Dobhashi

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Dobhashi Bengali
দোভাষী
RegionBengal, Arakan
Era14th-19th century
Indo-European
Language codes
ISO 639-3–

Dobhashi (

Sylhet Nagri script, as well as in the modified Arabic scripts of Chittagong and Nadia.[1] The standardisation of the modern Bengali language during the colonial period, eventually led to its decline.[2][3]

Name

No name has been recorded for this register during its development and practice. In the 19th century, an

James Long coined the term Musalmani Bengali,[4] which was also adopted by linguists such as Suniti Kumar Chatterji in the early 20th century. Sukumar Sen referred to it as Muslim Bengali. In 1921, the Islam Darshan monthly published an article on Bengali Muslim literature which referred to the register as Islami Bangla and considered its literature to be the "national literature" of Bengali Muslims. In 1968, Muhammad Abdul Hye and Syed Ali Ahsan published their History of Bengali literature where they coined the name Dobhashi, meaning ‘bilingual’, which came to be the most popular name for the register.[3] Kazi Abdul Mannan was an advocate for the name Dobashi, as he opines that the register's usage was not limited to Muslims.[5]

Structure

Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Dobhashi Bengali.
Problems playing this file? See media help.

Dobhashi Bengali was highly influenced by Arabic and Persian and in poetry, could grammatically change to adapt to

Arabic and Bengali literature.[7] Dobhashi manuscripts are paginated from right to left, imitating the Arabic
-tradition.

The following is a sample text in Dobhashi Bengali of Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights by the United Nations:

Dobhashi Bengali in the Bengali alphabet

দফা ১: তামাম ইনসান আজ়াদ হয়ে সমান ইজ্জত আর হক লইয়া পয়দা হয়। তাঁহাদের হুঁশ ও আকল আছে; তাই একজন আরেক জনের সাথে বেরাদর হিসাবে সুলূক করা জ়রূরী।

Dobhashi Bengali in

phonetic Romanization

dôfa ek: tamam insan azad hôye shôman izzôt ar hôq lôiya pôyda hôy. tãhader hũsh o akôl achhe; tai ekjôn arek jôner shathe beradôr hishabe sulūk kôra zorūrī.

Gloss

Point 1: All humans free manner-in equal dignity and right taken birth be. Their conscience and intelligence exist; thus one-person another person's with brother as behaviour do important.

English Translation

Article 1: All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They possess conscience and reason. Therefore, everyone should act in a spirit of brotherhood towards each other.

History

Part of a series on the
Bengal Sultanate
Ruling dynasties
Subdivisions
Architecture
Culture
Economy
History of the taka
Warfare

Influence on Bengali

The arrival of merchants, traders and missionaries from

Sultanate of Bengal, Bengali was established as an official language, contrary to previous states which had exclusively favoured Sanskrit, Pali and Persian.[11][12]

The 14th-century Bengali Islamic scholar

Rasul and Alim in the native Bengali native script. His best known work is Yusuf-Zulekha.[15] From as early as the 14th century, the use of Persian loanwords in Bengali literature became common, such as the works of Zainuddin, Syed Sultan, Bahram Khan Abdul Hakim and Heyat Mahmud. The influence also reached Bengali Hindu writers too, with medieval authors such as Bipradas Pipilai and the Chandimangal poets implementing a large quantity of loanwords, as well as the courts of Arakan through the likes of Alaol and Daulat Qazi.[7]

Bharatchandra Ray, referred to the newly common language as "jabônī miśal", meaning Yāvanī-mixed. He says:[16]

মানসিংহ পাতশায় হইল যে বাণী, উচিত যে আরবী পারসী হিন্দুস্থানী;

পড়িয়াছি সেই মত বৰ্ণিবারে পারি, কিন্তু সে সকল লোকে বুঝিবারে ভারি,

না রবে প্রসাদ গুণ না হবে রসাল, অতএব কহি ভাষা যাবনী মিশাল।

mansingh patshay hôilô je baṇī, uchit je arôbī, parsī, hindustanī
poriyachhi shei môtô bôrṇibare pari, kintu she shôkôl loke bujhibare bhari
na rôbe prôshad guṇ na hôbe rôshal, ôtôeb kôhi bhasha jabônī mishal

This translates to: "The appropriate language for conversation between

Persian and Hindustani. I had studied these languages, and I could use them; but they are difficult for people to understand. They lack grace and juice (poetic quality). I have chosen, therefore, the Yāvanī-mixed (language)". The term "Yāvanī" literally referred to the Greeks, however was later repurposed to indicate Muslims.[17][18]

Literary culture

A puthi called Halat-un-Nabi written by Sadeq Ali in the Sylheti Nagri script.

Dobhashi literature is not considered to merely be the use of Persian loanwords in Bengali literature, but rather represents a phenomenon which developed much later, in the 17th century. Shah Faqir Gharibullah of

Hindu and Sanskrit reawakening led by Krishna Chaitanya.[23]

Medieval tales of Persian origin such as Gul-e-Bakavali were being translated to Dobhashi and being popularised in Bengal. Dobhashi puthis about the latter tale were written by the likes of Munshi Ebadat Ali in 1840. Muhammad Fasih was also a renowned Dobhashi puthi writer who was known to have written a 30-quatrain chautisa (poetic genre using all letters of the alphabet) using Arabic letters, totalling 120 lines.[24]

The famous Bangladeshi academic,

Bengali Muslim works such as Hanifar Digbijoy by Shah Barid Khan and Hanifar Lorai by Muhammad Khan (1724). Muhammad Khater was a late Dobhashi writer who wrote a puthi about ill-fated lovers in 1864, taking inspiration from the 16th century Bengali poet Dawlat Wazir Bahram Khan.[25]

Decline

Islam in Bangladesh
History
Culture
Architecture
Literature
Music
Major figures
Communities
Ideology/schools of thought
Educational organizations
Political parties
Influential bodies
Other topics

The

Calcutta and across Bengal, were producing hundreds and hundreds of Musalmani Bengali literature. On the other hand, many Hindus such as Rabindranath Tagore also opposed the highly Sanskritised variant and opted for a standard based on the colloquial dialect of Nadia.[27] In 1863, Nawab Abdul Latif founded the Mohammedan Literary Society, which also rejected the idea of a single Standard Bengali and promoted the separation of Bengali based on religious background.[28][29]

Nowadays, traditional Dobhashi is mostly used for research purposes though it is sometimes used to achieve particular literary effects. Remnants of the register are present in regional

Dhaka University in 1966.[citation needed
]

See also

References

  1. OL 30677644M. Retrieved 21 April 2024.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )
  2. ^ Thibaut d'Hubert, Alexandre Papas (2018). Jāmī in Regional Contexts: The Reception of ʿAbd al-Raḥmān Jāmī’s Works in the Islamicate World, ca. 9th/15th-14th/20th Century. pp.678. BRILL. Retrieved on 9 September 2020.
  3. ^ a b Dil, Afia (2012). "Impact of Arabic on Bengali Language and Culture". Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bangladesh: 101–152.
  4. ^ Mandal, Mousumi (17 March 2017). "Bonbibi-r Palagaan: Tradition, History and Performance". Sahapedia.
  5. ^ Abdul Mannan, Kazi (1966). The Emergence and Development of Dobhasi Literature in Bengal (up to 1855 AD) (Thesis). University of Dhaka.
  6. OL 30677644M
    . Retrieved 21 April 2024.
  7. ^
    ISBN 9780190860356
    .
  8. ^ Bangladesh Itihas Samiti (1999). Sylhet: History and Heritage. pp.598.
  9. ^ J. K. Mandal, Goutam Saha, Debatta Kandar, Arnab Kumar Maji (2018). Proceedings of the International Conference on Computing and Communication System: 13CS 2016, NEHU, Shillong, India. pp.452. Springer. Retrieved on 9 September 2020.
  10. ^ Ekmeleddin İhsanoğlu (2003). Culture and Learning in Islam. pp.115. UNESCO. Retrieved on 9 September 2020.
  11. ISBN 978-0-520-20507-9
    .
  12. ^ Rabbani, AKM Golam (7 November 2017). "Politics and Literary Activities in the Bengali Language during the Independent Sultanate of Bengal". Dhaka University Journal of Linguistics. 1 (1): 151–166. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 7 November 2017 – via www.banglajol.info.
  13. ^ "The development of Bengali literature during Muslim rule" (PDF). Blogs.edgehill.ac.uk. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 August 2017. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
  14. Dacca
    : Mawla Brothers. p. 99.
  15. OL 30677644M
    . Retrieved 21 April 2024.
  16. ^ Bankim Chandra Chatterjee (1888). Bangadarshan (in Bengali). Vol. 2. p. 39.
  17. ISBN 0-19-566542-2
    .
  18. ^ Dil, Afia (1972). The Hindu and Muslim Dialects of Bengali. Committee on Linguistics, Stanford University. p. 54.
  19. ^ Chatterjee, Nandini (3 April 2018). "On scripting Bengali". Lawforms.
  20. ^ Khan Sahib, Maulavi Abdul Wali (2 November 1925). A Bengali Book written in Persian Script.
  21. ^ Ahmad, Qeyamuddin (20 March 2020). The Wahhabi Movement in India. Routledge.
  22. ^ Ahmad Hasan Dani (1958). শ্রীহট্ট-নাগরী লিপির উৎপত্তি ও বিকাশ. Bangla Academy (in Bengali): 1.
  23. OL 30677644M
    . Retrieved 21 April 2024.
  24. OL 30677644M
    . Retrieved 21 April 2024.
  25. OL 30677644M
    . Retrieved 21 April 2024.
  26. ^ Uddin, Sufia M (2006). "Nineteenth-Century Religious Reform Movements". Constructing Bangladesh: Religion, Ethnicity, and Language in an Islamic Nation. University of North Carolina. p. 70.
  27. ^ Sen, Sandipan (2014). "Sanskritisation of Bengali, Plight of the Margin and the Forgotten Role of Tagore" (PDF). Journal of the Department of English. 11. Vidyasagar University.
  28. Calcutta
    : Ratna Prakashan.
  29. Calcutta. pp. 89–90.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link
    )
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