Dobruja

Coordinates: 44°27′N 28°20′E / 44.450°N 28.333°E / 44.450; 28.333
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
(Redirected from
Dobrudja
)
"Dobrudzha" redirects here. For the Bulgarian football team, see FC Dobrudzha Dobrich.
"Dobrogea" redirects here. For the village in Chișinău, Moldova, see Sîngera.
Dobruja (dark green) within Bulgaria and Romania (light green), both in Southeast Europe.
Coat of arms of the Romanian Dobruja

Dobruja or Dobrudja (

Southeastern Europe that has been divided since the 19th century between the territories of Bulgaria and Romania. It is situated between the lower Danube River and the Black Sea, and includes the Danube Delta, Romanian coast, and the northernmost part of the Bulgarian coast. The territory of Dobruja is made up of Northern Dobruja, which is a part of Romania, and Southern Dobruja
, which is a part of Bulgaria.

The territory of the Romanian region Dobrogea is organised as the counties of Constanța and Tulcea, with a combined area of 15,588 km2 (6,019 sq mi) and a population of slightly less than 900,000. Its main cities are Constanța, Tulcea, Medgidia and Mangalia. Dobrogea is represented by dolphins in the coat of arms of Romania.

The Bulgarian region Dobrudzha is divided among the administrative regions of Dobrich and Silistra; the following villages of Razgrad Province: Konevo, Rainino, Terter and Madrevo; and the village General Kantardzhievo (Varna). This section has a total area of 7,566 km2 (2,921 sq mi), with a combined population of some 310,000 people, the main towns being Dobrich and Silistra (regional seats).

Geography

Geographical map of Dobruja
Woods and agricultural land in the Northern Dobruja Plateau
Steppe and agricultural land in the Central Dobruja Plateau
Rocky shores characteristic for the Southern Dobrujan coast

Except for the

Ludogorie Plateau is found in Bulgaria. Lake Razelm
is one of the most important lakes in Northern Dobruja.

Dobruja lies in the temperate

precipitation
of 450  millimetres.

Dobruja is a windy region once known for its windmills. There is wind during about 85–90% of all days; it usually comes from the north or northeast. The average wind speed is about twice higher than the average in Bulgaria. Due to the limited precipitation and the proximity to the sea, rivers in Dobruja are usually short and with low discharge. The region has several shallow seaside lakes with brackish water.[2]

Etymology

The most widespread opinion among scholars is that the origin of the term Dobruja is to be found in the Turkish rendition of the name of a 14th‑century Bulgarian ruler,

Bogdan I
). Other etymologies have been considered, but never gained widespread acceptance.

steppes to the North.[6] I. A. Nazarettean combines the Slavic word with the Tatar
budjak ("corner"), thus proposing the etymology "good corner".

A version matching contemporaneous descriptions was suggested by

Proto-Bulgarians
; this term was also used by Arabic writers.

One of the earliest documented uses of the name can be found in the

Laonicus Chalcondyles' Histories, where the term Dobroditia is used for the original Greek "Dobrotitsa's country" (Δοβροτίκεω χώρα).[10] In the 17th century, the region was referred to in more accounts, with renditions such as Dobrucia, Dobrutcha, Dobrus, Dobruccia, Dobroudja, Dobrudscha, and others being used by foreign authors.[11]

Initially, the name meant just the steppe of the southern region, between the forests around

Danube-Black Sea Canal) in the south.[14]

History

Prehistory

The territory of Dobruja has been inhabited by humans since

Eneolithic, populations migrating from the north of the Black Sea, of the Kurgan culture, mixed with the previous population, creating the Cernavodă I culture. Under Kurgan II influence, the Cernavodă II culture emerged. Through the combination of the Cernavodă I and Ezero culture, the Cernavodă III culture developed. The region had commercial contact with the Mediterranean world since the 14th century BC, as proven by a Mycenae a sword discovered at Medgidia,[16] but under the reserve demanded by lack of hard evidence in what concerns the provenience/manufacturer of such armours. [clarification needed
]

Mikra Skythia

Main articles:
Scythia Minor (Roman province)

Ancient history

Istros

During the early

Sinoe Lake
).

In 657/656 BC

Callatis, Tomis, Dionysopolis, Parthenopolis, Aphrodisias, Eumenia etc.). In the 5th century BC these colonies were under the influence of the Delian League, passing in this period from oligarchy to democracy.[18] In the 6th century BC, the first Scythian groups began to enter the region. Two Getic tribes, the Crobyzi and Terizi, and the town of Orgame (Argamum) were mentioned on the territory of present Dobruja by Hekataios of Miletus (540–470 BC).[19]

In 514/512 BC King

Atheas, fought against Histria, which was supported by a Histrianorum rex (probably a local Getic ruler). In 339 BC, King Atheas was defeated by the Macedonians under King Philip II, who afterwards extended his rule over Dobruja.[23]

Scythia Minor
.

In 313  BC and again in 310–309  BC, the Greek colonies led by Callatis, supported by

Byzantion lost the war with Callatis and Histria for the control of Tomis. At the end of the 3rd century BC and the beginning of the 2nd century BC, the Bastarnae settled in the area of the Danube Delta. Around 200  BC, the Thracian king Zoltes invaded the province several times, but was defeated by Rhemaxos
, who became the protector of the Greek colonies.

Early Greek scholars such as

toponym Μικρά Σκυθία (Mikra Skythia), usually translated as Scythia Minor or Lesser Scythia appears to have become the name for the specific region later known as Dobruja. The earliest known usage of the name "Scythia Minor" (Mikra Skythia) is found in Strabo
's early Geography (1st century AD). The Greeks thus apparently distinguished it from Scythia Major, which lay north of the Danube delta.

Around 100  BC King

Dacian Kingdom under King Burebista conquered Dobruja and all the Greek colonies on the coast. Their rule ended in 44 BC[citation needed
].

Roman rule

In 28/29 BC

Octavian,[24] Rholes helped Crassus in conquering the states of Dapyx (in central Dobruja) and Zyraxes (in the north of the region).[25] Dobruja became part of the client kingdom of the Odrysians, while the Greek cities on the coast came under direct rule of the governor of Macedonia. In 12 AD and 15 AD, Getic armies succeeded in conquering the cities of Aegyssus and Troesmis for a short time, but Odrysian king Rhoemetalces I
defeated them with the help of the Roman army.

The Tropaeum Traiani monument in Adamclisi commemorating Roman victory over Dacians (Modern reconstruction)

In 15  AD the Roman province of

Moesia Inferior
.

In the winter of 101–102 the Dacian king

Durostorum
and Troesmis, respectively.

In 118

Carsium
. The same emperor put an end to the crisis in the Roman Empire, thus helping the reconstruction of the province.

During the reign of

Julian the Apostate, and Valens
, the cities of the region were repaired or rebuilt.

Byzantine rule

After the division of the

Dorostolon, Zaldapa, and Tropaeum. In 591/593, Byzantine general Priscus tried to stop invasions, attacking and defeating the Slavs under Ardagast in the north of the province. In 602 during the mutiny of the Byzantine army in the Balkans under Phocas, a large mass of Slavs crossed the Danube, settling south of the Danube. Dobruja remained under loose Byzantine control, and was reorganised during the reign of Constantine IV as Thema Scythia.[29]

First Bulgarian Empire rule

Further information: First Bulgarian Empire
Asparukh, the founder of the First Bulgarian State, in Dobrich
; Dobruja was part of Asparukh's conquest in the 7th century

The results of archaeological research indicate that the Byzantine presence on Dobruja's mainland and the banks of the Danube were reduced at the end of the 6th century, under the pressure of the Migration Period. In the coastal fortifications on the southern bank of the Danube, the latest Byzantine coin found dates from the time of the emperors Tiberius II Constantine (574–582) and Heraclius (610–641). After that period, all inland Byzantine cities were demolished by the invaders and abandoned.[30]

Some of the

Garvăn and Nova Cherna. They have been dated to the end of the 6th and the beginning of the 7th centuries.[31] These lands became the main zone of compact Bulgar settlement in the end of the 7th century.[32]

According to the peace treaty of 681, signed after the Bulgarian victory over Byzantines in the

Karvuna".[36]

According to Bulgarian historians, during the 7th–10th centuries, the region was fortified by construction of a large network of earthen and wooden strongholds and ramparts.[37] Around the end of the 8th century, widespread building of new stone fortresses and defensive walls began.[38] Romanian historians dispute attributing these walls to the Bulgarians, based on their interpretation of the construction system and archaeological evidence.[citation needed] The Bulgarians also reconstructed some of the ruined Byzantine fortresses (Kaliakra and Silistra in the 8th century, Madara and Varna in the 9th).[39] According to Barnea, among other historians, during the following three centuries of Bulgarian domination, Byzantines still controlled the Black Sea coast and the mouths of Danube, and for short periods, even some cities.[40] But Bulgarian archaeologists note that the last Byzantine coins found, which are considered a proof of Byzantine presence, date in Kaliakra from the time of Emperor Justin II (565–578),[41] in Varna from the time of Emperor Heraclius (610–641),[42] and in Tomis from Constantine IV's rule (668–685).[43]

At the beginning of the 8th century,

Mircea Vodă, mentions Zhupan Dimitri (Дѣимитрѣ жѹпанѣ), a local feudal landlord prominent in the south of the region in 943.[47]

Return of Byzantine rule and late migrations

With financial encouragement from the Byzantine emperor,

John I Tzimisces reconquered Dobruja in 971 and included it in the theme 'Mesopotamia of the West' (Μεσοποταμια της Δυσεον).[48]

According to some historians, soon after 976

Strategia of Dorostolon and, after 1020, as Paristrion
(Paradounavon).

To prevent mounted attacks from the north, the Byzantines constructed three ramparts from the Black Sea down to the Danube, in the 10th–11th centuries.[54][55] According to Bulgarian archaeologists and historians, these fortifications may have been built much earlier and were erected by the First Bulgarian Empire in response to the threat of Khazars' raids.[56][57]

From the 10th century, Byzantines accepted small groups of

Dinogeţia. In 1046 the Byzantines accepted the Pecheneg under Kegen settling in Paristrion as foederati.[60] The Pecheneg dominated the region until 1059, when Isaac I Komnenos
reconquered Dobruja.

In 1064, an invasion by the Oghuz Turks affected the region. During 1072 to 1074, when Nestor (the new strategos of Paristrion) was in Dristra, he found that the Pecheneg ruler, Tatrys, was leading a rebellion. In 1091, three autonomous, probably Pecheneg,[61] rulers were mentioned in the Alexiad: Tatos (Τατοῦ) or Chalis (χαλῆ), in the area of Dristra (probably the same person as Tatrys),[62] and Sesthlav (Σεσθλάβου) and Satza (Σατζά) in the area of Vicina.[63] The Cumans moved into Dobruja in 1094 and were influential in the region until the advent of the Ottoman Empire.[64]

Second Bulgarian Empire and Mongol domination

Bulgaria in the second half of the 13th century. The red points show the range of the Ivailo Uprising.

In 1187 the Byzantines lost control of Dobruja to the restored Bulgarian Empire. In 1241, the first

Sarı Saltuk, was the spiritual leader of this group.[67] His tomb in Babadag (which was named after him)[68] is still a place of pilgrimage for Muslims.[69]
Arab chronicles of the 13th century mentioned Dobrogea under the name "Şakji" and the Vlachs inhabitants under the names "al-Awalak" and "ulaqut".[70] In 1265, the Bulgarian Emperor
Constantine Tikh Asen hired 20,000 Tatars to cross the Danube and attack Byzantine Thrace.[71][72] On their way back, the Tatars forced most of the Seljuk Turks, including their chief Sarı Saltuk, to resettle in Kipchak (Cumania).[73][74]

In the second part of the 13th century, the Turco–Mongolian

Ivailo (1277–1280), that broke out in eastern Bulgaria.[76]
Ivailo's army defeated the Tatars, who were forced to leave the Bulgarian territory; he next outed Constantine Tikh's army, and Ivailo has crowned Emperor of Bulgaria.

The war with the Tatars continued. In 1278, after a new Tatar invasion in Dobruja, Ivailo was forced to retreat to the strong fortress of Silistra, where he withstood a three-month siege.[77] In 1280 the Bulgarian nobility, which feared the growing influence of the peasant emperor, organised a coup. Ivailo had to flee to his enemy the Tatar Nogai Khan, who later killed him.[78] In 1300 Toqta, the new Khan of the Golden Horde, ceded Bessarabia to Emperor Theodore Svetoslav.[79]

Kaliakra fortress, the seat of the autonomous Dobrujan Principality

Autonomous Dobruja

Main article:
Principality of Karvuna

In 1325, the

Bahud-din Umur, Bey of Aydın, led a naval expedition against Balik, destroying Dobruja's seaports. Balik and Theodore died during the confrontation, and Dobrotitsa became the new ruler.[84]

Principality of Dobrotici/Dobrotitsa during the 1370s

Between 1352 and 1359, with the collapse of Golden Horde rule in Northern Dobruja, a new state appeared. It was controlled by

Tatar prince Demetrius, who claimed to be the protector of the river mouths of the Danube.[85]

In 1357 Dobrotitsa was mentioned as a

Amadeus VI of Savoy, supported by the republics of Venice and Genoa, was diverted to free the Byzantine emperor. Dobrotitsa collaborated with the crusaders, and after the allies conquered several Bulgarian forts on the Black Sea, Ivan Alexander freed John and negotiated a peace agreement. Dobrotitsa's role in this conflict brought him numerous political advantages: his daughter married one of John V's sons, Michael, and his principality extended its control over some of the forts lost by the Bulgarians (Anchialos and Mesembria
).

In 1368, after the death of prince Demetrius, Dobrotitsa was recognised as ruler by

Stratsimir to win back the throne of Vidin
.

Between 1370 and 1375, allied with Venice, Dobritsia challenged Genoese power in the Black Sea. In 1376, he tried to impose his son-in-law, Michael, as Emperor of

Andronicus IV Palaeologus. In 1379, the Dobrujan fleet participated in the blockade of Constantinople
, fighting with the Genoese fleet.

In 1386, Dobrotitsa died and was succeeded by

Tarnovo and Dristra
. The expedition brought most of the Dobrujan forts under Turkish rule.

Wallachian rule

In 1388/1389 Dobruja (Terrae Dobrodicii—as mentioned in a document from 1390) and Dristra (Dârstor) came under the control of

Grand Vizier
.

Dobruja (Terra Dobrotici) as part of Wallachia under Mircea the Elder

Mircea regained the lost Dobrujan territories, with the help of his Hungarian
allies.

The Ottomans recaptured Dobruja in 1397 and ruled it to 1404, although in 1401 Mircea strongly defeated an Ottoman army.

The defeat of Sultan Beyezid I by

Tamerlane at Ankara in 1402 opened a period of anarchy in the Ottoman Empire. Mircea took advantage of it to organise a new anti-Ottoman campaign: in 1403, he occupied the Genoese fort of Kilia at the mouths of the Danube. Thus in 1404, he could impose his authority on Dobruja. In 1416, Mircea supported the revolt against Sultan Mehmed I, led by Sheikh Bedreddin in the area of Deliorman, in Southern Dobruja.[87]

After Mircea died in 1418, his son Mihail I fought against the amplified Ottoman attacks, eventually being killed in a battle in 1420. That year, Sultan Mehmed I conducted the definitive conquest of Dobruja by the Turks. Wallachia kept only the mouths of the Danube, but not for a long duration.

In the late 14th century, German traveller Johann Schiltberger described these lands as follows:[88]

I was in three regions, and all three were called Bulgaria. ... The third Bulgaria is there, where the Danube flows into the sea. Its capital is called Kaliakra.

Ottoman rule

Map of the Danube mouths from 1867 by Heinrich Kiepert
Ethnic map of the Balkans from 1861, by Guillaume Lejean. Dobruja is populated mostly by Turks who are marked with red color.

Annexed by the Ottoman Empire in 1420, the region remained under Ottoman control until the late 19th century. Initially, it was organised as an udj (border province), included in the

Küstendje
.

18th-19th century Russo-Turkish Wars

The Russian Empire occupied Dobruja several times during the

Vilayet of Danube
.

Russo-Turkish War of 1878 and aftermath

Romanian troops triumphantly cross the Danube into Northern Dobruja, in a colourful patriotic lithograph, 1878
Dobruja after 1878.

After the 1878 war, the Treaty of San Stefano awarded Dobruja to Russia and the newly established Principality of Bulgaria. The northern portion, held by Russia, was ceded to Romania in exchange for Russia obtaining territories in Southern Bessarabia, thereby securing direct access to the mouths of the Danube. The population included a Bulgarian ethnic enclave in the northeast (around Babadag), as well as an important Muslim majority (mostly Turks and Tatars) scattered around the region.

The southern portion, held by Bulgaria, was reduced the same year by the Treaty of Berlin. At the advice of the French envoy, a strip of land extended inland from the port of Mangalia (shown orange on the map) was ceded to Romania, since its southwestern corner contained a compact area of ethnic Romanians. The town of Silistra, located at the area's most southwestern point, remained Bulgarian due to its large Bulgarian population. Romania subsequently tried to occupy the town as well, but in 1879 a new international commission allowed Romania to occupy only the fort Arab Tabia, which overlooked Silistra, but not the town itself.

Ethnic groups in Dobruja around 1918

At the beginning of the

Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878, most of Dobruja's population was composed of ethnic Tatars, and Turks, with minorities of Romanians, and Bulgarians. During the war, a large part of the Muslim population was evacuated to Bulgaria and Turkey.[92] After 1878, the Romanian government encouraged Romanians from other regions to settle in Northern Dobruja and accepted the return of some Muslim population displaced by the war.[93]

According to Bulgarian historians, after 1878 the Romanian church authorities took control over all local churches, with the exception of two in the towns of Tulcea and Constanţa, which managed to retain use of their Bulgarian Slavonic liturgy.[94] Between 1879 and 1900, Bulgarians built 15 new churches in Northern Dobruja.[95] After 1880, Italians from Friuli and Veneto settled in Greci, Cataloi and Măcin in Northern Dobruja. Most of them worked in the granite quarries in the Măcin Mountains, while some became farmers.[96] The Bulgarian authorities encouraged the settling of ethnic Bulgarians in the territory of Southern Dobruja.[97]

Balkan Wars and World War I

In May 1913, the

Treaty of Neuilly of 1919. Between 1926 and 1938, about 30,000 Aromanians from Bulgaria, Macedonia, and Greece, were resettled in Southern Dobruja. Some Megleno-Romanians
also emigrated to the region.

In 1923 the

Federative Republic of the Balkans.[98]
The means used by DRO to attain its goals were also more peaceful.

World War II and aftermath

During

Axis-sponsored Treaty of Craiova, despite Romanian negotiators' insistence that Balchik and other towns should remain in Romania. As part of the treaty, the Romanian inhabitants (Aromanian and Megleno-Romanian refugee-settlers, settlers from other regions of Romania, and the Romanians indigenous to the region) were forced to leave the regained territory, while the Bulgarian minority in the north was expelled to go to Bulgaria in a population exchange. The post-war Paris Peace Treaties
of 1947 reaffirmed the 1940 border.

In 1948 and again in 1961–1962, Bulgaria proposed a border rectification in the area of Silistra, consisting mainly of the transfer of a Romanian territory containing the water source of that city. Romania made an alternative proposal that did not involve a territorial change and, ultimately, no rectification took place.[99]

In Romania, 14 November is a holiday observed as Dobruja Day.[100]

Demographic history

Ottoman era

On account of the Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774), one of the greatest migration events of the region occurred where an estimated 200,000 Tatars emigrated to the Dobruja region between 1770 and 1784. Whereas, a large group of Christians (likely Greeks and Slavs) moved the other direction into the Tatar's recently-loss region of Azov in 1778.[101]

The port of Kustendje in 1856. Drawing by Camille Allard

During Ottoman rule, groups of

Peter I of Russia and Catherine the Great, Lipovans immigrated to the region of the Danube Delta. After the destruction of Zaporozhian Sich in 1775, Cossacks were settled in the area north of Lake Razim by the Turkish authorities (where they founded the Danubian Sich
). They were forced to leave Dobruja in 1828.

In the second part of the nineteenth century, Ruthenians from the Austrian Empire also settled in the Danube Delta. After the Crimean War, a large number of Tatars were forcibly driven away from Crimea, immigrating to then-Ottoman Dobruja and settling mainly in the Karasu Valley in the centre of the region and around Bābā Dāgh. In 1864, Circassians fleeing from the Russian invasion and genocide of the Caucasus were settled in the wooded region near Babadag, forming a community there. Germans from Bessarabia also founded colonies in Dobruja between 1840 and 1892.

Ethnic map of the Danube mouths from 1861, according to the map above, from the French geographer Guillaume Lejean. (See the legend here)

According to Bulgarian historian Lyubomir Miletich, most Bulgarians living in Dobruja in 1900 were nineteenth-century settlers or their descendants.[102][103] In 1850, the scholar Ion Ionescu de la Brad, wrote in a study on Dobruja, ordered by the Ottoman government, that Bulgarians came to the region "in the last twenty years or so".[104] According to his study, there were 2,285 Bulgarian families (out of 8,194 Christian families) in the region,[105] 1,194 of them in Northern Dobruja.[106] Lyubomir Miletich puts the number of Bulgarian families in Northern Dobruja in the same year at 2,097.[107] According to the statistics of the Bulgarian Exarchate, before 1877 there were 9,324 Bulgarian families out of a total 12,364 Christian families in the Northern Dobruja.[108][verification needed] According to Russian knyaz Vladimir Cherkassky, chief of the Provisional Russian government in Bulgaria in 1877–1878, the Bulgarian population in Dobruja was larger than the Romanian one.[108] However, count Shuvalov, the Russian representative to the Congress of Berlin, stated that Romania deserved Dobruja "more than anybody else, because of its population".[109] In 1878, the statistics of the Russian governor of Dobruja, Bieloserkovitsch, showed a number of 4,750 Bulgarian "family chiefs" (out of 14,612 Christian family chiefs) in the northern half of the region.[106]

The Christian religious organisation of the region was put under the authority of the

firman of the Sultan, promulgated on February 28, 1870.[110] However, the ethnic Greeks and most Romanians in Northern Dobruja remained under the authority of the Greek Archdiocese of Tulça (founded in 1829).[111][112]

20th century

In 1913, Dobruja was all made part of Romania in the aftermath of the 1913 Treaty of Bucharest which ended the Second Balkan War. Romania acquired Southern Dobruja from Bulgaria, a territory with a population of 300,000 from which only 6,000 (2%) were Romanians.[113] In 1913, Romanian-held Northern Dobruja had a population of 380,430, from which 216,425 (56.8%) were Romanians.[114] Thus, when Dobruja was unified within Romania in 1913, there were over 222,000 Romanians in the region out of a total population of 680,000, or nearly 33% of the population. By 1930, the Romanian population within Dobruja had increased to 44.2%.[115]

Northern Dobruja

Ethnicity 1878[116] 1880[117] 1899[117] 1913[114] 19301[118] 1956[119] 1966[119] 1977[119] 1992[119] 2002[119] 2011[120]
All 225,692 139,671 258,242 380,430 437,131 593,659 702,461 863,348 1,019,766 971,643 897,165
Romanian 46,504 (21%) 43,671 (31%) 118,919 (46%) 216,425 (56.8%) 282,844 (64.7%) 514,331 (86.6%) 622,996 (88.7%) 784,934 (90.9%) 926,608 (90.8%) 883,620 (90.9%) 751,250 (83.7%)
Bulgarian 30,177 (13.3%) 24,915 (17%) 38,439 (14%) 51,149 (13.4%) 42,070 (9.6%) 749 (0.13%) 524 (0.07%) 415 (0.05%) 311 (0.03%) 135 (0.01%) 58 (0.01%)
Turkish 48,783 (21.6%) 18,624 (13%) 12,146 (4%) 20,092 (5.3%) 21,748 (5%) 11,994 (2%) 16,209 (2.3%) 21,666 (2.5%) 27,685 (2.7%) 27,580 (2.8%) 22,500 (2.5%)
Tatar 71,146 (31.5%) 29,476 (21%) 28,670 (11%) 21,350 (5.6%) 15,546 (3.6%) 20,239 (3.4%) 21,939 (3.1%) 22,875 (2.65%) 24,185 (2.4%) 23,409 (2.4%) 19,720 (2.2%)
Russian-Lipovan 12,748 (5.6%) 8,250 (6%) 12,801 (5%) 35,859 (9.4%) 26,210 (6%)2 29,944 (5%) 30,509 (4.35%) 24,098 (2.8%) 26,154 (2.6%) 21,623 (2.2%) 13,910 (1.6%)
Ruthenian
(Ukrainian from 1956) 		455 (0.3%) 13,680 (5%) 33 (0.01%) 7,025 (1.18%) 5,154 (0.73%) 2,639 (0.3%) 4,101 (0.4%) 1,465 (0.1%) 1,177 (0.1%)
Dobrujan Germans 1,134 (0,5%) 2,461 (1.7%) 8,566 (3%) 7,697 (2%) 12,023 (2.75%) 735 (0.12%) 599 (0.09%) 648 (0.08%) 677 (0.07%) 398 (0.04%) 166 (0.02%)
Greek 3,480 (1.6%) 4,015 (2.8%) 8,445 (3%) 9,999 (2.6%) 7,743 (1.8%) 1,399 (0.24%) 908 (0.13%) 635 (0.07%) 1,230 (0.12%) 2,270 (0.23%) 1,447 (0.16%)
Roma 702 (0.5%) 2,252 (0.87%) 3,263 (0.9%) 3,831 (0.88%) 1,176 (0.2%) 378 (0.05%) 2,565 (0.3%) 5,983 (0.59%) 8,295 (0.85%) 11,977 (1.3%)
1According to the 1926–1938 Romanian administrative division (counties of Constanța and Tulcea), which excluded a part of today's Romania (chiefly the communes of Ostrov and Lipnița, now part of Constanța County) and included a part of today's Bulgaria (parts of General Toshevo and Krushari municipalities)
2Only Russians. (Russians and Lipovans counted separately)

Southern Dobruja

Ethnicity 1910 19301[118] 2001[121] 2011[122]
All 282,007 378,344 357,217 283,3953
Bulgarian 134,355 (47.6%) 143,209 (37.9%) 248,382 (69.5%) 192,698 (68%)
Turkish 106,568 (37.8%) 129,025 (34.1%) 76,992 (21.6%) 72,963 (25.75%)
Roma 12,192 (4.3%) 7,615 (2%) 25,127 (7%) 12,163 (4.29%)
Tatar 11,718 (4.2%) 6,546 (1.7%) 4,515 (1.3%) 808 (0.29%)
Romanian 6,348 (2.3%)2 77,728 (20.5%) 591 (0.2%)2 947 (0.33%)
1According to the 1926–1938 Romanian administrative division (counties of Durostor and Caliacra), which included a part of today's Romania (chiefly the communes of Ostrov and Lipnița, now part of Constanța County) and excluded a part of today's Bulgaria (parts of General Toshevo and Krushari municipalities)
2Including persons counted as Vlachs in Bulgarian Census
3Only includes persons who answered the optional question on ethnic identity. The total population was 309,151.

Area, population and cities

The entire region of Dobruja has an area of around 23,100 km2 (8,919 sq mi) and a population of around 1.2 million, of which just over two-thirds of the former and nearly three-quarters of the latter lie in the Romanian part.

Ethnicity Dobruja Romanian Dobruja[120] Bulgarian Dobruja[122]
Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Percentage
All 1,180,560 100.00% 897,165 100.00% 283,395 100.00%
Romanian 752,197 63.72% 751,250 83.74% 947 0.33%
Bulgarian 192,756 16.33% 58 0.01% 192,698 68%
Turkish 95,463 8.09% 22,500 2.51% 72,963 25.75%
Tatar 20,528 1.74% 19,720 2.20% 808 0.29%
Roma 24,140 2.04% 11,977 1.33% 12,163 4.29%
Russian 14,608 1.24% 13,910 1.55% 698 0.25%
Ukrainian 1,250 0.11% 1,177 0.13% 73 0.03%
Greek 1,467 0.12% 1,447 0.16% 20 0.01%

Major cities are Constanța, Tulcea, Medgidia and Mangalia in Romania, and Dobrich and Silistra in Bulgaria.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "Dobruja". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
  2. OCLC 165781151
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  4. ^ Paul Wittek, Yazijioghlu 'Ali on the Christian Turks of the Dobruja, p. 639
  5. OCLC 11916334
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  6. ^ A. Ischirkoff, Les Bulgares en Dobroudja, p. 4, attributes this opinion to Camille Allard, Ami Boué, Heinrich Brunn
  7. ^ G. Dănescu, Dobrogea (La Dobroudja). Étude de Géographie physique et ethnographique, pp. 35–36
  8. ^ Paul Wittek, Yazijioghlu 'Ali on the Christian Turks of the Dobruja, p. 653
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  11. ^ A. Ischirkoff, Les Bulgares en Dobroudja, pp. 5–7
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  16. ^ A. Rădulescu, I. Bitoleanu, Istoria Dobrogei, p. 30
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  43. ^ S. Vaklinov, "Формиране на старобългарската култура VI-XI век", p. 65.
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  45. ^ V Beshevliev, "Първобългарски надписи"
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  56. Candidate Dissertation. Typewritten (in Bulgarian). Sofia: 79–81. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help
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  57. ^ S. Vaklinov, "Формиране на старобългарската култура VI-XI век", pp. 79–81.
  58. ^ I. Barnea, Şt.Ştefănescu, Bizantini, romani și bulgari la Dunărea de Jos, pp. 122–123
  59. ^ Cedrenus, Historiarum compendium, II, s. 514–515 Archived April 9, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  60. ^ Cedrenus, Historiarum compendium, II, s. 582–584 Archived April 9, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  61. OCLC 38636706. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-07-10. Retrieved 2007-05-16.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)). This opinion is supported by modern historians (Madgearu, Alexandru (1999). "Dunărea în epoca bizantină (secolele X-XII): o frontieră permeabilă" (PDF). Revista istorică (in Romanian). 10 (1–2): 48–49. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-07-09. Retrieved 2007-04-16.). They were considered to be Vlach or Russian by some authors. For a survey of these opinions see I. Barnea, Şt.Ştefănescu, Bizantini, romani şi bulgari la Dunărea de Jos, pp. 139–147 "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original on July 10, 2007. Retrieved 2007-05-16.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link
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  62. ^ I. Barnea, Şt.Ştefănescu, Bizantini, romani şi bulgari la Dunărea de Jos, pp. 136, 141
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  64. ^ A. Rădulescu, I. Bitoleanu, Istoria Dobrogei, pp. 192–193
  65. ^ A. Rădulescu, I. Bitoleanu, Istoria Dobrogei, p. 194
  66. ^ P. Wittek, Yazijioghlu 'Ali on the Christian Turks of the Dobruja, pp. 640, 648
  67. ^ P. Wittek, Yazijioghlu 'Ali on the Christian Turks of the Dobruja, pp. 648, 658
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  69. ^ Ив. К. Димитровъ, Прѣселение на селджукски турци въ Добруджа около срѣдата на XIII вѣкъ, стр. 32—33
  70. ^ Dimitri Korobeinikov, "A broken mirror: the Kipçak world in the thirteenth century", In: The Other Europe from the Middle Ages, Edited by Florin Curta, Brill 2008, p. 396
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  72. ^ Pachymeres, ib., pp. 230-231
  73. ^ Ив. К. Димитровъ, каз. стат., стр. 33–34
  74. ^ Васил Н. Златарски, История на българската държава през срeднитe вeкове. Том III. Второ българско царство. България при Асeневци (1187–1280), стр. 517
  75. ^ П. Ников, каз. съч., стр. 143
  76. ^ Васил Н. Златарски, История на българската държава през срeднитe вeкове. Том III. Второ българско царство. България при Асeневци (1187–1280), стр. 545-549
  77. ^ Y. Andreev, M. Lalkov, Българските ханове и царе, p. 226
  78. ^ Васил Н. Златарски, История на българската държава през срeднитe вeкове. Том III. Второ българско царство. България при Асeневци (1187—1280), стр. 554
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  80. ^ Miklosich, Franz; Müller, eds. (1860). "LXIII. 6883—1325 maio-iunio ind. VIII. Synodus dirimit sex controversias". Acta et diplomata Graeca medii aevi sacra et profana, vol. I. Vien: Carolus Gerold. p. 135.
  81. ^ Names of the rulers of the Principality of Karvuna are given here as spelled in modern Bulgarian and Romanian, respectively.
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  84. ^ A. Rădulescu, I. Bitoleanu, Istoria Dobrogei, p. 197
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  86. ^ Miklosich, Franz; Müller, eds. (1860). "CLXVI. (6865—1357) iunio ind. X. Synodus metropolitae Mesembriae restituit duo castella". Acta et diplomata Graeca medii aevi sacra et profana, vol. I. Vien: Carolus Gerold. p. 367.
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  106. ^ a b Seişanu, Romulus (1928). Dobrogea. Gurile Dunării şi Insula Şerpilor. Schiţă monografică (in Romanian). București: Tipografia ziarului "Universul". p. 177.
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  113. ^ U.S. Government Printing Office, 1957, Documents on German foreign policy, 1918–1945, from the archives of the German Foreign Ministry, p. 336
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  115. ^ Lucian Boia, Central European University Press, 2001, History and Myth in Romanian Consciousness, p. 182
  116. ^ K. Karpat, : Correspondance Politique des Consuls. Turguie (Tulqa). 1 (1878) 280-82
  117. ^ a b G. Dănescu, Dobrogea (La Dobroudja). Étude de Géographie physique et ethnographique
  118. ^
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  119. ^ a b c d e Calculated from statistics for the counties of Tulcea and Constanța from "Populația după etnie la recensămintele din perioada 1930–2002, pe judete" (PDF) (in Romanian). Guvernul României — Agenţia Națională pentru Romi. pp. 5–6, 13–14. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2007-05-02.
  120. ^ a b 2011 census results per county, cities and towns "Populaţia stabilă pe sexe, după etnie – categorii de localităţi, macroregiuni, regiuni de dezvoltare şi judeţe" (in Romanian). Institutul Național de Statistică. Archived from the original (XLS) on 2019-08-15. Retrieved 2015-11-20.
  121. ^ Calculated from the results of the 2001 Bulgarian census for the administrative regions of Dobrich and Silistra, from "Население към 01.03.2001 г. по области и етническа група" (in Bulgarian). Националния статистически институт. Retrieved 2007-05-02.
  122. ^ a b Calculated from the results of the 2011 Bulgarian census for the administrative regions of Dobrich and Silistra, from "Население по етническа група и майчин език" (in Bulgarian). Националния статистически институт. Archived from the original on 2015-12-19. Retrieved 2015-11-20.

References

Further reading

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44°27′N 28°20′E / 44.450°N 28.333°E / 44.450; 28.333

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