Doctor of the Church
Doctor of the Church (Latin: doctor "teacher"), also referred to as Doctor of the Universal Church (Latin: Doctor Ecclesiae Universalis), is a title given by the Catholic Church to saints recognized as having made a significant contribution to theology or doctrine through their research, study, or writing.[1]
As of 2024[update], the Catholic Church has named 37 Doctors of the Church. Of these, the 18 who died before the
Among the 37 recognised Doctors, 28 are from the West and nine from the East; four are women and thirty-three are men; one is an abbess, three are nuns, and one is a tertiary associated with a religious order; two are popes, 19 are bishops, twelve are priests, and one is a deacon; and 27 are from Europe, three are from Africa, and seven are from Asia. More Doctors (twelve) lived in the fourth century than any other; eminent Christian writers of the first, second, and third centuries are usually referred to as the
Some other churches have similar categories with various names.
Before the 16th century
In the
In the
This was under
Catholic Church
The details of the title Doctor of the Church vary from one
Latin Church
In the
To these names others have subsequently been added. The requisite conditions are enumerated as three: eminens doctrina, insignis vitae sanctitas, Ecclesiae declaratio (i.e. eminent learning, a high degree of sanctity, and proclamation by the church).
The decree is issued by the
The Doctors' works vary greatly in subject and form. Augustine of Hippo was one of the most prolific writers in Christian antiquity and wrote in almost every genre. Some, such as Pope
In the 1920 encyclical Spiritus Paraclitus, Pope Benedict XV refers to Jerome as the church's "Greatest Doctor".[5]
Until 1970, no woman had been named a Doctor of the Church. Since then four additions to the list have been women:
Traditionally, in the Liturgy, the Office of Doctors was distinguished from that of Confessors by two changes: the Gospel reading Vos estis sal terrae ("You are the salt of the earth"), Matthew 5:13–19, and the eighth Respond at Matins, from Ecclesiasticus 15:5, In medio Ecclesiae aperuit os ejus, * Et implevit eum Deus spiritu sapientiae et intellectus. * Jucunditatem et exsultationem thesaurizavit super eum. ("In the midst of the Church he opened his mouth, * And God filled him with the spirit of wisdom and understanding. * He heaped upon him a treasure of joy and gladness.") The Nicene Creed was also recited at Mass, which is normally not said except on Sundays and the highest-ranking feast days. The 1962 revisions to the Missal dropped the Creed from feasts of Doctors and abolished the title and the Common of Confessors, instituting a distinct Common of Doctors.[citation needed]
On 20 August 2011, Pope Benedict XVI announced that he would soon declare John of Ávila a Doctor of the Church.[7] It was also reported in December 2011 that Pope Benedict intended to declare Hildegard of Bingen as a Doctor of the Church, though she had not yet been canonized.[8] Pope Benedict XVI declared Hildegard of Bingen a saint on 10 May 2012, clearing the way for her to be named a Doctor of the Church,[9] then declared both John of Ávila and Hildegard of Bingen Doctors of the Church on 7 October 2012.[10]
List of Doctors
(For earlier authorities on Christian doctrine, see
No. | Image | Name | Titles | Born | Died | Promoted | Activity | Notable writings |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | Gregory the Great* | One of the four Great Latin Fathers | 540 (c.) | 604 | 1298 | OSB |
Dialogues, Libellus responsionum, Pastoral Care, Moralia in Job | |
2. | Ambrose* | One of the four Great Latin Fathers | 340 (c.) | 397 | 1298 | Bishop of Milan | Exameron , De obitu Theodosii
| |
3. | Augustine of Hippo* | One of the four Great Latin Fathers; Doctor gratiae (Doctor of Grace) |
354 | 430 | 1298 | Bishop of Hippo (now Annaba) | De doctrina Christiana, Confessions, The City of God, On the Trinity | |
4. | Jerome* | One of the four Great Latin Fathers | 347 (c.) | 420 | 1298 | Priest, monk | Vulgate, De Viris Illustribus | |
5. | Thomas Aquinas | Doctor angelicus (Angelic Doctor); Doctor communis (Common Doctor) |
1225 | 1274 | 1567 | Priest, Theologian, OP |
Summa Theologiae, Summa contra Gentiles
| |
6. | John Chrysostom* | One of the four Great Greek Fathers | 347 | 407 | 1568 | Archbishop of Constantinople | Paschal Homily, Adversus Judaeos | |
7. | Basil the Great* |
One of the four Great Greek Fathers | 330 | 379 | 1568 | Caesarea |
Address to Young Men on Greek Literature, On the Holy Spirit | |
8. | Gregory of Nazianzus* | One of the four Great Greek Fathers | 329 | 389 | 1568 | Archbishop of Constantinople | On God and Christ: The Five Theological Orations and Two Letters to Cledonius | |
9. | Athanasius* | One of the four Great Greek Fathers | 298 | 373 | 1568 | Archbishop of Alexandria | On the Incarnation, The Life of Antony, Letters to Serapion | |
10. | Bonaventure | Doctor seraphicus (Seraphic Doctor) |
1221 | 1274 | 1588 | OFM |
Commentary on the Sentences of Lombard, The Mind's Road to God, Collationes in Hexaemeron | |
11. | Anselm of Canterbury | Doctor magnificus (Magnificent Doctor); Doctor Marianus (Marian Doctor) |
1033 or 1034 | 1109 | 1720 | OSB |
Proslogion, Cur Deus Homo | |
12. | Isidore of Seville* | 560 | 636 | 1722 | Archbishop of Seville | Etymologiae, On the Catholic Faith against the Jews | ||
13. | Peter Chrysologus* | 406 | 450 | 1729 | Bishop of Ravenna | Homilies | ||
14. | Leo the Great*[13] | Doctor unitatis Ecclesiae (Doctor of the Church's Unity) |
400 | 461 | 1754 | Pope | Leo's Tome | |
15. | Peter Damian | 1007 | 1072 | 1828 | Cardinal OSB |
De Divina Omnipotentia, Liber Gomorrhianus | ||
16. | Bernard of Clairvaux | Doctor mellifluus (Mellifluous Doctor) |
1090 | 1153 | 1830 | Priest, OCist | Sermones super Cantica Canticorum, Apologia ad Guillelmum, Liber ad milites templi de laude novae militiae | |
17. | Hilary of Poitiers* | Doctor divinitatem Christi (Doctor of the Divinity of Christ) |
300 | 367 | 1851 | Bishop of Poitiers |
Commentarius in Evangelium Matthaei | |
18. | Alphonsus Liguori |
Doctor zelantissimus (Most Zealous Doctor) |
1696 | 1787 | 1871 | CSsR (Founder) |
The Glories of Mary,
Dogmatic Works: Moral Theology, The Council of Trent, The Histories of Heresies and their Refutation, Truth of the Faith | |
19. | Francis de Sales | Doctor caritatis (Doctor of Charity) |
1567 | 1622 | 1877 | CO |
Introduction to the Devout Life, Letters of Spiritual Direction | |
20. | Cyril of Alexandria* | Doctor Incarnationis (Doctor of the Incarnation) |
376 | 444 | 1883 | Archbishop of Alexandria | Commentaries on the Old Testament, Thesaurus, Discourse Against Arians, Dialogues on the Trinity | |
21. | Cyril of Jerusalem* | 315 | 386 | 1883 | Archbishop of Jerusalem |
Catechetical Lectures , Summa doctrinae christianae
| ||
22. | John Damascene* | 676 | 749 | 1890 | Priest, monk | Fountain of Knowledge, Octoechos | ||
23. | Bede the Venerable* | Anglorum doctor (Doctor of the English)[14] |
672 | 735 | 1899 | Priest, OSB |
Ecclesiastical History of the English People, The Reckoning of Time, Liber epigrammatum, Paenitentiale Bedae | |
24. | Ephrem*[15] | 306 | 373 | 1920 | Deacon | Commentary on the Diatessaron, Prayer of Saint Ephrem, Hymns Against Heresies | ||
25. | Peter Canisius | 1521 | 1597 | 1925 | Priest, SJ |
A Summary of Christian Teachings | ||
26. | John of the Cross | Doctor mysticus (Mystical Doctor) |
1542 | 1591 | 1926 | Priest, mystic, OCD (Reformer) | Spiritual Canticle, Dark Night of the Soul, Ascent of Mount Carmel | |
27. | Robert Bellarmine | 1542 | 1621 | 1931 | SJ |
Disputationes de Controversiis | ||
28. | Albertus Magnus[16] | Doctor universalis (Universal Doctor) |
1193 | 1280 | 1931 | OP |
On Cleaving to God, On Fate | |
29. | Anthony of Padua | Doctor evangelicus (Evangelical Doctor) |
1195 | 1231 | 1946 | Priest, OFM | Sermons for Feast Days | |
30. | Lawrence of Brindisi | Doctor apostolicus (Apostolic Doctor) |
1559 | 1619 | 1959 | Priest, Diplomat, OFMCap | Mariale | |
31. | Teresa of Ávila[17] | Doctor orationis (Doctor of Prayer) |
1515 | 1582 | 1970 | Mystic, OCD (Reformer) | La Vida de la Santa Madre Teresa de Jesús, The Way of Perfection, The Interior Castle | |
32. | Catherine of Siena | 1347 | 1380 | 1970 | Mystic, TOSD | The Dialogue of Divine Providence | ||
33. | Thérèse of Lisieux | Doctor amoris (Doctor of love) |
1873 | 1897 | 1997 | OCD | The Story of a Soul, Letters of Saint Therese | |
34. | John of Ávila | 1500 | 1569 | 2012 | Priest, Mystic | Audi, filia; Spiritual Letters | ||
35. | Hildegard of Bingen | 1098 | 1179 | 2012 | OSB , physician, philosopher |
Scivias, Liber vitae meritorum, Liber divinorum operum, Ordo virtutum, | ||
36. | Gregory of Narek[18] | 951 | 1003 | 2015 | Monk, poet, mystical philosopher, theologian | Book of Lamentations | ||
37. | Irenaeus of Lyon*[19] | Doctor unitatis (Doctor of Unity)[20] |
130 | 202 | 2022 | Bishop, theologian, Martyr | Proof of the Apostolic Preaching, Against Heresies |
Proposed Doctors
In October 2018, on the occasion of the canonization of
In October 2019, the Polish Catholic Bishops Conference formally petitioned Pope Francis to consider making Pope John Paul II a Doctor of the Church in an official proclamation, in recognition of his contributions to theology, philosophy, and Catholic literature, as well as the formal documents of his papacy.[22]
In January 2023, Cardinal Angelo Bagnasco proposed that Pope Benedict XVI be declared a doctor of the Church "as soon as possible", in view of his theological intelligence and contribution to the formation of current doctrine of the Catholic Church, such as the new catechism.[23][24] In January 2024, Archbishop Georg Gänswein also spoke in favor of the pontiff's canonization and his elevation to the status of doctor of the church.[25]
In November 2023, the
Other recognised Doctors
In addition, parts of the Catholic Church have recognised other individuals with this title. In
Scholastic epithets
Though not named Doctors of the Church or even canonized, many of the more celebrated doctors of theology and law of the Middle Ages were given an epithet which expressed the nature of their expertise. Among these are Bl.
Syro-Malabar Catholic Church
The
Chaldean Catholic Church
The
Eastern Orthodox Church
The
Russian Orthodox Church
Russian Orthodox Church commemorates on 19 July feast of Three Holy Russian Hierarchs: Demetrius of Rostov, Mitrophan of Voronezh and Tikhon of Zadonsk.[42]
Armenian Church
The Armenian Apostolic Church recognizes the Twelve Holy Teachers (Vardapets) of the Church
- Hierotheus the Thesmothete
- Dionysius the Areopagite
- Pope Sylvester I
- Athanasius of Alexandria
- Cyril of Alexandria
- Ephrem the Syrian
- Basil the Great
- Gregory Nazianzus
- Gregory of Nyssa
- Epiphanius of Salamis
- John Chrysostom
- Cyril of Jerusalem.[43][44]
They also recognize their own saints
Assyrian Church of the East
The
Anglicanism
The churches of the Anglican Communion tend not to use the term Doctor of the Church in their calendars of saints, preferring expressions such as "Teacher of the Faith". Those thus recognized include figures from before and after the Reformation, most of whom are chosen among those already recognized as in the Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Church. Those designated as Teachers of the Faith in the Church of England's calendar of saints are as follows:
- Basil the Great
- Gregory of Nazianzus
- Hilary of Poitiers
- Francis de Sales
- Thomas Aquinas
- Cyril of Jerusalem
- Frederick Denison Maurice
- William of Ockham
- Anselm
- Catherine of Siena
- Athanasius
- Ephrem of Syria
- Sundar Singh of India
- Cyril of Alexandria
- Irenæus
- Bonaventure
- Gregory of Nyssa and his sister Macrina
- Brooke Foss Westcott
- Jeremy Taylor
- Bernard of Clairvaux
- Augustine of Hippo
- Gregory the Great
- John Chrysostom
- Sergius of Radonezh
- Jerome
- Teresa of Ávila
- Therese of Lisieux
- Richard Hooker
- William Temple
- Leo the Great
- John of Damascus
- Ambrose
- John of the Cross
Since all of the above appear in the calendar at the level of
Lutheranism
The
See also
- Fathers of the Church
References
- ^ Rice, Fr. Larry (2015). "Doctors of the Church?" (PDF). usccb.org. United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. Retrieved 9 October 2018.
- ^ a b c d e f John Chapman (1913). . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- St. Louis, Missouri: B. Herder. p. 3.
- ISBN 978-0-299-11884-6.
- ^ "Spiritus Paraclitus (September 15, 1920) | BENEDICT XV". www.vatican.va. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
- ^ "St. Therese, Doctor of the Universal Church – Saint Therese of Lisieux". thereseoflisieux.org.
- ^ "Pope to proclaim St John of Avila Doctor of the Universal Church". News.va. Holy See. 20 August 2011. Retrieved 21 August 2011.
- ^ "Pope to Canonize and Name Hildegard of Bingen as Doctor of the Church". Archived from the original on 7 January 2012.
- ^ "ROME REPORTS TV News Agency". www.romereports.com. Archived from the original on 12 May 2012.
- ^ "Pope : Two new Doctors of the Church". news.va. Archived from the original on 25 June 2017. Retrieved 7 October 2012.
- ^ "San Gregorio di Narek Dottore della Chiesa Universale, 23.02.2015" (in Italian). Holy See Press Office. 23 February 2015.
- ^ Movsesian, Mark (26 February 2015). "The Newest Doctor of the Church". First Things. Retrieved 16 January 2024.
- ^ St. Leo the Great, pope and doctor of the church vaticannews.va.
- ^ William of Malmesbury, Gesta pontificum Anglorum 1.29 Hamilton, N.E.S.A. (1870). Willelmi Malmesbiriensis Monachi De Gestis Pontificum Anglorum libri quinque (in Latin). London: Longman. p. 44.
- ^ "Encyclical of Pope Benedict XV on St. Ephrem the Syrian". 5 October 1920. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
- ^ Führer, Markus (20 March 2006). "Albert the Great (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)". Retrieved 16 March 2016.
- ^ "Proclamation of Saint Teresa of Avila Doctor of the Church". 27 September 1970. Retrieved 15 March 2016.
- ^ McCarthy, Emer. "Pope Francis declares Armenian saint Doctor of the Church". Vatican Radio. Retrieved 23 February 2015.
- ^ CNA. "Pope Francis to declare St. Irenaeus a Doctor of the Church". Catholic News Agency. Retrieved 7 October 2021.
- ^ Francis, Pope (21 January 2022). "Decree of the Holy Father for the conferral of the title of Doctor of the Church on Saint Irenaeus of Lyon". The Vatican Press Agency. Retrieved 21 January 2022.
- ^ Esteves, Junno Arocho; Vida, Melissa (15 October 2018). "Salvadoran archbishop asks pope to make Romero 'doctor of the church'". Angelus. Retrieved 15 January 2024.
- ^ "Polish bishops call for John Paul II to be named a doctor of the Church".
- ^ "Benedetto XVI, Bagnasco: spero sia proclamato "dottore della Chiesa"". Vatican News (in Italian). 5 January 2023. Retrieved 25 January 2024.
- ^ ""Sia dottore della Chiesa". Che titolo può avere ora Benedetto XVI". ilGiornale (in Italian). 5 January 2023. Retrieved 25 January 2024.
- ^ "Faccia a faccia tra il papa e Georg Gänswein". laRegione (in Italian). 3 January 2024. Retrieved 25 January 2024.
- ^ McKeown, Jonah (16 November 2023). "U.S. bishops express strong support for proposal to name Newman a doctor of the Church". Catholic News Agency. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
- ISBN 9780567657381.
- ISBN 9781618636768– via Google Books.
- ISBN 9781586171117– via Google Books.
- Benedict XVI (2007). "Spe Salvi". The Holy See.
- ^ Prot. Num. VAR. 7479/14.
- ^ Edward Aloysius Pace (1913). . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ^ Major, Tom (12 May 2012). "Major's Saint of the Day: May 12 – Feast of Saints Epiphanius and Dominic de la Calzada".
- ISBN 9781610974912– via Google Books.
- ^ "THE 33 DOCTORS OF THE CHURCH, by Fr Christopher Rengers". AD2000.
- ^ "Marutha of Maypherqat – ܡܪܘܬܐ ܕܡܝܦܪܩܛ (d. 420 or 421)". The Syriac Biographical Dictionary. Retrieved 18 March 2021.
- ISBN 9781621893653– via Google Books.
- ISBN 9780813229652– via Google Books.
- ^ Pudichery, A. Sylvester (7 June 1972). "Ramsa: An Analysis and Interpretation of the Chaldean Vespers". Dharmaram College – via Google Books.
- ^ "Feast of the Three Holy Fathers, Great Hierarchs and Ecumenical Teachers, Basil the Great, Gregory the Theologian, and John Chrysostom". Greek Orthodox Archiocese of America. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
- ISBN 978-0-203-11938-9. Archived from the original(PDF) on 24 September 2016. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
- ^ "СОБОР ТРЕХ РУССКИХ СВЯТИТЕЛЕЙ – Древо". drevo-info.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 19 May 2023.
- ^ "Saints and Feasts". Armenian Church Catholicosate of Cilicia Antelias – Lebanon. Retrieved 12 November 2015.
- ^ "E-Sunday Bulletin of St. Sarkis Armenian Apostolic Church". myemail.constantcontact.com.
- ISBN 9780567664150– via Google Books.
- ^ "Movses Dasxurants'i, History of the Aghuans, Armenian History, Caucasus History, Aghuan History, Iranian History, Atrpatakan, Azerbaijan, Dasxurantsi, Caucasian Albania, Ancient, Medieval, Armenia, Persia, Iran". www.attalus.org.
- ^ Visit to the Armenian Apostolic Patriarchate and meeting with His Beatitude Patriarch Mesrob II, Greeting of the Holy Father Address of Pope Benedict XVI.,30 November 2006, on the website vatican.va (pdf). Access date 18 March 2021.
- ISBN 9781838609344– via Google Books.
- ^ Common Worship (Main Volume), p. 530.
Further reading
- Frederick George Holweck, A Biographical Dictionary of the Saints. St. Louis, MO: B. Herder Book Co., 1924.
External links
- "Doctors of the Catholic Church". Archived from the original on 18 May 2005.
- "1917 Catholic Encyclopedia: Doctor of the Church". Archived from the original on 2 February 2000.
- Connor, Ft. Charles P. (ed.). "Doctors of the Church". EWTN. Archived from the original on 15 September 2008.
- "Selected writings of the Doctors of the Church" (in English, German, Italian, and Spanish). Archived from the original on 1 July 2018.