Dnieper Balts
The Dnieper Balts were a subgroup of the
The Dnieper Balts have been studied by many researchers, such as the Lithuanian linguist Kazimieras Būga, the German linguist Max Vasmer, and the Russian linguists Vladimir Toporov, and Oleg Trubachyov.[1]
History
In the early 20th century, the Lithuanian linguist Kazimieras Būga showed that essentially all names in the upper Nemunas and upper Dnieper basins were Baltic.[2] In 1962, the Russian linguists Vladimir Toporov and Oleg Trubachyov, in their work, the "Linguistic analysis of the hydronyms of the Upper Dnieper region" (Russian: Лингвистический анализ гидронимов Верхнего Поднепровья), demonstrated that more than a thousand names in the Dnieper basin were of Baltic origin, due to their morphology and etymology.[3]
The former ethnic Balticness of the
Ancient history
Various archeological monuments and the prevalence of Baltic
During the Bronze (c. 2nd to 1st millennium BC) and Iron (c. 1st millennium BC to 1st millennium AD) Ages, in the lands to the east and south of modern-day Lithuania and Latvia, there were Baltic (Late) Narva and the Brushed Pottery cultures (the areas of these two cultures included the east of present-day Lithuania and Latvia), the Dnieper-Daugava culture , Milograd, Yukhniv and the later Dyakovo cultures.[9]
In the 3rd and 5th centuries AD, the aforementioned Baltic cultures of the
Moshchiny culture is considered to be the ancestor of the
Slavic invasion
In the middle of the 1st millennium, Slavs began to invade the Baltic territory of the Dnieper Balts along the Dnieper and its tributaries.[1] In the 7th century, the Slavs, that previously only lived in Right-bank Ukraine, started invading the Baltic lands in the eastern Dnieper basin.[4] Since the 7th and 8th centuries, the linguistic and cultural Slavicisation of Dnieper Balts was accelerated by the conversion of the multilingual tribes living in Ruthenia to Eastern Orthodoxy.[4] By the early 9th century, only small numbers of Slavs had gone into Upper Dnieper and the majority were still Balts, with the Slavs mostly settling near Gnezdovo.[11]
Some researchers believe that after the
The Lithuanian professor Zigmas Zinkevičius writes that:
It is thought that the Dnieper Balts, just as the other Balts living to the east from present-day Lithuania and Latvia, had an important influence on the Slavs who moved to these lands and the formation of East Slavic as a separate linguistic group.[1]
Religion
According to some researchers, the pagan religion of the Dnieper Balts included the veneration of pillars with bear heads.[12]
References
- ^ a b c d e f Zinkevičius 2022.
- ^ a b Gimbutas 1963, p. 28.
- ^ Gimbutas 1963, p. 29.
- ^ a b c d e Toporov 1972.
- ^ Fortson 2004, pp. 378–379.
- ^ Mallory & Adams 1997, p. 49.
- ^ Girininkas 2009, pp. 196–197.
- ^ Girininkas 2009.
- ^ a b c Vitkūnas & Zabiela 2017, p. 25.
- ^ Vitkūnas & Zabiela 2017, p. 36.
- ISBN 978-1-317-87224-5.
- ^ Tretyakov, P.N. (1970). Славяне и Балты в Верхнем Поднепровье в середине и третьей четверти I тыс. н.э. [Slavs and Balts in the Upper Dnieper region in the middle and third quarter of the 1st millennium AD] (in Russian). pp. 52–67. Archived from the original on 14 December 2014.
Sources
- Toporov, Vladimir (1972). "«Baltica» Подмосковья" ["Baltica" of the Moscow Region]. Балто-славянский сборник [Balto-Slavonic collection] (PDF) (in Russian). Moscow: Nauka. pp. 217–280.
- Mallory, J. P.; Adams, Douglas Q. (1997). Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture. London: ISBN 9781884964985.
- Blackwell Publishing.
- Thames and Hudson. Archived from the originalon 23 August 2007.
- Girininkas, Algirdas (2009). Lietuvos archeologija (in Lithuanian). Vol. I – Akmens amžius. Vilnius: Versus aureus. ISBN 9789955342144.
- Zinkevičius, Zigmas (2022). "Dniepro baltai". VLE (in Lithuanian). Archived from the original on 2022-05-13.
- Vitkūnas, Manvydas; Zabiela, Gintautas (2017). "Toliausiai į rytus: Dniepro baltų piliakalniai" [Furthest to the east: Dnieper Balt hillforts]. Baltų pilkalniai: nežinomas paveldas (in Lithuanian). Lietuvos Archeologijos Draugija.
See also
- Galindians
- Galindians and Gelonians