Dome of the Chain
Dome of the Chain (
It was built by the
Architecture
The building consists of a domed structure with two concentric open arcades, that is: with no lateral walls closing it in. The dome, resting on a hexagonal drum, is made of
The columns and capitals used in the structure date to pre-Islamic times.[1] The Umayyad design of the building has largely remained unaltered by later restorations.[1]
History
Construction date
The Dome of the Chain is counted among the most ancient buildings standing on the Al Aqsa Mosque enclave and was built by the Umayyads.[4] The original floor is on the same level as the floor of the Umayyad Dome of the Rock, the column bases are similar to those of other Umayyad buildings and all date to the same period, and the position of the Dome of the Chain seems to correlate well with the original[4] and current mihrab of al-Aqsa Mosque[2] (see Omphalos). Additionally, the earliest Muslim source found to date (ʿAbd al-Malik ibn Habīb, writing in 852 CE) clearly attributes the building to Umayyad caliph Abd al-Malik.[4]
Umayyad period
Ibn Habib, an Arab scholar from the
Crusader/Ayyubid period
When the
Mamluk, Ottoman periods and later
The structure was renovated by the Mamluk sultan
Religious significance
David's and Solomon's Place of Judgment
The tradition connecting the Dome with King David and his court of justice is strictly Islamic, and all its sources date to the Early Muslim period.[5]
3 Muslim sources, from
According to Mujir ad-Din (15th century), the Dome of the Chain owes its name to an ancient legend connecting it to King Solomon.
Among the wonders of the Holy House is the chain, which Solomon, son of David, suspended between Heaven and Earth, to the east of the Rock, where the Dome of the Chain now stands. The chain had one characteristic. If two men approached it to solve a point of litigation, only the honest and upright man could take hold of it; the unjust man saw it move out of his reach.[3]
Mujir ad-Din offers an explanation to why the chain is no more there: A man refused to return 100 golden dinars to the rightful owner. He melted down the coins, pouring the gold into his walking-stick. Before swearing that he has repaid his due, he asked the owner to hold his stick, and the chain allowed him to touch it. After giving back the stick to the liar, the money's owner swore that the gold had not been returned to him, while also holding the chain. With people present at the trial baffled over how both testimonies could have been true, the chain withdrew to heaven in disgust.[3]
Much earlier than Mujir ad-Din, Wahb ibn Munabbih (d. 725–37), a transmitter of Israʼiliyyat and probable convert from Judaism, offers a drier explanation, writing that the chain was withdrawn still during David's lifetime and would return at the End of Days.[5]
Muhammad Meeting the Maidens of Jannah
According to al-Wasiti, one tradition identifies this location as the place where Muhammad, on his night journey to Jerusalem, met the black eyed maidens of Paradise (hur al-'ayn).[6]
Omphalos
The Dome stands exactly at the geometric centre of the esplanade which houses the al-Aqsa compound, the Haram, at the spot where the two central axes meet.[2][4] The central axes connect the centres of the opposing sides, and the Dome is also perfectly aligned on the long (approximately north-south) axis with what is presumed to be the oldest mihrab of the al-Aqsa Mosque.[4] This mihrab stands inside the 'Mosque of Omar', i.e. the southeastern section of the al-Aqsa Mosque, which corresponds by tradition to the earliest mosque built on the Al Aqsa Mosque enclave.[4] The 'mihrab of Omar' as seen today stands exactly in the middle of the qibla wall of the Temple Mount.[4][7] It has been speculated that once the Dome of the Rock was built, the location of the main mihrab inside al-Aqsa Mosque has been repositioned on an axis with the centre of the Dome of the Rock, as it is until today, but the old position is preserved by the separate mihrab of the 'Mosque of Omar'.[4]
According to these considerations, the Dome of the Chain is located at the
Site of Last Judgment
In Islamic tradition the Dome of the Chain marks the place where in the "end of days" the Last Judgment will take place, with a chain allowing passage only to the just and stopping all the sinful.[2]
Umayyad symbolism
The placement of the Dome of the Chain at the omphalos of the holy precinct, the traditional place of Davidic justice, would have been indicative of the notion that the Umayyad Caliphs were direct descendants of the "Children of Ishmael", to which power would have been passed from the "Children of Israel". The Umayyads wanted to portray themselves as the inheritors of "Davidic justice", making them the rulers of the Day of Judgement. It is notable that the Dome of the Chain was reportedly where the Caliphs
The tradition of David's chain is rooted strictly in Islamic sources from the Early Muslim period, a fact suggesting that it was intentionally created to support Umayyad attempts at legitimising their rule.[5]
Theories
Some have claimed that the Dome of the Chain might have been built even before Islam took hold in Jerusalem.[2] Myriam Rosen-Ayalon was the first to notice its location in the center of the complex, and theorized that it might be connected to the original Jewish Temple or traditions surrounding it.[4]
The exact historical use of the dome is still widely debated. The Dome of the Chain has been speculated to have had a series of different purposes, which have not been confirmed. Thought by tradition to mark a place of holy judgment, it is speculated in Muslim sources to have been used in Umayyad times as a treasury, or a model for the construction of the Dome of the Rock.[4] A 2015 Waqf brochure suggests that it was used as a lounge for the architects and builders of the Dome of the Rock.[10] The Travels of a student of Nachmanides (ca. 1400) says that "In front of the temple [i.e. the Dome of the Rock] to the east is a building of pillars and a dome upon them. Seemingly this is because it is the site of the outer altar which stood in the Court of the Israelites [in the Second Temple]. We saw the Arabs dancing there on their festival day, 3,000 or so of them . . ."[11]
Treasury
A theory that has been created about the Dome of the Chain's historical usage is that it could have been a treasury, or bayt al-māl. Some scholars, such as Muthīr al-Gharām and Mujīr al-Dīn speculate that the building could have been used as a traditional treasury, however the open structure of the building has created doubts amongst art historians on this interpretation.[12] Ahmad al-Wasiti, writing around 1019, lists among the buildings standing in the Haram grounds the Dome of the Chain and the Treasury, therefore drawing a clear distinction between the two.[12]
Umayyad treasuries were built next to the mosques, and the Dome of the Rock is not a mosque.[12] The typical Umayyad treasury was often built as a closed structure, with one row of columns and a dome. The Dome of the Chain has a dome, like typical treasuries, but has an open structure and two rows of columns, which has led this theory to be abandoned by historians.[citation needed]
Model for the Dome of the Rock
The first Muslim scholar to present the theory that the Dome of the Chain has been built as a small-scale model of the Dome of the Rock, constructed next to the building site of the larger structure, was Mujīr al-Dīn in 1496 CE.[12] This is quite late in history, it seems to be his own invention, and it has since been disproved.[12] A model would not have been left standing after the completion of the actual building, nor does the open structure of the Dome of the Chain mirror the layout of the Dome of the Rock.[12]
Like the Dome of the Rock, the Dome of the Chain consists of two concentric polygons, with columns bound together by arcades and wooden beams.[citation needed] The Dome of the Rock is three times the size of the Dome of the Chain and the ground plan and height are relatively proportional.[citation needed] What goes against this theory is the contrast between the perfect octagonal symmetry of both archways of the Dome of the Rock, and the mix of a hexagonal inner arcade and an (initially) fourteen-sided[clarification needed] outer one for the Dome of the Chain.[citation needed] The open structure, lacking walls, is an additional issue, along with the extreme proximity of the two, the smaller structure staying in the way of the builders of the larger one.[4] There are other late sources presenting it as a model, but they are not deemed convincing by modern scholars.[4]
Later use
Umayyad site for the oath of allegiance
See Umayyad symbolism.
Ottoman courthouse
In the sixteenth century, the first century of Ottoman rule in the Levant, the Dome of the Chain was used as a courthouse, reconnecting to the old tradition of Davidic justice at the site.[5]
Gallery
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Dome of the Chain, interior detail
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Dome of the Chain with Dome of the Rock detail behind
See also
Also in the compound:
Others:
- "Tower of David", the citadel of Jerusalem, associated with the Koranic Miḥrāb Dāʾūd, David's upper room or prayer place
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Pringle (1993), pp. 182–185
- ^ a b c d e f g h Archnet: Qubba al-Silsila
- ^ a b c Murphy-O'Connor (2008), p. 97
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Rosen-Ayalon (1989), pp. 25–29
- ^ a b c d e f Mostafa (2017), p. 1
- ^ Fadā'il Bayt al-Maqdis, pp. 74-75, no. 119.
- ^ Tillier (2018), pp. 341–365
- ^ a b Mostafa (2017), p. 11
- ^ Grabar (2017), p. 39
- ^ Official guide (2015), p. 24
- ^ "HebrewBooks.org Sefer Detail: מסעות ארץ ישראל -- יערי, אברהם, 1899–1966". hebrewbooks.org. p. 81ff. Retrieved 10 February 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f Rosen-Ayalon (1989), p. 27
Bibliography
- Archnet. "Qubba al-Silsila". Retrieved 7 December 2020.
- Official guide (2015). "The Dome of the Chain (no. 9)" (PDF). A Guide to Al-Aqsa Mosque (Al-Haram Ash-Sharif). The Hashemite Fund for the Building and Maintenance of the Blessed Aqsa Mosque and the Noble Dome of the Rock, Amman; Department of Awqaf and Islamic Affairs, Jerusalem; Palestinian Academic Society for the Study of International Affairs (PASSIA), Jerusalem. p. 24. Retrieved 16 March 2021.
- ISBN 978-1-315-25728-0, retrieved 8 November 2020
- Mostafa, Heba (8 October 2017). "From the Dome of the Chain to Miḥrāb Dāʾūd: The Transformation of an Umayyad Commemorative Site at the Haram al-Sharif in Jerusalem". Muqarnas Online. 34 (1): 1–22. JSTOR 26551692.
- )
- )
- Rosen-Ayalon, Myriam (1989). "The Early Islamic Monuments of al-Ḥaram Al-Sharīf: An Iconographic Study". Qedem. 28: 25–29. JSTOR 43588798.
- Tillier, Mathieu (2018), "'Abd al-Malik, Muḥammad et le Jugement dernier: le dôme du Rocher comme expression d'une orthodoxie islamique", Les vivants et les morts dans les sociétés médiévales (in French), Éditions de la Sorbonne, pp. 341–365, ISBN 979-1-03-510092-6
External links
- A virtual reality model of the interior and exterior can be explored on Sketchfab.
- Photos of the Dome of the Chain at the Manar al-Athar photo archive
Media related to Dome of the Chain at Wikimedia Commons