Domestic duck

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Domestic duck
Farm in Taiwan
Domesticated
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Anseriformes
Family: Anatidae
Genus: Anas
Species:
A. platyrhynchos
Subspecies:
A. p. domesticus
Trinomial name
Anas platyrhynchos domesticus

The domestic duck (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus) is a subspecies of

eggs. A few are kept for show, as pets, or for their ornamental value. Almost all varieties of domesticated ducks, apart from the domestic Muscovy duck
(Cairina moschata), are descended from the mallard, which was domesticated in China around 2000 BC.

Duck farming is simplified by their reliable flocking behaviour, and their ability to forage effectively for themselves. Over 80% of global duck production is in China. Breeds such as

Indian Runner can produce over 300 eggs per year. In East and Southeast Asia, polycultures such as rice-duck farming are widely practised: the ducks assist the rice with manure and by eating small pest
animals, so that the same land produces rice and ducks at once.

In culture, ducks feature in children's stories such as

fertility symbol
.

Origins

Domestication

Further information: Domestication

Domestic ducks appear from

rice paddy-farming ancestors of modern Southeast Asians, and spread outwards from that region. There are few archaeological records, so the date of domestication is unknown; the earliest written records are in Han Chinese writings from central China dating to about 500 BC. Duck farming for both meat and eggs is a widespread and ancient industry in Southeast Asia.[1]

Wild ducks were hunted extensively in Ancient Egypt and other parts of the world in ancient times, but were not domesticated. Ducks are documented in Ancient Rome from the second century BC, but descriptions – such as by Columella – suggest that ducks in Roman agriculture were tamed, not domesticated; there was no duck breeding in Roman times, so eggs from wild ducks were needed to start duck farms.[3]

Origins of breeds

Further information: List of duck breeds

Most

Cairina moschata, the Muscovy duck, or are mulards, hybrids of these with A. platyrhynchos stock.[2] Domestication has greatly altered their characteristics. Domestic ducks are mostly promiscuous, where wild mallards are monogamous. Domestic ducks have lost the mallard's territorial behaviour, and are less aggressive than mallards.[4][5] Despite these differences, domestic ducks frequently mate with wild mallard, producing fully fertile hybrid offspring.[6] A wild mallard weighs some 1.1 kg (2.4 lb), but large breeds like the Aylesbury may weigh 4.6 kg (10 lb) (and hybrids even more), while small breeds like the Appleyard may be only 0.7 kg (1.5 lb).[2]

Other breeds are purely ornamental, having been selected for their crests, tufts, or striking plumage, for exhibition in competitions.[7]

A

White Pekin duck (a breed derived from ducks domesticated in China), while Muscovy ducks, from another genus, were more distantly related.[8]

Phylogeny of some breeds of duck[8]
part of Anatidae

Muscovy duck

 Cairina moschata 
Mallard

White Pekin

Assam duck

Other Indian breeds (Kuttanad, Keeri, Sanyasi)

 Anas platyrhynchos 
  • White Pekins are raised for meat.
    White Pekins
    are raised for meat.
  • Muscovy ducks produce a richly-flavoured meat, and are kept as pets.
    Muscovy ducks
    produce a richly-flavoured meat, and are kept as pets.
  • Indian Runner ducks stand upright, do not fly, and may produce over 300 eggs per year.[2]
    Indian Runner ducks stand upright, do not fly, and may produce over 300 eggs per year.[2]

Farming

Husbandry

Ducks have been farmed for thousands of years.

duck eggs.[10]: 258  Duck husbandry is simplified by aspects of their behaviour, including reliable flocking and the ability to forage effectively for themselves in wetlands and water bodies.[9]

Ducks may lay some 200 eggs per year,

preen oil to make them waterproof; a chicken does not make as much preen oil as a duck, and an incubator makes none. Once the duckling grows its own feathers, it produces preen oil from the sebaceous gland near the base of its tail.[11]

  • Painting by José Honorato Lozano of duck farms along the Pasig River in the Philippines, 1821
    Painting by José Honorato Lozano of duck farms along the Pasig River in the Philippines, 1821
  • Turning duck eggs in front of incubators, Germany, 1952
    Turning duck eggs in front of incubators, Germany, 1952
  • Fattening ducks to produce foie gras, France, 2012
    Fattening ducks to produce foie gras, France, 2012
  • Duck farm in the Philippines, 2014
    Duck farm in the Philippines, 2014
  • Inspecting duck eggs at a hatchery, Vietnam, 2014
    Inspecting duck eggs at a hatchery, Vietnam, 2014

Systems

rice paddies in Bali, Indonesia provide additional income and manure the fields, reducing the need for fertilizer.[12]
Further information: Rice-duck farming

In East and Southeast Asia, rice-duck farming is widely practised. This polyculture yields both rice and ducks from the same land; the ducks eat small pest animals in crop; they stir the water, limiting weeds, and manure the rice. Other polycultures in the region include rice-fish-duck and rice-fish-duck-azolla systems, where fish further manure the rice and help to control pests.[12][13]

Pests and diseases

A freshwater shrimp with an acanthocephalan (orange) in its body cavity. Ducks eat the shrimps and become infected with the parasites.
Further information: Poultry disease

Domestic ducks have the advantage over other

endoparasites such as trematodes, cestodes,[15] and acanthocephalans. A high parasitic load can result in a substantial reduction in the ducks' growth rate.[16]

Production

In 2021 approximately 4.3 billion ducks were slaughtered for meat worldwide, for a total yield of about 6.2 million tonnes;

chicken – 73.8 billion birds slaughtered, 121.6 million tonnes – but considerably greater than that of geese – about 750 million birds killed for 4.4 million tonnes of meat.[17] Feathers are a by-product of duck farming.[19]

As food

Meat

Main article:
Duck (food)

Since ancient times, the duck has been eaten as food.

sweet bean sauce.[23][24]

Eggs and other products

In France, ducks are used for the production of

czarnina of Poland[26]: 299  and the tiết canh of Vietnam.[19]

Duck eggs are eaten mainly in Asian countries such as China;[10]: 258  in the Philippines, balut – a fertilised duck egg at about 17 days of development, boiled and eaten with salt – is considered a delicacy and is sold as street food.[10]: 53 

In culture

Further information:
Birds in culture

For children

One of Beatrix Potter's illustrations for The Tale of Jemima Puddle-Duck, 1908

The domestic duck has appeared numerous times in children's stories.

Frederick Warne & Co in 1908. One of Potter's best-known books, the tale was included in the Royal Ballet's The Tales of Beatrix Potter.[27] It is the story of how Jemima, a domestic duck, is saved from a cunning fox who plans to kill her, when she tries to find a safe place for her eggs to hatch.[28]
Disney cartoon character Donald Duck, one of the world's most recognizable pop culture icons, is a domestic duck of the American Pekin breed.[30]

The domestic duck features in the musical composition Peter and the Wolf, written by the Russian composer Sergei Prokofiev in 1936. The orchestra illustrates the children's story while the narrator tells it.[31] In this, a domestic duck and a little bird argue on each other's flight capabilities. The duck is represented by the oboe. The story ends with the wolf eating the duck alive, its quack heard from inside the wolf's belly.[32]

The duck theme in Peter and the Wolf: Oboe
\relative c' { \clef treble \time 3/4 \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"oboe" \tempo "L'istesso tempo"4=92 \key aes \major \slashedGrace fes8( ees2.\mf->) | \slashedGrace ees8( d[ des c des] \slashedGrace d g[ f)] | \slashedGrace fes( ees2.->) }

In art and folk culture

Domestic ducks are frequently depicted in wall paintings and grave objects from ancient Egypt.[33] They are featured in a range of ancient artefacts, which revealed that they were a fertility symbol.[34]

References

  1. ^
    PMID 29635409
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  2. ^
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  3. ISBN 9783896466181
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  4. ISBN 978-0-521-08741-4
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  5. ^ DigiMorph Staff (2004). "Anas platyrhynchos, Domestic Duck". University of Texas at Austin. Archived from the original on 27 November 2016. Retrieved 23 December 2012.
  6. ISBN 978-9-400-95931-6
    .
  7. ^ "The best ducks to keep in your garden: in pictures". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 28 June 2017.
  8. ^
    ISSN 0976-0555
    .
  9. ^
    ISBN 978-981-16-6099-3
    .
  10. ^
    ISBN 9780192115799
    .
  11. ^ "Ducks". Poultry Breeds Encyclopedia.
  12. ^ a b Bezemer, Marjolein (23 October 2022). "Mixed farming increases rice yield". reNature Foundation. Archived from the original on 11 October 2019. Retrieved 2 January 2024.
  13. ^ Furuno, Takao (2009). Traditional and modern matters on rice cultivation associated with duck. 6th International Rice–Duck Conference. Cebu, The Philippines. pp. 23–27.
  14. PMID 16704804
    .
  15. ^ Musa, Sharmin; Rahman, Tania; Khanum, Hamida (2012). "Prevalence and intensity of parasites in domestic ducks" (PDF). Dhaka University Journal of Biological Sciences. 21 (2): 197–199.
  16. doi:10.22004/AG.ECON.276489
    .
  17. ^ a b Production Crops Livestock E All Area Groups NOFLAG (large download). Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization. Accessed June 2023. Lines 323–330.
  18. ^ Production Crops Livestock E All Data NOFLAG (large download). Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization. Accessed June 2023. Lines 10405–10406.
  19. ^ a b Duck and Goose from Farm to Table. Washington, DC: Food Safety and Inspection Service of the United States Department of Agriculture. Archived 20 September 2013.
  20. ISBN 978-1-135-95422-2
    .
  21. ISBN 978-2-764-40898-8
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  22. ISBN 978-0-191-01825-1
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  23. ^ "The Evolution of Peking Duck". CBS. 24 September 2006.
  24. ^ "A Cultural Classic: Peking Duck". Globe Trekker. Archived from the original on 17 May 2012. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
  25. ISBN 9780857836960
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  26. ISBN 9781909248557
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  27. ^ Roberts, Laura (16 December 2010). "The Tales of Beatrix Potter performed by The Royal Ballet". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 21 August 2016. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
  28. ISBN 9781854713858
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  29. ^ "Randolph Caldecott Medal". American Library Association. 2021. Retrieved 27 June 2023.
  30. ^ "Pekin Ducks". Oklahoma State University Extension - Department of Food & Animal Sciences. 20 July 2021. Retrieved 27 June 2023.
  31. ISBN 978-1-861-89489-2
    .
  32. ISBN 978-0-735-81189-8
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  33. ISBN 978-0-811-70706-0
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  34. ISBN 978-1-472-92287-8
    .

External links

Media related to Anas platyrhynchos domesticus at Wikimedia Commons

Duck at the Wikibooks Cookbook subproject

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