Doctors' plot
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The "doctors' plot" (Russian: дело врачей, romanized: delo vrachey, lit. 'doctors' case') was a Soviet state-sponsored
Beginnings
A number of theories attempt to explain the origins of the doctors' plot case. Historians typically relate it to the earlier case of Stalin's destruction of the
In 1948, an allegation was made by a Soviet veteran medical worker, Lydia Timashuk, who stated that "intentional distortions in medical conclusions [were] made by major medical experts who served as consultants in the hospital". Timashuk "exposed their criminal designs" and as such the security bodies of the Soviet Union were made aware of the existence of the alleged conspiracy against Stalin.[8] Stalin had strong doubts about Timashuk's allegations.[9] Stalin's daughter, Svetlana Alliluyeva, stated that her father was "very saddened by the turn of events" and that the housekeeper heard him saying that he did not believe the doctors were "dishonest" and that the only evidence against them were the reports of Timashuk.[10]
In 1951, Ministry for State Security (MGB) investigator Mikhail Ryumin reported to his superior, Viktor Abakumov, Minister of the MGB, that Professor Yakov Etinger, who was arrested as a "bourgeois nationalist" with connections to the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee, had committed malpractice in treating Andrei Zhdanov (died 1948) and Alexander Shcherbakov (died 1945), allegedly with the intention of killing them. However, Abakumov refused to believe the story. Etinger died in prison (2 March 1951) due to interrogations and harsh conditions. Ryumin was then dismissed from his position in the MGB for misappropriating money and was held responsible for the death of Etinger. With the assistance of Georgy Malenkov, Ryumin wrote a letter to Stalin, accusing Abakumov of killing Etinger in order to hide a conspiracy to kill off the Soviet leadership. On 4 July 1951, the Politburo set up a commission (headed by Malenkov and including Beria) to investigate the issue. Based on the commission's report, the Politburo soon passed a resolution on the "bad situation in the MGB" and Abakumov was fired.[11][12]
Beria and Malenkov both tried to use the situation to expand their power through gaining control of the MGB.[5][13]
Arrests
Abakumov was arrested and tortured soon after being dismissed as head of the MGB.[14] He was charged with being a sympathizer and protector of the criminal Jewish underground.[15] This arrest was followed by the arrests of many agents who worked for him in the central apparatus of the MGB, including most Jews.[16]
The killer doctors case was revived in 1952 when the letter from cardiologist
The Kremlin doctors involved in the cover up were to be arrested, but they were all Russian. To portray the conspiracy as Zionist, Ryumin and
Initially, 37 were arrested. Under torture, prisoners seized in the investigation of the alleged plot were compelled to produce evidence against themselves and their associates.[24][25]
Stalin harangued Ignatyev and accused the MGB of incompetence. He demanded that the interrogations of doctors already under arrest be accelerated.[26] Stalin complained that there was no clear picture of the Zionist conspiracy and no solid evidence that specifically the Jewish doctors were guilty.[25]
Newly opened
Media campaign
Stalin ordered the news agency
On 13 January 1953, nine eminent doctors in Moscow were accused of taking part in a vast plot to poison members of the top Soviet political and military leadership.[2] Pravda reported the accusations under the headline "Vicious Spies and Killers under the Mask of Academic Physicians":
Today the TASS news agency reported the arrest of a group of saboteur-doctors. This terrorist group, uncovered some time ago by organs of state security, had as their goal shortening the lives of leaders of the Soviet Union by means of medical sabotage.
Investigation established that participants in the terrorist group, exploiting their position as doctors and abusing the trust of their patients, deliberately and viciously undermined their patients' health by making incorrect diagnoses, and then killed them with bad and incorrect treatments. Covering themselves with the noble and merciful calling of physicians, men of science, these fiends and killers dishonored the holy banner of science. Having taken the path of monstrous crimes, they defiled the honor of scientists.
Among the victims of this band of inhuman beasts were Comrades A. A. Zhdanov and A. S. Shcherbakov. The criminals confessed that, taking advantage of the illness of Comrade Zhdanov, they intentionally concealed a myocardial infarction, prescribed inadvisable treatments for this serious illness and thus killed Comrade Zhdanov. Killer doctors, by incorrect use of very powerful medicines and prescription of harmful regimens, shortened the life of Comrade Shcherbakov, leading to his death.
The majority of the participants of the terrorist group… were bought by American intelligence. They were recruited by a branch-office of American intelligence – the international Jewish bourgeois-nationalist organization called "Joint." The filthy face of this Zionist spy organization, covering up their vicious actions under the mask of charity, is now completely revealed…
Unmasking the gang of poisoner-doctors struck a blow against the international Jewish Zionist organization.... Now all can see what sort of philanthropists and "friends of peace" hid beneath the sign-board of "Joint."
Other participants in the terrorist group (Vinogradov, M. Kogan, Egorov) were discovered, as has been presently determined, to have been long-time agents of English intelligence, serving it for many years, carrying out its most criminal and sordid tasks. The bigwigs of the USA and their English junior partners know that to achieve domination over other nations by peaceful means is impossible. Feverishly preparing for a new world war, they energetically send spies inside the USSR and the people's democratic countries: they attempt to accomplish what the Hitlerites could not do — to create in the USSR their own subversive "fifth column."...
The Soviet people should not for a minute forget about the need to heighten their vigilance in all ways possible, to be alert for all schemes of war-mongers and their agents, to constantly strengthen the Armed Forces and the intelligence organs of our government.[33]
Other individuals mentioned included:
- Moscow State Jewish Theater and the head of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee, assassinated in January 1948),[34]who was called a "well-known Jewish bourgeois nationalist"
- Miron Vovsi (therapist, Stalin's personal physician and a cousin of Mikhoels)
- Vladimir Nikitich Vinogradov (therapist), also a personal doctor to Stalin
- Mikhail Kogan (therapist)
- Boris Kogan (therapist)
- P. Yegorov (therapist)
- A. Feldman (otolaryngologist)
- Yakov Etinger (therapist)
- Aleksandr Grinshtein (neuropathologist)
- G. Mayorov (therapist)[35]
Six of the nine mentioned doctors were Jewish.[36][37]
The list of alleged victims included high-ranked officials Andrei Zhdanov, Aleksandr Shcherbakov, Army Marshals Aleksandr Vasilevsky, Leonid Govorov and Ivan Konev, General Sergei Shtemenko, Admiral Gordey Levchenko and others.
Stalin intended to publish in Pravda a letter signed by many prominent Soviet Jews in which the Jews involved in the plot would be denounced, and differences between them and other Soviet Jews (those loyal to the USSR and to socialism) would be made clear. Two versions of the letter were created, but it was never published. Either Stalin eventually decided not to publish it or it was still being worked on at the time of his death.[38]
Stalin's death and the consequences
After Stalin's death on 5 March 1953, the new leadership quickly dismissed all charges related to the plot; the doctors were exonerated in a 31 March decree by the newly appointed Minister of Internal Affairs,
Khrushchev's statements
In his 1956 "Secret Speech", First Secretary Nikita Khrushchev stated that the doctors' plot was "fabricated... set up by Stalin," but that Stalin did not "have the time in which to bring it to an end," which saved the doctors' lives.[45] Khrushchev also told the session that Stalin called the judge in the case and, regarding the methods to be used, stated "beat, beat and, beat again."[45] Stalin supposedly told his Minister of State Security, "If you do not obtain confessions from the doctors we will shorten you by a head."[45]
Khrushchev also claimed that Stalin hinted to him to incite antisemitism in Ukraine, saying, "The good workers at the factory should be given clubs so they can beat the hell out of those Jews."
According to Khrushchev, Stalin told Politburo members, "You are blind like young kittens. What will happen without me? The country will perish because you do not know how to recognize enemies."[45]
Khrushchev asserted that Stalin intended to use the doctors' trial to launch a massive purge of the Communist Party.[6]
Alleged planned deportation of Jews
Soviet historian Samson Madievsky has advanced a view, based on various memoirs and secondary evidence, that the doctors' plot case was intended to trigger the mass repression and deportation of the Jews to the Jewish Autonomous Oblast, similar to the deportations of many other ethnic minorities in the Soviet Union, but the plan was not accomplished because of the sudden death of Stalin.[48]
According to Louis Rapoport, the alleged deportation was planned to start with the public execution of the imprisoned doctors, and then the "following incidents would follow": "attacks on Jews orchestrated by the secret police, the publication of the statement by the prominent Jews, and a flood of other letters demanding that action be taken. A three-stage program of genocide would be followed. First, almost all Soviet Jews ... would be shipped to camps east of the Urals ... Second, the authorities would set Jewish leaders at all levels against one another ... Also the MGB [Secret Police] would start killing the elites in the camps, just as they had killed the Yiddish writers ... the previous year. The ... final stage would be to 'get rid of the rest.'"[49]
Four large camps were built in southern and western Siberia shortly before Stalin's death in 1953, and there were rumors that they were for Jews.
Historian
However, Russian historian Zhores Medvedev argued against these allegations, saying that no documents were found in support of the deportation plan.[63]
See also
- Dmitry Pletnyov (doctor) – Soviet doctor that performed a clinical diagnosis of Stalin and was later executed in 1941.
- Antisemitism in the USSR
- History of the Jews in Russia and Soviet Union
- Khrustalyov, My Car!
- Night of the Murdered Poets
- Prague Trials
- Stalin and antisemitism
- Lina Stern – The sole survivor of Night of the Murdered Poets
- Vladimir Bekhterev – Soviet neurologist that performed a diagnosis of Stalin and died a day later under suspicious circumstances in 1927.
- The Betrayal – 2010 historical novel by Helen Dunmore
Notes
References
Citations
- Encyclopedia Britannica. 20 July 1998. Archivedfrom the original on 6 September 2015.
- ^ OCLC 651524877– via Internet Archive.
- ^ Medvedev 2003, pp. 68–170.
- ^ Brent & Naumov 2003, p. 4
- ^ a b Medvedev 2003, p. 148
- ^ a b Encyclopedia Britannica, The Doctors' Plot, 2008.
- ISBN 978-0-385-47954-7
- OCLC 59849271.
- ISBN 978-0-385-14333-2.
- ISBN 978-0-09-085310-6.
- ^ Sebag-Montefiore 2005, pp. 611–613.
- ^ Medvedev 2003, pp. 150–156.
- ^ Zhukov 2005, p. 562.
- ^ Sebag-Montefiore 2007, pp. 613–614.
- ^ Sebag-Montefiore 2007, p. 612.
- ^ Medvedev 2003, p. 157.
- ^ Sebag-Montefiore 2007, p. 579.
- ^ Zhukov 2005, pp. 579–580
- ^ "ЧЕЛОВЕК". 14 November 2003. Archived from the original on 14 November 2003.
- ^ Как был создан миф о Л.Ф. Тимашук? (How the myth about L.F.Timasuk was created?); from: Бобров, О. Е., "Медицина (нравы, судьбы, бесправие)", Донецк : Регина, 2004, pp. 93–102
- ^ Medvedev 2003, pp. 168–170.
- ^ Sebag-Montefiore 2004, p. 630.
- ^ Zhukov 2005, pp. 580–581.
- ^ Sebag-Montefiore 2004, p. 636.
- ^ a b Medvedev 2003, p. 181.
- ^ Sebag-Montefiore 2004, p. 620.
- ^ Reported by Izvestia, 1989, p.155; also Istochnik, 1997, p.140–141.
- ^ Brent & Naumov 2003, p. 288.
- ISBN 978-0-19-530420-6, page 158.
- ISBN 978-0-8225-3421-1, pp. 99–101.
- ^ Zhukov 2005, pp. 591–592.
- ^ Medvedev 2003, pp. 180, 199.
- ^ "Подлые Шпионы и Убийцы под Маской Профессоров-Врачей" [Vicious Spies and Killers under the Mask of Academic Physicians]. Pravda. 13 January 1953. p. 1.
- Moskovsky Komsomolets. 6 September 2005. Retrieved 15 May 2018.
- ^ Medvedev 2003, p. 186.
- JSTOR 23603630.
- ^ Zhukov 2005, p. 592.
- ^ Medvedev 2003, pp. 204–209.
- ^ Brent & Naumov 2003, pp. 324–325.
- ^ Sebag-Montefiore 2004, p. 644n.
- ^ Mesyatev, Nikolai (1 June 2010). "Беседа с легендарным "комсомольцем" Н.Н.Месяцевым накануне его 90-лети" [Conversation With the Legendary "Komsomol" Official N. N. Mesyatsev on the Eve of His 90th Birthday]. Sovetskaya Rossiya (Interview). Interviewed by Valentin Chikin. Archived from the original on 1 May 2020. Retrieved 15 May 2018.
- ^ Rich, Tracey R. (2010). "Purim". Judaism 101. Archived from the original on 9 July 2009. Retrieved 18 March 2011.
- ISBN 978-0-521-24713-9.
- ^ a b Brackman 2001, p. 390.
- ^ a b c d Kruschev, Nikita, SPECIAL REPORT TO THE 20TH CONGRESS OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY OF THE SOVIET UNION, Closed session, 24–25 February 1956.
- ISBN 978-0-521-24713-9, pp. 107–8.
- ^ "Kielce Pogrom – the Truth about the Kielce Pogrom Comes to Light".
- ^ Samson Madiyevsky,"1953 год: ПредстоЯла ли советским евреЯм депортациЯ?"
- PMID 12493677.
- ^ Brent & Naumov 2003, p. 295.
- ^ a b c d Brackman 2001, p. 388
- ^ Brent & Naumov 2003, pp. 47–48, 295.
- ^ a b c Eisenstadt, Yaakov, Stalin's Planned Genocide, 22 Adar 5762, 6 March 2002.
- ^ Brent & Naumov 2003, pp. 298–300.
- ^ Solzhenitzin, Alexander, The Gulag Archipelago, 1973.
- ^ a b Y. Y. Etinger, "This is impossible to forget: Memoirs" (Russian) – Этингер Я. Я. Это невозожно забыть : Воспоминания / ред. О. А. Зимарин. – М. : Весь мир, 2001. – 272 с, pp. 104–106.
- ISBN 978-5-88268-015-1, 1995, link
- ^ "ПИСЬМО И.Г.ЭРЕНБУРГА К И.В.СТАЛИНУ [KOI-8]". vestnik.com. 14 March 2000. Archived from the original on 1 May 2018. Retrieved 15 May 2018.
- ^ Дмитрий ХМЕЛЬНИЦКИЙ. Письмо Эренбурга Сталину, Заметки по еврейской истории no.38, 27 January 2004
- ^ "Radio Liberty – Programs – Round Table". Archive.svoboda.org. Retrieved 15 May 2018.
- .
- S2CID 143696427.
- ^ Medvedev 2003, pp. 238–239
Bibliography
- Brackman, Roman (2001). The Secret File of Joseph Stalin: A Hidden Life. Frank Cass Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7146-5050-0.
- Brent, Jonathan; Vladimir P. Naumov (2003). Stalin's Last Crime: The Plot Against the Jewish Doctors, 1948–1953. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-019524-3.
- Hachinski, V. (March 1999). "Stalin's Last Years: Delusions or Dementia?". Eur J Neurol. 6 (2): 129–32. S2CID 44833937.
- ISBN 978-5-7712-0251-8.
- ISBN 978-1-4000-7678-9.
- ISBN 978-5-475-00078-6.
Further reading
- Lustiger, Arno (2003), "The Tragedy of the Soviet Jews and the Anti-Fascist Committee", Stalin and the Jews: The Red Book, Enigma Books, ISBN 978-1-929631-10-0.
- Brent, Jonathan; Naumov, Vladimir (17 February 2004), Stalin's Last Crime: The Plot Against the Jewish Doctors, 1948–1953, HarperCollins, ISBN 978-0-06-093310-4.
- ISBN 0-02-925821-9.
- Rapoport, Yakov L'vovich (1991), The Doctors' plot of 1953, Mazal Holocaust Collection, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, OCLC 21669416
External links
- "Vicious Spies and Killers under the Mask of Academic Physicians", Pravda (translated article), Cyber USSR, 13 January 1953.
- Clarfield, A Mark (2002), "The Soviet "Doctors' Plot"—50 years on", BMJ, 325 (7378), NIH: 1487–9, PMID 12493677.
- Smilovitsky, Dr. Leonid, Byelorussian Jewry and the Doctors' Plot, 1953, Jewish gen.
- Materials on the case of Maria Weizmann (in Russian), Pseudology.
- Group photo of the members of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee, RU: Grani, archived from the original on 17 February 2005.
- "Soviet Survivor Relives Doctor's Plot", The New York Times, 13 May 1988.
- "SPECULATION ON THE CLEARANCE OF THE MOSCOW DOCTORS" (PDF). Central Intelligence Agency. 4 April 1953.