Dominion of Pakistan
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Pakistan پاکستان ( | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1947–1956[1] | |||||||||
Anthem: parliamentary constitutional monarchy | |||||||||
Monarch | |||||||||
• 1947–1952 | George VI | ||||||||
• 1952–1956 | Elizabeth II | ||||||||
Iskander Mirza | |||||||||
Chaudhry Mohammad Ali | |||||||||
Legislature | Constituent Assembly | ||||||||
History | |||||||||
14 August 1947[2] | |||||||||
23 March 1956 | |||||||||
Area | |||||||||
• Total | 1,030,373 km2 (397,829 sq mi) | ||||||||
Currency | Indian rupee (1947–1948) Pakistani rupee (1948–1956) | ||||||||
| |||||||||
Today part of | Pakistan Bangladesh [a] | ||||||||
The Dominion of Pakistan, officially Pakistan,
Before its independence, Pakistan consisted of those Presidencies and provinces of British India which were allocated to it in the Partition of India. Until 1947, they had been ruled by the United Kingdom as a part of the British Empire.
During the year that followed its independence, the new country was joined by the Princely states of Pakistan ruled by princes who had previously been in subsidiary alliances with the British, which acceded to Pakistan, one by one, with their rulers signing Instruments of Accession. For many years, these states enjoyed a special status within the dominion and later the republic, but they were slowly incorporated into the provinces. The last remnants of their internal self-government had been lost by 1974.
Initially, the Dominion of Pakistan had two wings, one in the East, which is now
The status as a federal dominion within the
History
Partition and independence
Section 1 of the
Before August 1947, about half of the area of present-day Pakistan was part of
More than ten million people migrated across the new borders and between 200,000–2,000,000
In 1947, the
The first formal step to transform Pakistan into an ideological Islamic state was taken in March 1949 when Liaquat Ali Khan introduced the
Political unrest
In a 1948 speech, Jinnah declared that "Urdu alone would be the state language and the lingua franca of the Pakistan state", although at the same time he called for the Bengali language to be the official language of the Bengal province.[19] Nonetheless, tensions began to grow in East Bengal.[19] Jinnah's health further deteriorated and he died in 1948. Bengali leader, Sir Khawaja Nazimuddin succeeded as the governor general of Pakistan.[20]
During a massive political rally in 1951, Prime Minister Ali Khan was
Radcliffe Line and territory
The dominion began as a federation of five provinces:
The controversial
Monarchy and the Commonwealth
Under the
Following George VI's death on 6 February 1952, his elder daughter Princess Elizabeth, who was in Kenya at that time, became the new monarch of Pakistan. During the Queen's
Pakistan abolished the monarchy on the adoption of a
Foreign relations
Territorial problems arose with neighbouring
After gaining Independence, Pakistan vigorously pursued bilateral relations with other Muslim countries
List of heads of state
Monarchs
From 1947 to 1956, Pakistan was a constitutional monarchy. The Pakistani monarch was the same person as the sovereign of the nations in the British Commonwealth of Nations.[44][29]
Portrait | Name | Birth | Reign | Death | Consort | Relationship with Predecessor(s) | Royal House |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
George VI | 14 December 1895 | 14 August 1947 – 6 February 1952 |
6 February 1952 | None (position created); Emperor of India before partition | Windsor | ||
Elizabeth II | 21 April 1926 | 6 February 1952 – 23 March 1956 |
8 September 2022 | Daughter of George VI |
Governors-General
The Governor-General was the representative of the monarch in the Dominion of Pakistan.[45]
Picture | Name
(birth–death) |
Took office | Left office | Appointer |
---|---|---|---|---|
Muhammad Ali Jinnah
(1876–1948) |
15 August 1947 | 11 September 1948 | ||
Sir Khawaja Nazimuddin
(1894–1964) |
14 September 1948 | 17 October 1951 | ||
Sir Ghulam Muhammad
(1895–1956) |
17 October 1951 | 7 August 1955 | ||
Iskander Mirza
(1899–1969) |
7 August 1955 | 23 March 1956 |
See also
Notes
- ^ See territorial exchanges between India and Bangladesh (India–Bangladesh enclaves).
References
- ISBN 978-1107014930. Archivedfrom the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 11 August 2013.
- ISBN 978-81-317-2042-4. Archivedfrom the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 9 November 2015.
- ^ As to official name being just "Pakistan" and not "Dominion of Pakistan": Indian Independence Act 1947, Section1.-(i) As from the fifteenth day of August, nineteen hundred and forty-seven, two independent Dominions shall be set up in India, to be known respectively as India and Pakistan."
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The number of casualties remains a matter of dispute, with figures being claimed that range from 200,000 to 2 million victims.
- ^ "Murder, rape and shattered families: 1947 Partition Archive effort underway". Dawn. 13 March 2015. Archived from the original on 14 February 2017. Retrieved 14 January 2017.
There are no exact numbers of people killed and displaced, but estimates range from a few hundred thousand to two million killed and more than 10 million displaced.
- ISBN 978-1-134-16531-5. Archivedfrom the original on 16 January 2023. Retrieved 24 October 2021.
An estimated 12–15 million people were displaced, and some 2 million died. The legacy of Partition (never without a capital P) remains strong today ...
- ISBN 978-0-674-44315-0. Archivedfrom the original on 16 January 2023. Retrieved 24 October 2021.
2,000,000 killed in the Hindu-Muslim holocaust during the partition of India and the creation of Pakistan
- ^ Brass, Paul R. (2003). "The partition of India and retributive genocide in the Punjab, 1946–47: means, methods, and purposes" (PDF). Journal of Genocide Research. Carfax Publishing: Taylor and Francis Group. pp. 81–82 (5(1), 71–101). Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 March 2015. Retrieved 16 August 2014.
In the event, largely but not exclusively as a consequence of their efforts, the entire Muslim population of the eastern Punjab districts migrated to West Punjab and the entire Sikh and Hindu populations moved to East Punjab in the midst of widespread intimidation, terror, violence, abduction, rape, and murder.
- ISBN 978-1-59213-744-2. Archivedfrom the original on 16 January 2023. Retrieved 24 October 2021.
The official estimate of the number of abducted women during Partition was placed at 33,000 non-Muslim (Hindu or Sikh predominantly) women in Pakistan, and 50,000 Muslim women in India.
- ISBN 978-1-4985-3105-4. Archivedfrom the original on 16 January 2023. Retrieved 24 October 2021.
The horrific statistics that surround women refugees-between 75,000–100,000 Hindu, Muslim and Sikh women who were abducted by men of the other communities, subjected to multiple rapes, mutilations, and, for some, forced marriages and conversions-is matched by the treatment of the abducted women in the hands of the nation-state. In the Constituent Assembly in 1949 it was recorded that of the 50,000 Muslim women abducted in India, 8,000 of then were recovered, and of the 33,000 Hindu and Sikh women abducted, 12,000 were recovered.
- ISBN 978-81-241-0847-5. Archivedfrom the original on 16 January 2023. Retrieved 24 October 2021.
In addition thousands of women on both sides of the newly formed borders (estimated range from 29,000 to 50,000 Muslim women and 15,000 to 35,000 Hindu and Sikh women) were abducted, raped, forced to convert, forced into marriage, forced back into what the two States defined as 'their proper homes,' torn apart from their families once during partition by those who abducted them, and again, after partition, by the State which tried to 'recover' and 'rehabilitate' them.
- ^ a b c d "Government of Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan". Story of Pakistan press (1947 Government). June 2003. Archived from the original on 7 April 2013. Retrieved 17 April 2013.
- ISBN 978-0-19-974504-3. Archivedfrom the original on 16 January 2023. Retrieved 24 October 2021.
Mountbatten tried to convince Jinnah of the value of accepting him, Mountbatten, as Pakistan's first governor-general, but Jinnah refused to be moved from his determination to take that job himself.
- ^ Hussain, Rizwan. "Pakistan". The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Archived from the original on 29 March 2016. Retrieved 23 March 2017.
Mawlānā Shabbīr Ahmad Usmānī, a respected Deobandī ʿālim (scholar) who was appointed to the prestigious position of Shaykh al-Islām of Pakistan in 1949, was the first to demand that Pakistan become an Islamic state. But Mawdūdī and his Jamāʿat-i Islāmī played the central part in the demand for an Islamic constitution. Mawdūdī demanded that the Constituent Assembly make an unequivocal declaration affirming the "supreme sovereignty of God" and the supremacy of the sharīʿah as the basic law of Pakistan.
- ^ Hussain, Rizwan. "Pakistan". The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Archived from the original on 29 March 2016. Retrieved 23 March 2017.
The first important result of the combined efforts of the Jamāʿat-i Islāmī and the ʿulamāʿ was the passage of the Objectives Resolution in March 1949, whose formulation reflected compromise between traditionalists and modernists. The resolution embodied "the main principles on which the constitution of Pakistan is to be based." It declared that "sovereignty over the entire universe belongs to God Almighty alone and the authority which He has delegated to the State of Pakistan through its people for being exercised within the limits prescribed by Him is a sacred trust," that "the principles of democracy, freedom, equality, tolerance and social justice, as enunciated by Islam shall be fully observed," and that "the Muslims shall be enabled to order their lives in the individual and collective spheres in accord with the teaching and requirements of Islam as set out in the Holy Qurʿan and Sunna." The Objectives Resolution has been reproduced as a preamble to the constitutions of 1956, 1962, and 1973.
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- ^ a b Yasser Latif Hamdani (22 February 2010). "Jinnah And Urdu-Bengali Controversy". Pakistan Tea House. Archived from the original on 16 March 2013. Retrieved 17 April 2013.
- ^ Administration. "Khawaja Nazimuddin Becomes Governor General". Administration. Archived from the original on 30 March 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2017.
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- ^ Munir, Muhammad; Malik Rustam Kayani (1954). Punjab. Court of Inquiry to Enquire into the Punjab Disturbances of 1953 (PDF). Lahore: Superintendent, Government Printing, Punjab. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 January 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2017.
- ^ Ahmad, Khurshid (1956). An Analysis of the Munir report; a critical study of the Punjab disturbances inquiry report. Karachi: Jamaat-e-Islami Publications.
- ^ Rizvi, Hasan Askari (1974). The military and politics in Pakistan. Lahore: Progressive Publishers.
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- doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/33370. Retrieved 20 April 2008.required.)
India and Pakistan remained among the king's dominions but both were set on republican courses, becoming republics within the Commonwealth in 1950 and 1956 respectively.
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- ^ "The Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II". YouTube. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 16 May 2014.
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- "See: Iran-Pakistan relations".
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Pakistan's expression of solidarity was followed, after Independence, by a vigorous pursuit of bilateral relations with Muslim countries like Iran and Turkey.
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Pakistan was making a wholehearted bid for the leadership of the Muslim world, or at least for the leadership in achieving its unity.
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Following Khaliquzzaman, the Ali brothers had sought to project Pakistan, with its comparatively larger manpower and military strength, as the natural leader of the Islamic world.
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As a top ranking ML leader Khaliquzzaman declared, 'Pakistan would bring all Muslim countries together into Islamistan- a pan-Islamic entity'.
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Within a few years the president of the Muslim League, Chaudhry Khaliq-uz-Zaman, announced that Pakistan would bring all Muslim countries together into Islamistan-a pan-Islamic entity. None of these developments within the new country elicited approval among Americans for the idea of India's partition ... British Prime Minister Clement Attlee voiced the international consensus at the time when he told the House of Commons of his hope that 'this severance may not endure.' He hoped that the proposed dominions of India and Pakistan would "in course of time, come together to form one great member state of the British Commonwealth of Nations."
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During this time most of the Arab world was going through a nationalist awakening. Pan-Islamic dreams involving the unification of Muslim countries, possibly under Pakistani leadership, had little attraction.
- ISBN 978-0-275-97878-5. Archivedfrom the original on 16 January 2023. Retrieved 24 October 2021.
The following year, Choudhry Khaliquzzaman toured the Middle East, pleading for the formation of an alliance or confederation of Muslim states. The Arab states, often citing Pakistan's inability to solve its problems with Muslim neighbor Afghanistan, showed little enthusiasm ... Some saw the effort to form 'Islamistan' as a Pakistani attempt to dominate other Muslim states.
- ISBN 978-1-136-81893-6. Archivedfrom the original on 16 January 2023. Retrieved 24 October 2021.
The belief that the creation of Pakistan made Pakistan the true leader of Muslim causes around the world led Pakistan's diplomats to vigorously champion the cause of self-determination for fellow Muslims at the United Nations. Pakistan's founders, including Jinnah, supported anti-colonial movements: Our heart and soul go out in sympathy with those who are struggling for their freedom ... If subjugation and exploitation are carried on, there will be no peace and there will be no end to wars. Pakistani efforts on behalf of Indonesia (1948), Algeria (1948–1949), Tunisia (1948–1949), Morocco (1948–1956) and Eritrea (1960–1991) were significant and initially led to close ties between these countries and Pakistan.
- ISBN 978-1-107-01493-0, archivedfrom the original on 17 January 2023, retrieved 18 August 2019
- ^ Chief Justice Muhammad Munir: His Life, Writings, and Judgements, Research Society of Pakistan, 1973, p. 341
Further reading
- Chester, Lucy P. (2009) Borders and Conflict in South Asia: The Radcliffe Boundary Commission and the Partition of Punjab. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
- Read, A. and Fisher, D. (1997). The Proudest Day: India's Long Road to Independence. New York: Norton.