Doboj

Coordinates: 44°43′53″N 18°05′04″E / 44.73139°N 18.08444°E / 44.73139; 18.08444
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For the village in Kakanj municipality, see Doboj (Kakanj).

Doboj
Добој (
Doboj Fortress
, Orthodox Church of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin, View over city from the fortress walls
UTC+2 (CEST)
Area code+387 53
Websitedoboj.gov.ba
Doboj municipality by population proportional to the settlement with the highest and lowest population

Doboj (Serbian Cyrillic: Добој, pronounced [dôboj])[1] is a city in Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is situated on the banks of the Bosna river, in the northern region of Republika Srpska. As of 2013, it has a population of 71,441 inhabitants.

Doboj is the largest national railway junction and the operational base of the Railways Corporation of Bosnia and Herzegovina is located in Doboj.[2] It is one of the oldest cities in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the most important urban center in northern Republika Srpska.

Geography

Prior to the

Municipality of Usora. The northern suburbs of Doboj extend into the Pannonian plains, and effectively mark the southern tip of this great Central European plain. The southern (Doboj-South) and eastern suburbs (Doboj-East) are spread on the gentle hills which extend to larger Central Bosnian mountain areas (Mt. Ozren
in south-east, Mt. Krnjin in the west).

Climate

Climate data for Doboj (1991–2020)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 21.6
(70.9) 		25.0
(77.0) 		28.8
(83.8) 		32.7
(90.9) 		34.7
(94.5) 		37.6
(99.7) 		41.4
(106.5) 		40.9
(105.6) 		39.8
(103.6) 		30.5
(86.9) 		26.6
(79.9) 		23.7
(74.7) 		41.4
(106.5)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 5.4
(41.7) 		8.5
(47.3) 		13.7
(56.7) 		18.6
(65.5) 		23.0
(73.4) 		26.6
(79.9) 		28.7
(83.7) 		29.1
(84.4) 		23.7
(74.7) 		18.6
(65.5) 		12.2
(54.0) 		6.1
(43.0) 		17.9
(64.2)
Daily mean °C (°F) 1.1
(34.0) 		2.9
(37.2) 		7.3
(45.1) 		12.1
(53.8) 		16.5
(61.7) 		20.5
(68.9) 		22.1
(71.8) 		21.9
(71.4) 		16.7
(62.1) 		12.0
(53.6) 		7.1
(44.8) 		2.2
(36.0) 		11.9
(53.4)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −2.6
(27.3) 		−1.8
(28.8) 		1.5
(34.7) 		5.8
(42.4) 		10.3
(50.5) 		14.2
(57.6) 		15.6
(60.1) 		15.6
(60.1) 		11.5
(52.7) 		7.3
(45.1) 		3.1
(37.6) 		−1.3
(29.7) 		6.6
(43.9)
Record low °C (°F) −23.8
(−10.8) 		−26.0
(−14.8) 		−19.7
(−3.5) 		−4.8
(23.4) 		−0.2
(31.6) 		4.2
(39.6) 		7.4
(45.3) 		6.6
(43.9) 		1.0
(33.8) 		−5.6
(21.9) 		−10.2
(13.6) 		−18.6
(−1.5) 		−26.0
(−14.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 65.2
(2.57) 		63.4
(2.50) 		68.3
(2.69) 		78.9
(3.11) 		109.1
(4.30) 		107.6
(4.24) 		94.2
(3.71) 		73.5
(2.89) 		85.9
(3.38) 		79.4
(3.13) 		79.1
(3.11) 		77.6
(3.06) 		982.2
(38.67)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 9.6 9.5 9.2 10.7 11.4 10.5 9.4 7.6 9.2 8.8 9.7 10.4 115.9
Source: NOAA[3]

History

Ancient times

Doboj has been continuously inhabited ever since

paleolithic era were found in the cave at the Vila suburb.[4]

The

Great Illyrian Revolt, or in Roman sources, widespread rebellion known as Bellum Batonianum
(6–9 AD). After the bloody rebellion was subdued, Roman legions permanently settled in the area and built the large military camp (Castrum) and civilian settlement (Canabea) in Makljenovac. These structures were most likely built in the early Flavian dynasty era, during Vespasian's rule.

The military camp was large and in the shape of near perfect rectangle with large towers at each corner and the main gate in the middle of the central wall and served as the most important defense on the old Roman road from

Brod to Sarajevo, demarcating the very borders or Roman provinces Dalmatia and Pannonia. It served its role for several centuries with the evidence of Belgian and Spanish cohorts stationed there in second and third century AD. Canabea contained Roman settlers, with evidence of a large bathhouse with a hypocaust (central heating) and a concubine house for soldiers stationed at nearby Castrum. A large Villa Rustica was located at today's suburb of Doboj, appropriately named Vila. Very fine pieces of religious and practical applications were found at these sites, including an altar dedicated to God Jupiter, figurines of God Mars, and fragments of African made Tera sigillata pottery. When South Slavic tribes
migrated into this area in sixth and seventh century AD, they have settled initially on the ruins of previous Roman settlement and lived there continuously until early thirteenth century at which point they used stones and building material from the old Roman Castrum in order the built the stone foundation of fortress Gradina, several kilometers due north, at today's old town Doboj. Only the walls of former camp and civilian settlement are still visible to visitors today.

Middle Ages

View of Doboj from the fortress
14th Century Doboj Fortress, reconstructed in 2006, with a wooden stage added during reconstruction

The first official mention of the city itself is from 1415, as it was written in the charter issued by

Soli
).

The

Habsburgs
in 1878.

World War I and World War II

During

concentration camp.[5]
According to its official figures, it held, between 27 December 1915 and 5 July 1917:

  • 16,673 men from Bosnia and Herzegovina
  • 16,996 women and children from Bosnia and Herzegovina (mostly of Serb ethnicity)
  • 9,172 soldiers and civilians (men, women, children) from the Kingdom of Serbia
  • 2,950 soldiers and civilians from the Kingdom of Montenegro

In total, 45,791 persons. Some 12,000 people have died in this camp, largely due to malnutrition and poor sanitary conditions.

By February 1916, the authorities began redirecting the prisoners to other camps. The

Serbs from Bosnia were mostly sent to Győr (Sopronyek, Šopronjek/Шопроњек).[6]

Most of the interned from Bosnia were whole families from the border regions of eastern Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is said that 5,000 families alone were uprooted from the Sarajevo district in eastern Bosnia along the border with the Kingdoms of Serbia & Montenegro.[5]

From 1929 to 1941, Doboj was part of the Vrbas Banovina of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.

During

partisan resistance movement. From their initial uprising in August 1941 up until the end of the war, the Ozren partisan squad carried out numerous diversions against the occupation forces, among the first successful operations in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The city was an important stronghold for permanently stationed Ustasha and Domobran garrisons with smaller German units serving as liaison and in defense of important roads and railroads. Waffen SS "Handschar" division
was partly mobilized from the local Muslim population and participated in battles around Doboj in the summer and the fall of 1944.

During this time, the

Roma, as well as pro-Partisan civilians to concentration and labor camps. According to public records 291 civilians from Doboj, of various ethnic backgrounds, perished in the Jasenovac concentration camp.[7] In 2010, the remains of 23 people killed by Yugoslav Partisans were found in two pits near the Doboj settlement of Majevac.[8] The non-governmental organization
which discovered the remains alleges that nearby pits contain the remains of hundreds more also killed by the Partisans.

Doboj with its surrounding area, mountains Ozren and Trebava, was also a particularly important site for the local Chetnik armed forces. They participated in battles against Ustasha, Domobrans, and Germans initially together with local Partisan units and then alone, after the split with Partisans in April 1942. In November 1944, the elements of Ozren Chetnik Corps and Trebava Chetnik Corps partook in the Operation Halyard, the largest US rescue mission behind enemy lines. They built an airstrip in village Boljanici from which rescued US Airmen flew to safety to Bari, Italy.

The town was eventually liberated by Yugoslav Partisans on 17 April 1945. The units involved were 14th Central-Bosnian Brigade and 53rd Division.

SFR Yugoslavia

The city was flooded in May 1965.[9] During this period, the city experienced mass industrialization, becoming one of the most important industrial hubs in Yugoslavia.

Bosnian War

See also:
Doboj massacre

Doboj was strategically important during the Bosnian War. In May 1992, the control of Doboj was held by Bosnian Serb forces and the Serb Democratic Party took over the governing of the city. What followed was a mass disarming and subsequently mass arrests of all non-Serb civilians (namely Bosniaks and Croats).

Doboj was heavily shelled throughout the entire war by local Bosniak and Croatian forces. More than 5,500 shells, mortar rounds, and other projectiles were fired into the city proper and some 100 civilians were killed and more than 400 were wounded and maimed during the indiscriminate shelling.

A number of instances of war crimes and ethnic cleansing were committed by Bosnian Serb forces.

Bosnian Croats.[10][11]
She was charged with crimes against humanity that include but are not limited to the killings in Doboj. Plavšić's indictment was related to genocide charges in Doboj specifically.

Bosnian Serb forces were implicated in the systematic looting and destruction of

police forces based in the Serbian-occupied town of Knin and members of the White Eagles paramilitary group. The man who oversaw the women's detention in the school was Nikola Jorgić, a former police officer in Doboj, who has been convicted of genocide in Germany but died during the serving of his life sentence.[12][13]

After the

SFOR
) units.

The courts of Bosnia and Herzegovina are currently processing several cases for other war crimes in Doboj.[14]

2014 floods

In May 2014, Doboj was the city in Bosnia and Herzegovina that accounted for the most damage and casualties during and following the historic rainfall that caused massive flooding and landslides, taking the lives of at least 20 people in Doboj alone.

Throughout the two weeks after the beginning of the natural disasters, the corpses of victims were still being found on streets, in homes and automobiles.

Bosniak victims of the Bosnian War of the 1990s.[16] The mass graves are located in the Usora Municipality
and the exact number of victims is as of yet unknown.

Demographics

Population

Population of settlements – Doboj municipality
Settlement 1948. 1953. 1961. 1971. 1981. 1991. 2013.
Total 33,504 56,442 74,956 88,985 99,548 95,213 71,441
1 Boljanić 2,327 1,714
2 Božinci Donji 587 329
3 Brestovo 1,254 644
4 Bukovica Mala 816 752
5 Bukovica Velika 1,481 2,669
6 Bušletić 787 556
7 Čajre 456 289
8 Cerovica 1,701 1,030
9 Čivčije Bukovičke 1,017 658
10 Čivčije Osječanske 538 294
11 Cvrtkovci 897 581
12 Doboj 13,415 18,264 23,558 27,498 26,987
13 Donja Paklenica 764 483
14 Dragalovci 1,031 367
15 Glogovica 714 517
16 Gornja Paklenica 628 398
17 Grabovica 798 598
18 Grapska Donja 494 445
19 Grapska Gornja 2,297 1,334
20 Jelanjska 701 435
21 Kladari 673 520
22 Kostajnica 1,342 1,596
23 Kotorsko 3,295 1,790
24 Kožuhe 1,471 999
25 Lipac 1,018 1,246
26 Ljeb 446 325
27 Ljeskove Vode 821 613
28 Majevac 456 329
29 Makljenovac 2,164 1,165
30 Miljkovac 1,430 838
31 Mitrovići 441 233
32 Opsine 351 230
33 Osječani Donji 821 687
34 Osječani Gornji 1,259 1,084
35 Osojnica 676 369
36 Osredak 605 282
37 Ostružnja Donja 1,130 838
38 Ostružnja Gornja 495 380
39 Paležnica Gornja 342 328
40 Pločnik 304 261
41 Podnovlje 1,239 1,156
42 Potočani 897 605
43 Pridjel Donji 987 841
44 Pridjel Gornji 1,247 777
45 Prnjavor Mali 793 568
46 Radnja Donja 572 368
47 Raškovci 666 460
48 Ritešić 584 327
49 Rječica Donja 302 215
50 Rječica Gornja 483 314
51 Ševarlije 1,792 1,271
52 Sjenina 1,950 1,028
53 Sjenina Rijeka 679 402
54 Stanari 1,299 1,015
55 Stanić Rijeka 1,002
56 Stanovi 1,073 760
57 Striježevica 597 433
58 Suho Polje 924 576
59 Svjetliča 906 614
60 Tekućica 736 630
61 Trnjani 887 609
62 Zarječa 350 293
63 Zelinja Gornja 274

Ethnic composition

Ethnic composition – Doboj city
2013.[17] 1991. 1981. 1971.
Total 26,987 (100,0%) 27,498 (100,0%) 23 558 (100,0%) 18,264 (100,0%)
Bosniaks 3,797 (15,1%) 11,154 (40,56%) 8,822 (37,45%) 8,976 (49,15%)
Serbs 19,586 (77,9%) 8,011 (29,13%) 6,091 (25,86%) 5,044 (27,62%)
Yugoslavs 4,365 (15,87%) 5,211 (22,12%) 919 (5,032%)
Croats 704 (2,8%) 2,714 (9,870%) 2,852 (12,11%) 2,889 (15,82%)
Others 1,045 (4,2%) 1 254 (4,560%) 234 (0,993%) 169 (0,925%)
Montenegrins 171 (0,726%) 175 (0,958%)
Roma 76 (0,323%) 1 (0,005%)
Albanian 54 (0,229%) 35 (0,192%)
Macedonians 20 (0,085%) 15 (0,082%)
Slovenes 16 (0,068%) 25 (0,137%)
Hungarians 11 (0,047%) 16 (0,088%)


Ethnic composition – Doboj municipality
2013. 1991. 1981. 1971.
Total 71,441 (100,0%) 95,213 (100,0%) 99,548 (100,0%) 88,985 (100,0%)
Serbs 52,628 (73,67%) 39,820 (38,83%) 39,224 (39,40%) 39,884 (44,82%)
Bosniaks 15,322 (21,45%) 41,164 (40,14%) 35,742 (35,90%) 32,418 (36,43%)
Croats 1,845 (2,583%) 13,264 (12,93%) 14,522 (14,59%) 14,754 (16,58%)
Others 1,646 (2,304%) 2,536 (2,473%) 1,043 (1,048%) 453 (0,509%)
Yugoslavs 5,765 (5,622%) 8,549 (8,588%) 1,124 (1,263%)
Montenegrins 225 (0,226%) 214 (0,240%)
Albanians 95 (0,095%) 60 (0,067%)
Roma 76 (0,076%) 1 (0,001%)
Macedonians 32 (0,032%) 28 (0,031%)
Slovenes 26 (0,026%) 30 (0,034%)
Hungarians 14 (0,014%) 19 (0,021%)

Urban area by settlements (1991)

[18]

  • Bare: 732 (62%) Serbs, 153 (13%) Yugoslavs, 135 (11%) Croats, 112 (9%) Bosniaks, 53 (4%) others, 1,185 total
  • Centar: 3,720 (35%) Serbs, 3,365 (31%) Bosniaks, 1,982 (18%) Yugoslavs, 1,236 (12%) Croats, 432 (4%) others, 10,735 total
  • Čaršija: 3,561 (72%) Bosniaks, 594 (12%) Yugoslavs, 303 (6%) Serbs, 195 (4%) Croats, 273 (6%) others, 4,926 total
  • Doboj Novi: 358 (48%) Bosniaks, 237 (32%) Serbs, 39 (5%) Yugoslavs, 7 (1%) Croats, 108 (14%) others, 749 total
  • Donji Grad: 1,879 (37%) Serbs, 1,547 (31%) Bosniaks, 844 (17%) Yugoslavs, 569 (11%) Croats, 196 (4%) others, 5,035 total
  • Orašje: 1,411 (66%) Bosniaks, 293 (14%) Serbs, 231 (11%) Yugoslavs, 111 (5%) Croats, 90 (4%) others, 2,136 total
  • Usora: 924 (33%) Serbs, 779 (28%) Bosniaks, 502 (18%) Croats, 491 (17%) Yugoslavs, 117 (4%) others, 2,813 total

Economy

Doboj Fortress
.

As a rail hub, before the Bosnian War, Doboj focused much of its industrial activities around it. Moreover, as a regional center, it was home to several factories, now mostly bankrupt from mismanagement or privatized, including "Bosanka Doboj", a fruit and vegetable product factory; "Trudbenik", a maker of air compressors and equipment, etc. Nowadays, most of the economy, similar to the rest of the country and typical of poorly executed transition from state-controlled to a market economy, is based around the service industry. High unemployment warrants a vibrant coffee shop and bar scene, crowded throughout most of the day and night (it is commonly believed that Doboj is one of the top three cities having the largest number of coffee bars/pubs within city limits in Bosnia & Herzegovina).

In 1981, Doboj's GDP per capita was 53% of the Yugoslav average.[19]

On the positive side, an approximately $800 million investment, due for groundbreaking during 2008 in the Stanari suburb, will start with the building of an electrical power plant. Additionally, the $1 billion investments in the northern Modriča Oil Refinery are likely to increase railroad traffic.

Economic preview
Doboj Municipal Assembly

The following table gives a preview of total number of registered people employed in legal entities per their core activity (as of 2018):[20]

Activity Total
Agriculture, forestry and fishing 166
Mining and quarrying 108
Manufacturing 1,061
Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply 340
Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities 223
Construction 733
Wholesale and retail trade, repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles 2,446
Transportation and storage 1,600
Accommodation and food services 605
Information and communication 230
Financial and insurance activities 248
Real estate activities 1
Professional, scientific and technical activities 261
Administrative and support service activities 321
Public administration and defense; compulsory social security 1,226
Education 1,208
Human health and social work activities 1,315
Arts, entertainment and recreation 50
Other service activities 338
Total 12,480

Transportation

The city is the region's primary railroad junction, going south to Ploče on the Adriatic Sea, west to Banja Luka and Zagreb, north to Vinkovci, Croatia, and east to Tuzla, Bijeljina and Zvornik. The route of the future E-75 highway is supposed to pass through the Doboj area, and a separate highway toward western RS and Banja Luka has been completed and opened in 2018.

Society

Education

Doboj hosts the private

Slobomir P University
branch, with several colleges like Faculty of information technology; Faculty of economics and management; Faculty of philology; Faculty of law; Fiscal Academy and Academy of Arts. Doboj also seats the Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Technical School, as well as several specialized High Schools.

Doboj also hosts the public Faculty of Transport and Traffic Engineering, a branch of

Motor vehicles
.

Sport

Ognjen Kuzmić, a basketball player, 2015 NBA champion and 2017 EuroBasket silver medalist

The local

d'Ivry and Chekhovski Medvedi
.

Symbol

The four squares represent the four mountains which mark the outer borders of Doboj valley in which the City of Doboj lies in: Ozren, Trebava, Vučjak, and Krnjin. The

Kotromanić
.

Notable places

Notable people

Twin towns – sister cities

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Doboj is twinned with:[21]

References

  1. ISBN 9783411040667
    .
  2. ^ "Bosnia and Herzegovina Railways Public Corporation contact". www.bhzjk.ba. Retrieved 21 December 2022.
  3. ^ "Doboj Climate Normals 1991–2020". World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 4 September 2023. Retrieved 4 September 2023.
  4. ^ "Visit Doboj. The Oldest Town in Bosnia". sarajevskasehara. January 2020.
  5. ^ a b Paravac, Dušan (1970). Logor smrti [(Hronika o austrougarskom logoru interniraca u Doboju 1915–1917. godine). Doboj. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  6. ^ Lukić, Nenad. "Popis umrlih Srba u logoru Šopronjek/Nekenmarkt 1915–1918. godine (List of deceased Serbs in the camp Sopronyek / Neckenmarkt 1915–1918)". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  7. ^ "Jasenovac". cp13.heritagewebdesign.com. Archived from the original on 11 July 2011. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
  8. ^ "Kod Doboja otkopali kosture žrtava iz 1945". Mondo.rs. 23 August 2010. Retrieved 23 November 2013.
  9. ^ "Doboj potopljen istog dana kao i pre 46 godina". Telegraf. 22 May 2014. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
  10. ^ "Prosecutor v. Biljana Plavsic judgement" (PDF). Retrieved 21 December 2022.
  11. ^ "Prosecutor v. Momcilo Krajisnik judgement" (PDF). Sentenced to 27 years' imprisonment
  12. ^ "HUDOC Search Page". Cmiskp.echr.coe.int. Retrieved 23 November 2013.
  13. ISBN 1-56432-097-9
    .
  14. ^ "Institute for War and Peace Reporting". Iwpr.net. 30 April 2005. Retrieved 23 November 2013.
  15. ^ "Pronađeno tijelo muškarca, broj žrtava u RS dosegao 19". Radio Sarajevo. 24 May 2014. Archived from the original on 27 May 2014. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
  16. ^ "Poplave otkrile nove masovne grobnice". Radio Sarajevo. 26 May 2014. Archived from the original on 27 May 2014. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
  17. ^ "Popis 2013 u BiH". www.statistika.ba. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
  18. ^ "Bosnian Congres – census 1991 – North of Bosnia". Hdmagazine.com. Archived from the original on 13 June 2013. Retrieved 23 November 2013.
  19. ^ Radovinović, Radovan; Bertić, Ivan, eds. (1984). Atlas svijeta: Novi pogled na Zemlju (in Croatian) (3rd ed.). Zagreb: Sveučilišna naklada Liber.
  20. ^ "Cities and Municipalities of Republika Srpska" (PDF). rzs.rs.ba. Republika Srspka Institute of Statistics. 25 December 2019. Retrieved 31 December 2019.
  21. ^ "Gradovi pobratimi". doboj.gov.ba (in Bosnian). Doboj. Retrieved 29 December 2020.

External links

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