Donald Hardman
Sir Donald Hardman | |
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Air Chief Marshal | |
Unit | No. 19 Squadron (1918) No. 31 Squadron (1922–26) No. 16 Squadron (1926–28) No. 22 Group (1928–31, 1940) No. 216 Squadron (1931–34) No. 23 Group (1936–37) |
Commands held | No. 232 Group (1945–46) RAF Staff College, Bracknell (1949–51) RAF Home Command (1951–52) Royal Australian Air Force (1952–54) |
Battles/wars |
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Awards |
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Born in
Finishing the war an
Early life and World War I
Born on 21 February 1899 in
Prevented initially from seeing combat because of his youth, Hardman was eventually posted to No. 19 Squadron on the Western Front in February 1918, just as the unit was completing its conversion from SPAD S.VIIs to Sopwith Dolphins.[1][4] He achieved his first aerial victory in May 1918.[1] On 28 September, Hardman was promoted from lieutenant to temporary captain, and appointed as one of No. 19 Squadron's flight commanders.[1][7] He scored two victories in one sortie on 30 October 1918, when he led twelve Dolphins escorting DH.9 bombers of No. 98 Squadron to Mons; in a dogfight that resulted in the loss of ten British aircraft, Hardman sent two German Fokker D.VIIs down in flames.[4] His "cool judgment and skill in leading" during this action earned him the Distinguished Flying Cross; the award was promulgated on 11 February 1919.[8] Hardman's final wartime tally was nine victories.[2][4] The life expectancy of even an experienced RFC pilot on the Western Front was as little as three weeks;[9][10] years later, Hardman admitted that he was still surprised he had survived.[9]
Inter-war years
Hardman's commission was terminated on 8 March 1919; the following year he commenced an economics degree at
On 8 July 1930, Hardman married Dorothy Ursula Ashcroft Thompson at
World War II
On first meeting the then Air Commodore in his headquarters in Comilla one was immediately aware of an exceptionally dignified bearing, a considerable presence, great humour; there was much leg-pulling and light-hearted banter, the whole atmosphere was very much at ease. Yet one also obtained a remarkably strong impression of "No nonsense"; it was made quite clear that there was a tough job ahead.
—Marshal of the Royal Air Force Sir John Grandy, on serving under Hardman at Combat Cargo Task Force, 1944–45 [31]
At the onset of World War II, Hardman was sent to France with the RAF element of the
Hardman was promoted temporary
Post-war career
Hardman was promoted to acting air vice-marshal on 1 October 1945.[44] He remained in South-East Asia following the cessation of hostilities, taking over as Air Officer in Charge of Administration for ACSEA (later Air Command Far East) in January 1946.[13][39] After his return to Britain he was appointed to several senior posts in the RAF including, successively, Assistant Chief of the Air Staff (Operations) in May 1947, Commandant of RAF Staff College, Bracknell, in January 1949, and Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief of Home Command in September 1951.[39][45] Hardman's wartime rank of air commodore became substantive on 1 October 1946,[46] and this was followed by substantive promotion to air vice-marshal on 1 July 1948.[47] He was raised to acting air marshal on 1 October 1951.[48]
On 14 January 1952, Hardman was appointed
Hardman made two major changes to the structure of the Air Force to streamline command and control: integrating RAAF Headquarters,
As a protege of Slessor, Hardman proclaimed: "An air force without bombers isn't an air force." He maintained that the only way to attain "true and enduring air superiority" was by attacking the enemy's vital centres, which included its means of producing fighters.[59] He recommended that the RAAF purchase one of Britain's nuclear-capable "V bombers"—the Vickers Valiant, Handley Page Victor, or Avro Vulcan—though this never eventuated, and Australia's jet bomber remained the English Electric Canberra until the long-delayed introduction of the General Dynamics F-111C in 1973.[1][60] Towards the end of his tenure as CAS, Hardman gave an interview in which he criticised Army and Navy operations against a backdrop of continuing interservice rivalry for the defence budget.[61] He was quoted as saying: "The Air Force in this country, for either defence or offence, is the only force worth while. It can be sent anywhere in the world to the point where it can do most good and be rapidly switched to any other point."[62] In contrast to the initial disquiet at his appointment, upon his departure from Australia Hardman was described by The Age as "the outstanding CAS in the RAAF's history", a "brilliant organiser", and a "master of the theory of air power".[51] He was succeeded by McCauley on 18 January 1954.[49]
Hardman returned to Britain on the
Later life
Hardman joined the board of New Electronic Products Ltd in May 1959.[71] In February 1963, he succeeded Air Chief Marshal Sir Douglas Evill as the RAF Benevolent Fund's honorary county representative for Hampshire.[72] Hardman died on 2 March 1982, while holidaying in Estoril, Portugal, and was survived by his wife and children.[1][73] His grave lies in the churchyard of St John's Church, Farley Chamberlayne, Hampshire.[74]
Notes
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l McCarthy, John. "Hardman, Sir James Donald Innes (1899–1982)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Australian National University. Retrieved 8 June 2015.
- ^ a b Stephens; Isaacs, High Fliers, pp. 113–115
- ^ Stephens, Australia's Air Chiefs, pp. 23–24
- ^ a b c d Franks, Dolphin and Snipe Aces, p. 25
- ^ "No. 30100". The London Gazette (Supplement). 29 May 1917. p. 5309.
- ^ "Royal Flying Corps (Military Wing)". Flight. 30 August 1917. p. 899. Retrieved 10 June 2015.
- ^ "No. 30953". The London Gazette. 15 October 1918. p. 12126.
- ^ "No. 13400". The Edinburgh Gazette. 11 February 1919. p. 798.
- ^ a b Brent, A Century of Military Aviation, pp. 27–28
- ^ Robertson, The Dream of Civilized Warfare, p. 106
- ^ "No. 31279". The London Gazette. 8 April 1919. p. 4574.
- ^ "The Royal Air Force". Flight. 10 November 1921. p. 744. Retrieved 10 June 2015.
- ^ a b c d "RAF Officers on Loan or Exchange". Air Marshals of the RAAF. Department of Defence. Retrieved 8 June 2015.
- ^ "The man who will lead the Air Force". The Sydney Morning Herald. 13 October 1951. p. 2. Retrieved 10 June 2015.
- ^ "31 Squadron". Royal Air Force. Archived from the original on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 10 June 2015.
- ^ "No. 33094". The London Gazette. 20 October 1925. p. 6776.
- ^ "The Royal Air Force". Flight. 2 September 1926. p. 557. Retrieved 10 June 2015.
- ^ "16 Squadron". Royal Air Force. Archived from the original on 10 June 2015. Retrieved 10 June 2015.
- ^ "No. 33290". The London Gazette. 1 July 1927. pp. 4239–4240.
- ^ "The Royal Air Force". Flight. 15 March 1928. p. 183. Retrieved 10 June 2015.
- ^ The Aeroplane Directory of British Aviation, p. 412
- ^ "22 (Training) Group". Royal Air Force. Archived from the original on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 26 June 2015.
- ^ "The Royal Air Force". Flight. 16 October 1931. p. 1053. Retrieved 10 June 2015.
- ^ Dean, The Royal Air Force and Two World Wars, p. 175
- ^ Philpott, The Royal Air Force, p. 308
- ^ "Royal Air Force intelligence". Flight. 31 January 1935. p. 128. Retrieved 10 June 2015.
- ^ "The Royal Air Force". Flight. 6 February 1936. p. 154. Retrieved 10 June 2015.
- ^ "No. 34252". The London Gazette. 4 February 1936. p. 737.
- ^ "Royal Air Force appointments". Flight. 24 February 1938. p. 185. Retrieved 10 June 2015.
- ^ "No. 34586". The London Gazette. 3 January 1939. pp. 61–62.
- ^ a b Grandy, John (15 March 1982). "Air Chief Marshal Sir Donald Hardman". The Times. p. 10.
- ^ "RAF appointments". Flight. 15 November 1945. p. 540. Retrieved 10 June 2015.
- ^ "No. 34893". The London Gazette (Supplement). 9 July 1940. p. 4253.
- ^ "No. 35029". The London Gazette (Supplement). 31 December 1940. pp. 33–34.
- ^ "No. 35102". The London Gazette. 11 March 1941. p. 1448.
- ^ "No. 36780". The London Gazette (Supplement). 7 November 1944. p. 5073.
- ^ "No. 36902". The London Gazette (Supplement). 19 January 1945. p. 507.
- ^ Pearson, The Burma Air Campaign, p. 142
- ^ a b c "RAF appointments". The Times. 19 May 1947. p. 8.
- ^ Pearson, The Burma Air Campaign, p. 165
- ^ Probert, Henry (2000). "Air transport and supply in the Burma War" (PDF). Royal Air Force Historical Society Journal 22. p. 48. Retrieved 26 June 2015.
- ^ "No. 37161". The London Gazette (Supplement). 5 July 1945. p. 3491.
- ^ "No. 37501". The London Gazette (Supplement). 15 March 1946. pp. 1379–1380.
- ^ "No. 37336". The London Gazette (Supplement). 2 November 1945. p. 5385.
- ^ "News in brief". The Times. 2 April 1955. p. 3.
- ^ "No. 37758". The London Gazette (Supplement). 11 October 1946. p. 5080.
- ^ "No. 38344". The London Gazette (Supplement). 2 July 1948. p. 3895.
- ^ "No. 39520". The London Gazette (Supplement). 18 April 1952. p. 2169.
- ^ a b Stephens, Going Solo, p. 499
- ^ Stephens, Going Solo, p. 73
- ^ a b c Stephens, Going Solo, pp. 73–74
- ^ Stephens, Going Solo, pp. 75–76
- ^ Helson, Ten Years at the Top, pp. 293–294
- ^ Stephens, Going Solo, pp. 188–190
- ^ Stephens, Going Solo, p. 397
- ^ Stephens, The Royal Australian Air Force, pp. 221–222
- ^ "No. 39555". The London Gazette (Supplement). 30 May 1952. p. 3009.
- ^ "No. 39586". The London Gazette (Supplement). 27 June 1952. p. 3581.
- ^ Stephens, Going Solo, pp. 38, 362
- ^ Stephens, The Royal Australian Air Force, p. 285
- ^ Dennis et al., The Oxford Companion to Australian Military History, p. 287
- ^ "Defence chief's blast". The News. 16 February 1954. p. 1. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
- ^ Stephens, Going Solo, p. 206
- ^ "No. 40163". The London Gazette (Supplement). 4 May 1954. p. 2618.
- ^ "No. 78 Wing returns home". Flight. 10 December 1954. p. 847. Retrieved 10 June 2015.
- ^ "No. 40442". The London Gazette (Supplement). 1 April 1955. p. 1929.
- ^ "No. 19 Sqn Standard". Flight. 20 July 1956. p. 136. Retrieved 10 June 2015.
- ^ McLelland, Vulcan, pp. 96–98
- ^ "No. 41266". The London Gazette (Supplement). 31 December 1957. p. 7593.
- ^ "No. 41268". The London Gazette (Supplement). 1 January 1958. p. 9.
- ^ "Business Changes". The Times. 19 May 1959. p. 14.
- ^ "Air Force, Naval and Army Flying News". Flight International. 28 February 1963. p. 308. Retrieved 10 June 2015.
- ^ "A C/M Sir D. Hardman". The Times. 9 March 1982. p. 14.
- ISBN 978-0-9711966-2-9.
References
- The Aeroplane Directory of British Aviation. London: Temple Press Books. 1966. OCLC 841901436.
- Brent, Keit, ed. (2015). A Century of Military Aviation 1914–2014: Proceedings of the 2014 RAAF Air Power Conference. Canberra: Air Power Development Centre. ISBN 978-1-925062-10-6.
- Dean, Maurice (1979). The Royal Air Force and Two World Wars. London: ISBN 978-0-304-30042-6.
- Dennis, Peter; Grey, Jeffrey; Morris, Ewan; Prior, Robin (1995). The Oxford Companion to Australian Military History. South Melbourne: ISBN 978-0-19-553227-2.
- ISBN 978-1-84176-317-0.
- Helson, Peter (2006). Ten Years at the Top (Ph. D thesis). Sydney: OCLC 225531223.
- McLelland, Tim (2012). Vulcan: God of Fire. Stroud, Gloucestershire: ISBN 978-0-7524-6379-7.
- Pearson, Michael (2006). The Burma Air Campaign 1941–1945. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: ISBN 978-1-84415-398-5.
- Philpott, Ian (2008). The Royal Air Force: An Encyclopedia of the Inter-War Years. Volume II: Rearmament 1930–1939. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen and Sword Books. ISBN 978-1-84415-391-6.
- Robertson, Linda Raine (2003). The Dream of Civilized Warfare: World War I Flying Aces and the American Imagination. Minneapolis: ISBN 978-0-8166-4270-0.
- Stephens, Alan (1995). Going Solo: The Royal Australian Air Force 1946–1971. Canberra: ISBN 978-0-644-42803-3.
- Stephens, Alan (2006) [2001]. The Royal Australian Air Force: A History. London: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-555541-7.
- Stephens, Alan, ed. (1992). Australia's Air Chiefs: The Proceedings of the 1992 RAAF History Conference. Canberra: Air Power Studies Centre. ISBN 978-0-642-18866-3.
- Stephens, Alan; Isaacs, Jeff (1996). High Fliers: Leaders of the Royal Australian Air Force. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service. ISBN 978-0-644-45682-1.
Further reading
- "Sir Donald Hardman's reorganisation of the RAAF". Pathfinder. Canberra: Air Power Development Centre. March 2009.