; formerly spelled Днѣпръ[16]
- Ukrainian: Дніпро, romanized: Dnipro, IPA: [ɟⁿʲiˈprɔ] ⓘ; poetic Дніпр, Dnipr; formerly Дніпер[17] Dniper, [ˈɟⁿʲiper], or older Днѣпръ[citation needed] (Dnipr, [ˈdⁿ⁽ʲ⁾ipr][citation needed])
These names are all cognate, deriving from
Borysthenes
The earlier Graeco-Roman name of the river was
), which was derived from a Scythian name whose form was:- either Baurastāna, meaning "yellow place,"[21]
- or Baurustāna meant "place of beavers."[22]
- this name was linked to the mantle of beaver skins worn by the Iranic water goddess
Ovid used Borysthenius, an adjective derived from Borysthenes, as the river's poetic Latin name.[23]
Var
The
Other names
In Ukrainian it is also known poetically as Славутич, Slavutych or Славута, Slavuta,[14] from an old name used in Kievan Rus'. This is due to the influence of the Old East Slavic epic The Tale of Igor's Campaign and its modern adaptations on Ukrainian literature. This usage also lent its name to the city of Slavutych, founded in the wake of the Chernobyl disaster in 1986 to house displaced workers,[25][page needed] and to the Slavutych station of the Kyiv Metro.
In Crimean Tatar, the river is known as Özü. In Romanian, it is Nipru. In Turkish it is Dinyeper, Özü, or Özi.[26]
The
Geography
The total length of the river is variously given as 2,145 kilometres (1,333 mi)[2] or 2,201 km (1,368 mi),[27][28][29][30] of which 485 km (301 mi) are within Russia, 700 km (430 mi) are within Belarus,[2] and 1,095 km (680 mi) are within Ukraine. Its basin covers 504,000 square kilometres (195,000 sq mi), of which 289,000 km2 (112,000 sq mi) are within Ukraine,[31] 118,360 km2 (45,700 sq mi) are within Belarus.[2]
The source of the Dnieper is the sedge bogs (Akseninsky Mokh) of the Valdai Hills in central Russia, at an elevation of 220 m (720 ft).[31] For 115 km (71 mi) of its length, it serves as the border between Belarus and Ukraine. Its estuary, or liman, used to be defended by the strong fortress of Ochakiv.[citation needed][32]
The southernmost point in Belarus is on the Dnieper to the south of
Tributaries
The Dnieper has many
- Vyazma (L)
- Vop (R)
- Khmost (R)
- Myareya (L)
- Drut (R)
- Berezina (R)
- Sozh (L)
- Pripyat (R)
- Teteriv (R)
- Irpin (R)
- Desna (L)
- Stuhna (R)
- Trubizh (L)
- Ros (R)
- Tiasmyn (R)
- Supii (L)
- Sula (L)
- Psel (L)
- Vorskla (L)
- Oril (L)
- Samara (L)
- Konka (Kherson Oblast)
- Konka (Zaporizhzhia Oblast)
- Bilozerka (L)
- Bazavluk (R)
- Inhulets (R)
Many small direct tributaries also exist, such as, in the Kyiv area, the Syrets (right bank) in the north of the city, the historically significant Lybid (right bank) passing west of the centre, and the Borshahivka (right bank) to the south.
The water resources of the Dnieper basin compose around 80% of the total for all Ukraine.[34]
Rapids
The
Along this middle flow of the Dnieper, there were 9 major rapids (although some sources cite a smaller number), obstructing almost the whole width of the river, about 30 to 40 smaller rapids, obstructing only part of the river, and about 60 islands and islets.
After the Dnieper hydroelectric station was built in 1932, they were inundated by Dnieper Reservoir.
Canals
There are a number of canals connected to the Dnieper:
- The Dnieper–Donbas Canal;
- The Dnieper–Kryvyi Rih Canal;
- The Kakhovka Canal (southeast of the Kherson region);
- The Krasnoznamianka Irrigation System in the southwest of the Kherson region;
- The North Crimean Canal—will largely solve the water problem of the peninsula, especially in the arid northern and eastern Crimea;
- The Inhulets Irrigation System.
Fauna
The river is part of the quagga mussel's native range.[35] The mussel has been accidentally introduced around the world, where it has become an invasive species.[35]
Delta
The city of
Ecology
Nowadays the Dnieper River suffers from
Almost 2,000 km (1,200 mi) of the river is navigable (to the city of Dorogobuzh).[34] The Dnieper is important for transportation in the economy of Ukraine.[citation needed] Its reservoirs have large ship locks, allowing vessels of up to 270 by 18 metres (886 ft × 59 ft) access as far as the port of Kyiv, and thus are an important transportation corridor.[citation needed] The river is used by passenger vessels as well. Inland cruises on the rivers Danube and Dnieper have had a growing market in recent decades.[citation needed]
Upstream from Kyiv, the Dnieper receives the water of the
Reservoirs and hydroelectric power
From the mouth of the
The first constructed was the Dnieper Hydroelectric Station (or DniproHES) near Zaporizhzhia, built between 1927 and 1932 with an output of 558 MW.[40] It was destroyed during World War II, but was rebuilt in 1948 with an output of 750 MW.[citation needed]
Location | Dam | Reservoir area | Hydroelectric station | Date of construction |
---|---|---|---|---|
Kyiv | Kyiv Reservoir | 922 km2 or 356 sq mi | Kyiv Hydroelectric Station |
1960–1964 |
Kaniv | Kaniv Reservoir | 675 km2 or 261 sq mi | Kaniv Hydroelectric Station |
1963–1975 |
Kremenchuk | Kremenchuk Reservoir | 2,250 km2 or 870 sq mi | Kremenchuk Hydroelectric Station |
1954–1960 |
Kamianske | Kamianske Reservoir | 567 km2 or 219 sq mi | Middle Dnieper Hydroelectric Power Plant |
1956–1964 |
Zaporizhzhia | Dnieper Reservoir | 420 km2 or 160 sq mi | Dnieper Hydroelectric Station | 1927–1932; 1948 |
Kakhovka | Kakhovka Reservoir | 2,155 km2 or 832 sq mi | Kakhovka Hydroelectric Station † |
1950–1956 |
Regions and cities
Regions
|
|
|
-
The Dnieper River in Dorogobuzh, Russian Empire, before 1917
-
The Dnieper River in Kremenchuk, Ukraine
-
The Dnieper river in Ukraine from a helicopter, 2004
Cities
Major cities, over 100,000 in population, are in bold script. Cities and towns located on the Dnieper are listed in order from the river's source (in Russia) to its mouth (in Ukraine):
|
In the arts
Literature
The River Dnieper has been a subject of chapter X of a story by Nikolai Gogol A Terrible Vengeance (1831, published in 1832 as a part of the Evenings on a Farm Near Dikanka short stories collection). It is considered as a classical example of description of the nature in Russian literature. The river was also described in the works of Taras Shevchenko.
In the adventure novel The Long Ships (also translated Red Orm), set during the Viking Age, a Scanian chieftain travels to the Dnieper Rapids to retrieve a treasure hidden there by his brother, encountering many difficulties. The novel was very popular in Sweden and is one of few to depict a Viking voyage to eastern Europe.
Visual arts
The River Dnieper has been a subject for artists, great and minor, over the centuries. Major artists with works based on the Dnieper are Arkhip Kuindzhi and Ivan Aivazovsky.
Films
The River Dnieper makes an appearance in the 1964 Hungarian drama film The Sons of the Stone-Hearted Man (based on the novel of the same name by Mór Jókai), where it appears when two characters are leaving Saint Petersburg but get attacked by wolves.
In 1983, the concert program "Song of the Dnieper" from the "Victory Salute" series was released, dedicated to the 40th anniversary of the liberation of the city of Kiev from the German fascist invaders. The program includes songs by Soviet composers, Ukrainian folk songs, and dances performed by the Song and Dance Ensemble of the Kiev Military District led by A. Pustovalov, P. Virsky Ukrainian National Folk Dance Ensemble, Kyiv Bandurist Capella, the Military Band of the Headquarters of the Kiev Military District led by A. Kuzmenko, singers Anatoliy Mokrenko, Lyudmila Zykina, Anatoliy Solovianenko, Dmytro Hnatyuk, Mykola Hnatyuk. Filming on the battlefield, streets and squares of Kiev. Scriptwriter – Victor Meerovsky. Directed by Victor Cherkasov. Operator – Alexander Platonov.[42]
The 2018 film Volcano was filmed at the river in Beryslav, Kherson Oblast.
Music
In 1941,
Image gallery
-
Catherine II leaving Kaniów in 1787 by Johann Gottlieb Plersch
-
Dnieper by Arkhip Kuindzhi, 1881
-
Ice in the Dnieper by Ivan Aivazovsky, 1872
-
Sapphire Dnieper by Jan Stanisławski, 1904
Popular culture
- The river is one of the symbols of the Ukrainian nationanthem of Ukraine.
- There are several historical names that connect the name of the river with Ukraine: Dnieper Ukraine (Naddniprianshchyna), Right-bank Ukraine, Left-bank Ukraine, and others.
- The cities Dnipro, Dniprorudne, Kamianka-Dniprovska are named after the river.
- The Zaporozhian Cossacks lived on the lower Dnieper and their name refers to their location "beyond the rapids".[45]
- The folk metal band Turisas have a song called "The Dnieper Rapids" on their 2007 album The Varangian Way.[46]
See also
- 2022–23 Dnipro River skirmishes
- List of crossings of the Dnieper
- List of rivers of Belarus
- List of rivers of Russia
- List of rivers of Ukraine
- Middle Dnieper culture
- Trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks
Notes
- ^ Belarusian: Дняпро, romanized: Dniapro;
Russian: Днепр, romanized: Dnepr, pronounced [dⁿʲepr];
Ukrainian: Дніпро, romanized: Dnipro, pronounced [dⁿ⁽ʲ⁾iˈprɔ] ⓘ.
References and footnotes
- ^ "Dnieper River Floodplain". Ramsar Sites Information Service. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
- ^ a b c d "Main Geographic Characteristics of the Republic of Belarus. Main characteristics of the largest rivers of Belarus". Land of Ancestors. Data of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Protection of the Republic of Belarus. 2011. Retrieved 27 September 2013.
- ^ "Dnieper River". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 25 May 2022.
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 12 November 2022.
- ^ Ovsyaniy, Kyrylo. "Russian Forces Digging Trenches, Fortifications On Banks Of Dnieper River, Satellite Imagery Shows". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. Retrieved 12 November 2022.
- ^ "Ukraine in 'final stage' of reclaiming west bank of Dnipro River". Reuters. 11 November 2022. Retrieved 12 November 2022.
- ^ D'Avity, Pierre (1615). The Estates, Empires, and Principalities of the World. Translated by Grimeston, Edward. London. p. 689.
Boryſthenes, called vulgarly Dnieper, Deneper, or Neper
- ^ "Dnepr". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. Retrieved 3 December 2023.
- ^ "Dnepr". Dictionary.com (Random House Unabridged Dictionary). Retrieved 3 December 2023.
- ^ "Dnieper". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Retrieved 25 July 2018.
- ^ "Dnieper". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 2 December 2020.
- ^ OCLC 1038735219.
Much of the world knows the Dnipro only as the Dnieper, a name based on the Russian-language Dnepr and widely used before Ukraine achieved its independence in 1991, in concert with the fall of the Soviet Union. "Dnipro" is the Ukrainian-language word for the river, and is now its official name for international usage.
- ^ Dnipro www.dictionary.com
- ^ a b c d Runyc'kyj, Jaroslav B. (1982). An Etymological Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language. Vol. II. Ottawa: Ukrainian Mohylo-Mazepian Academy of Sciences and Ukrainian Language Association. pp. 154–56.
- ^ Блакітная кніга Беларусі: Энцыклапедыя. — Мінск: Беларуская Энцыклапедыя, 1994. — С. 144. — 415 с. — 10 000 экз.
- ^ Турбин, Сергей Иванович (1879). "Днѣпр и приднѣпровье: Описаніе губерній, смоленкой, Минской. Черниговской, Киевской, Полтавской, Екатеринославской, Херсонской, Таврической и Курской".
- ^ "Тлумачення / значення слова "ДНІПЕР" | Словник української мови. Словник Грінченка" [Interpretation / meaning of the word "DNIPER" | Dictionary of the Ukrainian language. Grinchenko's dictionary]. hrinchenko.com.
- ISBN 0-500-05101-1.
- ^ Абаев В. И. Осетинский язык и фольклор (tr "Ossetian language and folklore"). Moscow: Publishing house of Soviet Academy of Sciences, 1949. p. 236
- ^ Smith, Philip (1854). "BORY´STHENES". In Smith, William (ed.). Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. London: John Murray.
- ^ Bukharin 2013, p. 23.
- ^ a b Kullanda 2013, p. 39-41.
- ^ Lewis, Charlton; Short, Charles (1879). "Bŏrysthĕnes, is". A Latin Dictionary. Founded on Andrews' edition of Freund's Latin dictionary. revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten by. Charlton T. Lewis, Ph.D. and. Charles Short, LL.D. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
- ^ Harmatta 1999, p. 129.
- ISBN 966-7373-78-9.
- TDV Encyclopedia of Islam (44+2 vols.) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies.
- ^ Zastavnyi, F. D. (2000). Physical Geography of Ukraine. Rivers of Ukraine. Dnieper. Forum. Kyiv.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ISBN 966-7090-06-X.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link - ^ "Website about Dnieper". Archived from the original on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 6 February 2014.
- ^ Mishyna, Liliana. Hydrographic research of Dnieper river Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Derzhhidrohrafiya.
- ^ Kubiyovych, Volodymyr; Ivan Teslia. "Dnieper River". Encyclopedia of Ukraine. Retrieved 19 January 2007.
- ^ Sigismund von Herberstein places 'Oczakow' (today's "Ochakiv") on the coast of the Black Sea (Ponti Evxini) in his 1549 map.www.baarnhielm.net Archived 17 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Main Geographic Characteristics of the Republic of Belarus. Coordinates of the extreme points of the state frontier". Land of Ancestors. The Scientific and Production State Republican Unitary Enterprise "National Cadastre Agency" of the State Property Committee of the Republic of Belarus. 2011. Retrieved 20 September 2013.
- ^ a b c d Splendid Dnieper. There is no straighter river. Ukrinform. 4 July 2015
- ^ a b Benson, AJ. "Dreissena rostriformis bugensis Andrusov, 1897". Nonindigenous Aquatic Species. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 2 May 2014.
- ^ Snytko, V.; Shirokova, V.; Ozerova, N.; Romanova, O.; Sobisevich, A. (2017). "Hydrological situation of the Upper Dnieper". GeoConference SGEM. 17 (31): 379–384.
- ^ "PC-Navigo – Dé routeplanner voor de binnenwateren" [PC-Navigo – The route planner for inland waterways]. PC Navigo. Archived from the original on 9 November 2005.
- Wikidata Q119224855, archivedfrom the original on 7 June 2023
- ^ "Ukraine dam: Satellite images reveal Kakhovka canals drying up". BBC. 22 June 2023.
- ISBN 9780815736240.
The importance of Chernobyl' for Soviet industry is best illustrated by comparing it to the key energy project of Stalin's industrialization, the famous Dnieper hydroelectric station, completed in 1932. The largest European hydroelectric station of its time, it had a capacity of 560 MW.
- ^ "An English translation of Hervar saga by Kershaw". Archived from the original on 28 March 2006. Retrieved 28 March 2006.
- YouTube
- YouTube
- ^ Work on the subject Ukrainian national symbols. Library of Ukrainian literature.
- ^ "...the Zaporohjans whose name meant 'those who live beyond the cataracts'...", Henryk Sienkiewicz, With Fire and Sword, chap. 7.
- ^ "Releases". www.turisas.com.
Sources
- Bukharin, Mikhail Dmitrievich [in Russian] (2013). "Колаксай и его братья (античная традиция о происхождении царской власти у скифов" [Kolaxais and his Brothers (Classical Tradition on the Origin of the Royal Power of the Scythians)]. Аристей: вестник классической филологии и античной истории (in Russian). 8: 20–80. Retrieved 13 July 2022.
- ISBN 978-5-892-82576-4.
- ISBN 978-3-774-92415-4.
External links
- Kropotkin, Peter Alexeivitch; Bealby, John Thomas (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). p. 349.
- Volodymyr Kubijovyč, Ivan Teslia, Dnieper River at the Encyclopedia of Ukraine
- Site about Dnieper—objects over the river, photos, facts
- Dnieper river charts
- "Комсомольская правда" об угрозах плотины Киевской ГЭС и водохранилища (tr. "Komsomolskaya Pravda" about the threats of the dam of the Kyiv hydroelectric power station and the reservoir")Archived 22 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine
- "Аргументы и факты" о реальных угрозах дамбы Киевского водохранилища и ГЭС (tr. ""Arguments and Facts" about the real threats of the dam of the Kyiv reservoir and hydroelectric power station") Archived 25 January 2021 at the Wayback Machine
- "Известия" о проблематике плотины Киевского водохранилища и ГЭС (tr. ""Izvestia" about the problems of the dam of the Kyiv reservoir and hydroelectric power station")
- Эксперт УНИАН об угрозах дамбы Киевского водохранилища (tr. "UNIAN expert on the threats of the Kyiv reservoir dam")