Domenico Losurdo

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Domenico Losurdo
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Domenico Losurdo (14 November 1941 – 28 June 2018) was an Italian

Marxist
philosopher, and communist politician.

Life and career

Born in

Hegelian International Association Hegel-Marx for Dialectical Thought. Losurdo was also a member of the Leibniz Society of Sciences in Berlin (an association in the tradition of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz's Prussian Academy of Sciences) as well as director of the Marx XXI political-cultural association.[4] Losurdo died on 28 June 2018 at the age of 76 due to brain cancer.[5][6]

From

African-American and Native American question,[9] Losurdo was also a participant in national and international politics.[10] Historian David Broder described Losurdo as "already among the most renowned Italian Marxists at the international level, as a richly partisan historian of philosophy ... ."[11] Philosopher Daniel Tutt described Losurdo as "a renowned Marxist historian and philosopher" who "pioneered a distinctive method of historiography and intellectual history." Tutt wrote "Losurdo made his scholarly mark in philosophical works as well as historical studies of important thinkers from John Locke and Hannah Arendt, to biographical and historical studies of Joseph Stalin. His scholarship on Hegel and modernity is considered an exemplary contribution to Hegel scholarship and he has published widely on topics such as conceptions of class struggle throughout history and the evolution of nonviolence in modern political life."[12]

A

G. W. F. Hegel,[18] in an attempt to re-propose the legacy in the wake of György Lukács in particular,[19] as well as the reaffirmation of the interpretation of German and non-German Marxism (Antonio Gramsci and the brothers Bertrando and Silvio Spaventa),[20] with incursions into the sphere of Nietzschean thought (the reading of a radical aristocratic Friedrich Nietzsche)[21] and Heideggerian thought,[22] in particular the question of Martin Heidegger's adhesion to Nazism.[23]

Losurdo's philosophical-political reflection, attentive to the contextualization of philosophical thought in his own historical time, moved in particular from the themes of radical criticism of

Stalinist purges to a "disease" originating from the French Revolution). According to Losurdo, the intention of these revisionists is to eradicate the revolutionary tradition as their true motivations have little to do with the search for a greater understanding of the past but rather it lies in both the climate and ideological needs of the political classes and is most evident in the work of the English-speaking imperial revivalists, such as Niall Ferguson and Paul Johnson. His 2015 book War and Revolution, published by Verso Books, provided a new perspective on the English, American, French, Russian, and anti-colonial revolutions.[24]

Losurdo turned his attention to the political history of modern German philosophy from Kant to Karl Marx and the debate that developed in Germany in the second half of the 19th and in the 20th century as well as a reinterpretation of the tradition of liberalism, in particular starting from the criticism and accusations of hypocrisy addressed to John Locke for his financial participation in the Atlantic slave trade.[25] Taking up what Arendt stated in her 1951 book The Origins of Totalitarianism, Losurdo argued that the 20th century's true original sin was the New Imperialism in the form of colonial empire of the late 19th century, where totalitarianism and internment manifested for the first time.[26] Diego Pautasso wrote that after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Losurdo "devoted himself to four areas of research: 1) critique of liberalism and the fight against the belief that liberals they were at the forefront of democratic struggles; 2) balance of socialist experiences (USSR, China); 3) criticism of colonialism, imperialism and 'the various forms of subjugation of peoples to Washington and its allies'; 4) the critique of the contemporary left, in particular of 'Western Marxism', which would have 'neglected the great problems of its time', abandoned the 'class struggle and the struggle against imperialism' and embraced 'the narratives of globalization.'"[27]

Upon Losurdo's death in 2018, Gianni Fresu wrote that "from the classics of philosophy to the debate around the figure of Stalin; from the analysis of the role of China to historical revisionism; from liberal thinking to the issues of Bonapartism and modern democracy; from the history of Western thought to the problems of colonialism and imperialism ... Losurdo's studies of historical materialism, as well as those of Kant, Hegel, Heidegger and Nietzsche, are a fundamental milestone in the history of ideas and events of human societies, such is their scientific seriousness and intellectual autonomy, their problematic richness and interpretative complexity."[28]

Ideas and research

According to Losurdo, despecification is the exclusion of an

group from the civilian community. There are two types of despecification:[9]

For Losurdo, naturalistic despecification is qualitatively worse than the political-moral. While the latter offers at least one escape through the change of

American Holocaust (i.e. the genocide of Native Americans in the United States through the continued deportation to the west with the Indian removal and diffusion of smallpox), as well as other mass exterminations such as the Armenian genocide.[9]

Losurdo was a strong critic of the equation of

Sergey Kirov] he is ... a potential 'citizen.'"[29][33]

Taking up the opinion of

war crimes and crimes against humanity just like – if not worse than – those attributed to Joseph Stalin.[29] Losurdo also took a critical view of Mahatma Gandhi and his nonviolent resistance.[34][35]

Autophobia was a concept developed by Losurdo to describe how sometimes victims tend to appropriate the point of view of their oppressors and begin to despise and hate themselves. The concept of autophobia was primarily developed within the framework of the study of

political parties that have suffered defeat. Losurdo stated his belief that communists suffer from autophobia, defined as a fear of themselves and their own history, a pathological problem that must be faced, unlike healthy self-criticism.[36][37]

In excerpts from a conference, organized in 2003, to re-evaluate the figure of Stalin fifty years after his death, Losurdo harshly criticized the revelations contained in

Secret Speech". According to Losurdo, Stalin's bad reputation derived not from the crimes committed by the latter – which he compared to others of that time – but from the falsehoods present in the report that Khrushchev read during the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in February 1956. Losurdo gave credit to one of the main accusations that were at the base of the bloody repression against his opponents, i.e. the existence of the "full-bodied reality of the fifth column" in the Soviet Union ready to ally with the enemy.[38] Losurdo reiterated that he did not want to rehabilitate Stalin, but only to place him in the historical context and present a more neutral analysis of the facts, implementing a revisionism of the general experience of real socialism,[31] considered as a past to be studied for the purpose of understanding the future dynamics of socialism.[29][31][39]

Political views

Ideologically a

class struggle by paying attention to the process of female emancipation and colonized peoples.[40] Losurdo saw the Chinese economic reform as a new NEP that "did not undermine its socialist values."[14]

Close first to the Italian Communist Party, then to the Communist Refoundation Party, and finally to the Party of Italian Communists, conflated in the Communist Party of Italy and in the Italian Communist Party, of which he was a member,[41] Losurdo was also director of the Marx XXI political-cultural association.[42]

Throughout his life he was strongly opposed to

Western colonialism.[43]

Works

Aristocratic Rebel

In Aristocratic Rebel (2002), Losurdo criticized much of Nietzschean thought in the contemporary world, in particular, left-Nietzscheanism, whose influence on the left was a major problem because "it hollows out rationalist-oriented socialist thought and praxis and it often leads to an abandoning of universalism in favour of 'spiritual' interpretations of political struggle." This critique came from the application of Nietzsche by Italian leftists such as Giorgio Colli and Gianni Vattimo, although left-Nietzscheanism is beyond just that setting.[12]

Tutt wrote, "[o]ne must read Losurdo's Aristocratic Rebel by staying true to his own method, that is, the political context of Losurdo's debates and polemics on the Italian left shape much of his critiques of Nietzschean thought in the contemporary world, especially left-Nietzscheanism." Tutt wrote "[w]hile Losurdo's comments on contemporary left-Nietzscheanism are brief, the convincing portrait of Nietzsche the book details generate ample material by which a new generation of Marxist philosophers and historians can begin to re-visit Nietzsche and the tradition of left-Nietzscheanism in particular."[12]

Historical Revisionism

In Historical Revisionism (1996), Losurdo criticised the historical revisionism of authors such as François Furet and Ernst Nolte. Similar to how Enzo Traverso spoke of a Second Thirty Years' War (1914–1945) following Arno J. Mayer, Losurdo used the image of the Second Thirty Years War to use as "an expression that historians often use to denote the period of colossal upheavals between 1914 and 1945."[44] Losurdo accused Furet and Nolte for their theory that the Russian Revolution started the European Civil War in 1917 so that the conflict between Bolshevism and Nazism is emphasized and only the former is blamed. In doing so, these revisionist historians omitted two main moments that for Losurdo are indispensable in understanding the Second Thirty Years' War, namely the total war as an experience shared by all those involved in the war and colonialism as a common modern European phenomenon on the other. Losurdo compared Adolf Hitler's struggle for Lebensraum in the East with the acquisition of a German India to the American frontier as part of the American conquest to the Pacific.[45]

Echoing Traverso, who wrote that "Eastern Europe certainly represented the 'living space' that one wanted to colonize, but this conquest implied the annihilation of the USSR and Bolshevism, a state and an ideology which the Nazis saw as the product of a connection between 'Jewish intelligentsia' and Slavic 'sub-humanity.' So this total war was at the same time a war of conquest, a war of race and a colonial war", Losurdo argued that the European Jews got into this colonialist scenario as "Oriental natives", stating: "The fact that the fate of the Jews has been sealed by their double stigmatization as oriental 'natives' and as carriers of oriental Bolshevism is not at all considered."[46]

Liberalism: A Counter-History

Main article: Liberalism: A Counter-History

In

imperialist policies of the Western world. Losurdo examined the intellectual and political positions of intellectuals on modernity. In his view, Immanuel Kant and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel were the greatest thinkers of modernity, while Friedrich Nietzsche was its greatest critic.[26]

Liberalism: A Counter-History received a number of positive reviews from both academic[47][48][49] and popular presses.[50][51]

Stalin: History and Critique of A Black Legend

In Stalin: History and Critique of A Black Legend (2008), Losurdo stimulated a debate about

socialist states, in the dock together, serving the anti-communism of Cold War-era intellectuals rather than reflecting intellectual research.[52]

As a

Khrushchev report that "cast the god into hell." According to Losurdo, it was a document originating in the internal struggle in the leadership of the party, therefore lacking in credibility.[53]

Writing for

charlatanism, puting his book on the same level as the works of Grover Furr and Ludo Martens, while contrasting it with what called more serious authors, like Robert W. Thurston and J. Arch Getty.[54]

The book rendered Losurdo's polarising view. O Globo summarized that Losurdo has been "[p]raised for his criticism of liberalism by some, and accused of Stalinism by others. ... From liberals to the far left, everyone has an adjective on the tip of their tongue (or fingers) to refer to Caetano's new favourite author: Stalinist, revolutionary, farcical, anti-imperialist, revisionist. For some, the Italian was a champion of socialism who denied the farces propagated by liberalism. For others, he was a defender of the crimes of the Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin (1878-1953) and of Chinese authoritarianism." O Globo wrote that Losurdo compared the crimes of Stalin with those of liberalism (genocides sponsored by capitalist nations, concentration camps maintained by the colonial powers, and war crimes) and argued that in the end, it is the liberals who have the dirtiest or worst track record.[27]

A review written in April 2009 by Guido Liguori in Liberazione (the official organ of the Communist Refoundation Party) of his book, in which Losurdo criticized the demonisation of Stalin carried out by the predominant historiography and tried to remove it from what he calls "the black legend about him", was at the center of a controversy within the drafting of the aforementioned review. A storm of protests ensued when around twenty editors sent a letter of protest to the editor of the newspaper in which they criticized both Losurdo's attempt at Stalin's rehabilitation in his book and Liguori's review (judged to be too positive with respect to the book) as well as with the choice of the editor of the newspaper to publish said review.[55] The book was criticized for its claims, and the methodology used, by Valerio Evangelisti, Antonio Moscato [it], Niccolò Pianciola, and Andrea Romano.[39][56][57][58]

Losurdo's view that

Stalinist purges by Cicero Araujo[61] and Mario Maestri.[62][63] Losurdo's work has been praised by Grover Furr, who started a mutual friendship with Losurdo, whom Furr praised especially for his 2008 book on Stalin. Losurdo continued to cooperate with Furr, introducing him to an Italian publisher who published the Italian translation of Furr's book Khrushchev Lied in 2016, with Losurdo's introduction. Additionally, Losurdo wrote a blurb for the back cover of Furr's 2013 book The Murder of Sergei Kirov and an introduction to the book which remains unpublished.[64]

Western Marxism

In Western Marxism, Losurdo outlined a split between

Eastern Marxism. Losurdo criticized Western Marxism for "hav[ing] 'neglected the great problems of its time', abandoning the 'class struggle and the struggle against imperialism', and embracing 'the narratives of globalization'".[27]

Controversy and debate

The book about Stalin caused some controversy and debate internationally, especially in Brazil and Germany, with critics such as Marxist historian

neo-Stalinist."[65][66][67] Professor Araujo Cicero wrote that Losurdo "recognizes 'tragedy and horror' from the years when the Soviet Union was led by Stalin" but accused Losurdo's work of being a defence of "the main decisions [Stalin] made over the almost thirty years he was at the head of the country after Lenin's death."[61] Historian Mario Maestri wrote that "[m]uch of the reference and support bibliography used by Losurdo consists of revisionist, denialist and openly conservative and anti-communist authors and/or researchers ... of questionable reputation", citing The Black Book of Communism and Curzio Malaparte as examples.[62][68] Author Andreas Wehr [de] does not consider these accusations tenable, as Losurdo did not in any way deny the crimes during the Stalin era and described them in detail.[69]

The publication in the communist newspaper Liberazione of a positive review by Guido Liguori on Losurdo's book about Stalin caused a crisis in the paper's editorial staff: twenty journalists wrote a letter to the editor Dino Greco, criticizing what they perceived as Losurdo's attempts at Stalin's rehabilitation, alongside Liguori's review (which they perceived as too positive) and Greco's decision to publish it.[70] Losurdo's work was also derided by Italian liberal journalist Andrea Romano, who accused Losurdo and Luciano Canfora of "trying to create a harmless Stalinism".[71]

About Losurdo's work on Stalin, Cicero wrote that "[u]nlike the typical old-time Stalinist, Losurdo does not evade a series of crimes committed by the regime and its dictator, nor does it qualify them simply as 'mistakes'. Also unlike the classic Stalinist, the author is not concerned with showing the coherence of his practices with Marxism or Leninism." Cicero further stated "it is the ability and perspicacity to face realistically the great problems of your country and its time – even against the most ingrained beliefs and utopias of your former travel companions – that the book seeks to highlight. In spite of all the barbarities committed, Stalin and his regime leave their multifaceted assessment with a positive balance." Cicero argued that this was not because "they knew how to build possible socialism, the famous 'socialism in one country", but "for the simple reason that they managed to build a state and a society sufficiently vertebrate to face the chaos of the Russian 'second period of disorder' and the European 'second war of the thirties', with its most deadly by-product (Nazism), were it not for that tremendous endeavour, albeit a bloody one, it was destined to destroy the Slavic nations to the east." Cicero wrote that "Stalin and Stalinism are, in short, defended for reasons to which any admirer of State-building as a good in itself, regardless of its ideological purposes and justifications, should surrender. 'Socialism in one country' becomes, in this sense, just a formula that the dictator and his supporters improvised to fit this elementary task to the language that was understandable to them."[61]

Bernardo Vargaftiq of Esquerda Online praised Losurdo for Liberalism: A Counter-History and his work on capitalism, colonialism, and liberalism, stating that "books like 'The Counterhistory of Liberalism' are positive, exposing liberalism ... in an energetic and very well documented way" and "[t]he examples given by Losurdo of the extreme reactionary nature of so-called liberals, including people often cited laudably, such as Toqueville, are edifying."[72] While stating that "reading these books on Liberalism and Bonapartism is useful to historians and Marxists in general, they illustrate the history of capitalism in very convincing detail", Vargaftiq referred to Losurdo as a "neo-Stalinist chic", and criticized him for making a nationalist rather than Marxist analysis, for supporting the fifth column theory, and in general for his dismissive views of Trotskyism.[73]

About Losurdo's work on Western Marxism, Marxist historian Mario Maestri wrote that this is "a false split and a false controversy", and accused Losurdo of replacing "the proletarian internationalism and class struggles of the 'Western Marxists' with the unified nation – that is, bourgeoisie and united proletarians – in the name of national developmentalism – as if development, as well as science and technology, were ideologically neutral and not dictated by the interests of the dominant versus the dominated classes."[62] Maestri, who defends the thesis "we live in a historical counterrevolutionary phase", whose "milestones were the capitalist restoration in China in 1978 under the leadership of reformer Deng Xiaoping and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1992 – events that consolidated the globalization of capitalism", accused Losurdo of presenting "an apology for the capitalism of the Chinese Communist Party and its many business projects in Asia, Africa and Latin America", establishing this "as the only alternative for its economic development and the only way for the emancipation of European and American imperialism." According to Maestri, Losurdo defended that "the working classes of the countries on the periphery of the capital – Asia, Africa and Latin America – give up their political independence and pragmatically ally themselves with the capitalism of the Chinese CP."[62]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Losurdo Domenico" (in Italian). University of Urbino. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 22 January 2011.
  2. ^ Broder, David (October 2017). "Eastern Light on Western Marxism". New Left Review (107): 131–146.
  3. ^ "Faculties: Faculty of Education". University of Urbino. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 22 January 2011.
  4. ^ "Cordoglio per la scomparsa di Domenico Losurdo" (in Italian). Il Metauro. 1 July 2018. Retrieved 20 May 2019.
  5. ^ "PCI Ancona: cordoglio per la scomparsa del Compagno Losurdo" [PCI Ancona: condolences for the disappearance of Compagno Losurdo] (in Italian). Italian Communist Party. 28 June 2018. Retrieved 7 October 2018.
  6. ^ "Scienza e militanza. Un ricordo di Domenico Losurdo" [Science and militancy. A memory of Domenico Losurdo]. MicroMega (in Italian). 28 June 2018. Retrieved 20 May 2019.
  7. ^ a b c "A militant and a scholar. Remembering Domenico Losurdo (1941–2018)". Verso Books. 29 June 2018. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
  8. ISBN 978-88-420-8191-3
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  9. ^ a b c Losurdo, Domenico (1999). L'ebreo, il nero e l'indio nella storia dell'Occidente [The Jew, the Black and the Indian in the history of the West] (in Italian). Urbino: Quattro venti.
  10. ^ a b c "Domenico Losurdo" (in Italian). Blogger. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
  11. ^ a b c Broder, David (2 July 2018). "Domenico Losurdo (1941–2018)". Jacobin. Retrieved 20 March 2019.
  12. ^ a b c d Tutt, Daniel (2018). "Nietzsche in His Time: The Struggle Against Socratism and Socialism". Historical Materialism. Retrieved 1 December 2020.
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  14. ^ a b c d Liguori, Guido (1 July 2018). "Domenico Losurdo, A Marxist Philosopher Against the Current". Translated by Broder, David. Il manifesto. Retrieved 1 December 2020 – via Verso Books.
  15. ^ Liguori, Guido (29 June 2018). "Domenico Losurdo, il filosofo marxista controcorrente". Il manifesto (in Italian). Retrieved 23 May 2019.
  16. ^ Renda, Rosalinda (7 July 2018). "Domenico Losurdo, un marxista eterodosso". La Città Futura (in Italian). Retrieved 23 May 2019.
  17. ^ Losurdo, Demonico (1983). Autocensura e compromesso nel pensiero politico di Kant (in Italian). Naples: Bibliopolis.
  18. ISBN 88-359-3571-7
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  19. ^ Losurdo, Domenico; Salvucci, Pasquale; Sichirollo, Livio (1992). Gyorgy Lukacs nel centenario della nascita, 1885-1985 (in Italian). Urbino: Quattro venti.
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  21. ^ Losurdo, Domenico (2002). Nietzsche. Il ribelle aristocratico (in Italian).
  22. ^ Losurdo, Domnico (1991). La comunità, la morte, l'Occidente. Heidegger e l'ideologia della guerra (in Italian).
  23. ^ Losurdo, Domenico (19 March 2014). "Heidegger's black notebooks aren't that surprising". The Guardian. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
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  25. ^ Losurdo, Domenico (2003). Dalla teoria della dittatura del proletariato al gulag? (in Italian). In Marx, Karl; Engels, Friedrich. Manifesto del partito comunista. Translation and introduction by Losurdo. Bari: Editori Laterza. p. XL.
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  27. ^ a b c Sousa Gabriel, Ruan (18 September 2020). "Quem é Domenico Losurdo, o filósofo italiano que encantou Caetano Veloso". O Globo (in Portuguese). Retrieved 26 December 2020.
  28. ^ Fresu, Gianni (27 September 2018). "Morre, em 28/06/18, o filósofo marxista Domenico Losurdo" (in Portuguese). Federal University of Uberlândia. Retrieved 26 December 2020 – vua Instituto de Filosofia UFU.
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  30. ^ Brignoli, Maurizio (1 May 2005). "Losurdo, Domenico, Il linguaggio dell'impero. Lessico dell'ideologia" (in Italian). Archived 10 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine
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    .
  32. ^ Losurdo, Domenico (1998). Popper falso profeta [Popper False Prophet] (in Italian). Armando Editore. p. 158.
  33. ^ Klinestiver, Matthew. "Excerpts from Domenico Losurdo's Stalin: History and Criticism of a Black Legend".
  34. ^ Losurdo, Domenico (2010). La non-violenza. Una storia fuori dal mito (in Italian). Laterza: Roma and Bari.
  35. ^ Losurdo, Domenico; Patrizio, Mari-Ange (1 January 2010). "La non-violenza. Una storia fuori dal mito" (in Italian). L'Ernesto. Marx XXI. Retrieved 21 August 2020.
  36. ^ Losurdo, Domenico (1999). Fuga dalla storia? Il movimento comunista tra autocritica e autofobia (in Italian). p. 6. "Autophobia is also manifested in the ranks of those who, while continuing to declare themselves communists, are obsessed with the desire to reaffirm that they have absolutely nothing to do with a past that they consider themselves to be their political opponents, as quite simply synonymous with abjection. The haughty narcissism of the victors, who transfigure their own history, corresponds to the self-flagellation of the vanquished. [...] Among the various problems which affect the communist movement, that of autophobia is certainly not the least. Let us leave aside the ex-leaders and ex-representatives of the Italian Communist Party (PCI), who sometimes claim to have joined this party in the distant past without ever having been communists."
  37. ^ Losurdo, Domenico (1999). Fuga dalla storia? Il movimento comunista tra autocritica e autofobia (in Italian). p. 7. "It goes without saying that the fight against the plague of autophobia will prove all the more effective as the balance sheet of the great and fascinating historical moment started by the October Revolution will be radically critical and without prejudice. Because, despite their assonances, self-criticism and autophobia are two antithetical attitudes. In its rigor, and even in its radicalism, self-criticism expresses the awareness of the need to settle its accounts until the end with its own history. Autophobia is a cowardly flight from this history and from the reality of the still burning ideological and cultural struggle. If self-criticism is the presupposition of the reconstruction of communist identity, autophobia is synonymous with surrender and renunciation of an autonomous identity."
  38. ^ Giacomini, Ruggero (2005). Stalin nella storia del Novecento (in Italian). Teti Editore. p. 139.
  39. ^ a b Evangelisti, Valerio (14 April 2009). "Domenico Losurdo: Stalin. Storia e critica di una leggenda nera" (in Italian). Carmilla on line. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
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  41. ^ Losudro, Domenico (30 October 2011). "Intervento al 6° Congresso Nazionale del PdCI" (in Italian). Blogger. Retrieved 20 November 2019.
  42. ^ "Il Consiglio Direttivo dell'associazione MarxXXI" (in Italian). Marx XXI. Archived 1 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine
  43. ^ Losurdo, Domenico (10 October 2010). "Il Nobel per la pace a un campione del colonialismo e della guerra" (in Italian). Blogger. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
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  45. ISBN 978-3-89438-365-7
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  46. ISBN 978-3-89438-365-7
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  47. ISSN 1465-4466
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  48. ISSN 1467-8330
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  49. S2CID 140786682
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  50. ^ Clarke, Peter (13 May 2011). "Locke, Stock, and Barrel". Financial Times. Retrieved 5 May 2017. It is a brilliant exercise in unmasking liberal pretensions, surveying over three centuries with magisterial command of the sources
  51. ^ Mishra, Pankaj (2 November 2011). "Books of the Year 2011". The Guardian. Retrieved 5 May 2017. Liberalism: A Counter-History stimulatingly uncovers the contradictions of an ideology that is much too self-righteously invoked.
  52. ^ Losurdo, Domenico (2014). "Towards a Critique of the Category of Totalitarianism". Retrieved 18 May 2019.
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  54. ^ aterraehredonda (2021-02-06). "Como não fazer história". A Terra é Redonda (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2024-01-08.
  55. ^ Liguori, Guido (10 April 2009). Lettere su Stalin (in Italian). Archived 2 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  56. ^ Moscato, Antonio (18 Aprile 2009). La leggenda nera di Losurdo (e le rettifiche di Canfora) (in Italian).
  57. ^ Pianciola, Niccolò. "Stalin. Storia e critica di una leggenda nera, con un saggio di Luciano Canfora" (in Italian). Società Italiana per lo Studio della Storia Contemporanea. Retrieved 23 May 2019.
  58. ^ Romano, Andrea (11 November 2011). "Losurdo, Canfora e lo stalinismo che non fa male". Il Cannocchiale (in Italian). Archived from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 3 August 2020.
  59. ^ Losurdo, Domenico (2010). Stalin: storia critica di una leggenda nera. Translated by Clasen, Jaime A. Rio de Janeiro: Revan. p. 121.
  60. ^ Manoel, Jones. "Autocrítica ou anticomunismo? Aportes teóricos para compreender a autofobia na esquerda brasileira" ["Self-Criticism or Anti-Communism? Theoretical Support to Understand Autophobia on the Brazilian Left"]. Revista Opera (in Portuguese).
  61. ^ a b c Araujo, Cicero (February 2012). "O stalinismo recauchutado de Domenico Losurdo" (in Portuguese). Revista Fevereiro (4). Retrieved 26 December 2020.
  62. ^ a b c d Cotrim, Felipe; Velloso, Gustavo (22 August 2020). "A miséria do negacionismo histórico". A terra é redonda. Retrieved 26 December 2020.
  63. ^ Furr, Grover (1 July 2018). "In Memoriam Domenico Losurdo". Montclair State University. Retrieved 2 December 2020.
  64. ^ Furr, Grover (1 July 2018). "In Memoriam Domenico Losurdo". Montclair State University. Retrieved 2 December 2020.
  65. ^ Jünke, Christoph (August 2000). "Auf zum letzten Gefecht? Zur Kritik an Domenico Losurdos Neostalinismus" (in German). Rosa Luxemburg Foundation. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
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  67. ^ Jünke, Christoph (2014). "Zurück zu Stalin!? Domenico Losurdos Feldzug gegen die Entstalinisierung". Emanzipation (in German). 4 (2): 57–73.
  68. ^ "Fantasma do momento: Losurdo, o 'stalinista' de certos liberais" (in Portuguese). CartaCapital. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
  69. ^ Wehr, Andreas (September 2020). "Scheitern oder Niederlage? Domenico Losurdo über das Verschwinden des realen Sozialismus in Europa und die daraus zu ziehenden Konsequenzen" (in German) ["Failure or Defeat? Domenico Losurdo on the Disappearance of Real Socialism in Europe and the Consequences to be Drawn from It"]. Z. Zeitschrift Marxistische Erneuerung (123): p. 163.
  70. ^ "Lettere su Stalin". Liberazione. Archived from the original on 2010-01-16. Retrieved 2019-05-18.
  71. ^ Romano, Andrea (11 November 2008). "Losurdo, Canfora e lo stalinismo che non fa male". La Stampa. Archived from the original on 2020-08-03.
  72. ^ Vargaftiq, Bernardo (13 September 2020). "Losurdo e o neostalinismo chique". Esqerda Online (in Portuguese). Retrieved 26 December 2020. "He wrote important books on the history of European and American liberalism, showing that his mentors theorized the most rigorous anti-egalitarianism, elections under the regime of legal or practical exclusion of indigenous peoples and blacks and the poor. With slavery, worker exploitation and large-scale commercial shipping, liberal colonial policy allowed the initial development of capitalism. This is another disparaging aspect of so-called liberalism, studied to Losurdo's satisfaction. It is not useless to remember that several tens of millions of inhabitants of present-day Mexico, Brazil and Peru were eliminated by the combined action of the massacres of the conquerors and the infections they transmitted; the same happened with the trafficking of Africans reduced to slavery."
  73. ^ Vargaftiq, Bernardo (13 September 2020). "Losurdo e o neostalinismo chique". Esqerda Online (in Portuguese). Retrieved 26 December 2020. "It is an elegant defense of a 'chic' neo-Stalinism, but a total abandonment of Marxism, which, while not deterministic as it incorporates superstructural influences, clearly indicates that it is the class analysis that allows us to understand social evolution (in this case, the regression). On the other hand, it is interesting to note that Losurdo's Marxism ceases when he examines the figure of Stalin and the political and social developments of the 1990s."

Bibliography

External links
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