Donkey Kong

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
This article is about the video game franchise. For the original game, see Donkey Kong (1981 video game). For the character, see Donkey Kong (character). For other uses, see Donkey Kong (disambiguation).

Donkey Kong
Donkey Kong (1981)
OwnerNintendo
Years1981–present
Films and television
Film(s)The Super Mario Bros. Movie (2023)
Animated series
Games
Video game(s)Donkey Kong series
Mario vs. Donkey Kong series
Audio
Original music"Aquatic Ambience"
"DK Rap"
Miscellaneous
Theme park attraction(s)Super Nintendo World
Related franchise(s)

Donkey Kong

Nintendo R&D1; the Donkey Kong Country series by Rare and Retro Studios; and the Mario vs. Donkey Kong series by Nintendo Software Technology. Various studios have developed spin-offs in other genres such as racing and rhythm
. The franchise also incorporates animation, printed media, a theme park, and merchandise.

Miyamoto designed the original 1981

Donkey Kong to salvage unsold arcade cabinets following the failure of Radar Scope (1980). It was a major success and was followed by the sequels Donkey Kong Jr. (1982) and Donkey Kong 3 (1983). The franchise went on a hiatus as Nintendo shifted its focus to the spin-off Mario franchise. Rare's 1994 reboot, the Super Nintendo Entertainment System (SNES) game Donkey Kong Country, reestablished Donkey Kong as a major Nintendo franchise. Rare developed Donkey Kong games for the SNES, Game Boy, and Nintendo 64 until they were acquired by Microsoft in 2002; subsequent games have been developed by Nintendo, Retro Studios, Namco and Paon. No major Donkey Kong games have been released since Donkey Kong Country: Tropical Freeze
in 2014.

The main Donkey Kong games are

Mario & Sonic and Super Smash Bros.

Donkey Kong is one of Nintendo's bestselling franchises, with more than 65 million units sold by 2021. The original game was Nintendo's first major international success and established it as a prominent force in the video game industry. The franchise has pioneered or popularized concepts such as in-game storytelling and pre-rendered graphics, inspired other games (including clones), and influenced popular culture.

History

See also: List of Donkey Kong video games

1981–1982: Conception and first game

Donkey Kong creator Shigeru Miyamoto in 2013

In the late 1970s, the Japanese company Nintendo shifted its focus from producing toys and playing cards to arcade games. This followed the 1973 oil crisis having increased the cost of manufacturing toys and the success of Taito's Space Invaders (1978). In 1980, Nintendo released Radar Scope, a Space Invaders-style shoot 'em up.[1] It was a commercial failure and put the newly established subsidiary Nintendo of America in a financial crisis. Its founder, Minoru Arakawa, asked his father in-law, the Nintendo CEO Hiroshi Yamauchi, to provide a new game that could salvage the unsold Radar Scope cabinets.[2] Most of Nintendo's top developers were preoccupied, so the task went to Shigeru Miyamoto, a first-time game designer.[3][4]

Supervised by

Popeye franchise, but Nintendo was unable to obtain the license.[4] Bluto evolved into a gorilla, an animal Miyamoto said was "nothing too evil or repulsive".[5] He named the character Donkey Kong—donkey to convey stubborn and kong to imply gorilla.[6] Popeye became Mario, the new protagonist, while Olive Oyl became Pauline, the damsel in distress.[4] Miyamoto named "Beauty and the Beast" and the 1933 film King Kong as influences.[5] As he lacked programming expertise, he consulted technicians on whether his concepts were possible.[7] Four programmers from Ikegami Tsushinki spent three months turning Miyamoto's concept into a finished game.[8]

Universal City Studios filed a lawsuit alleging Donkey Kong violated its trademark of King Kong. The lawsuit failed when Nintendo's lawyer, Howard Lincoln, discovered that Universal had won a lawsuit years prior by declaring that King Kong was actually in the public domain. The victory cemented Nintendo as a major force in the video game industry.[16][17]

1982–1994: Sequels and first hiatus

Miyamoto and his team used

Donkey Kong Jr. The team still wanted Donkey Kong on top of the screen, so they conceived a plot in which Mario had caged him and Donkey Kong Jr. had to save him.[18] To develop Donkey Kong Jr. (1982), Nintendo reverse-engineered Ikegami's Donkey Kong code, making it the first game that Nintendo developed without outside help. Following Donkey Kong Jr.'s release, Ikegami sued Nintendo for copyright infringement. In 1990, the Tokyo High Court ruled in favor of Ikegami, and the companies reached a settlement.[8]

parking attendant—was canceled after Sega's David Rosen and Hayao Nakayama arranged a management buyout from Gulf and Western Industries in 1984.[22][23]

The franchise went on an extended hiatus,

puzzle-platforming levels that incorporate elements from Donkey Kong Jr. and Super Mario Bros. 2 (1988).[25][26]

1994–1996: Rare and Donkey Kong Country

Tim and Chris Stamper (left) directed the Super Nintendo Entertainment System (right) game Donkey Kong Country
(1994), which reestablished Donkey Kong as a major franchise.

Around 1992,

3D graphics.[28][33]

Nintendo granted the Stampers permission to use the Donkey Kong

side-scrolling gameplay that Mayles based on the Super Mario series.[30] It was the first Donkey Kong game neither directed nor produced by Miyamoto,[34] though he provided support and contributed design ideas.[30]

Donkey Kong Country was one of the first games for a mainstream home video game console to use pre-rendered graphics,

Kremlings.[30][35] After 18 months of development,[29] Donkey Kong Country was released in November 1994 to acclaim, with critics hailing its visuals as groundbreaking.[36][37][38][39] It was a major success,[32] selling 9.3 million copies and becoming the third-bestselling SNES game.[31][40] It reestablished Donkey Kong as a major Nintendo franchise and heralded Donkey Kong's transition from villain to hero.[41] Following the success, Nintendo purchased a large minority stake in Rare.[32]

Rare began developing concepts for a Donkey Kong Country sequel during production,

Kiddy Kong, as protagonists, the Dixie Kong's Double Trouble! team sought to incorporate 3D-esque gameplay and Zelda-inspired role-playing elements. Although it was released late in the SNES's lifespan and after the launch of the Nintendo 64, Dixie Kong's Double Trouble! sold well.[47]

1995–2002: Franchise expansion

Separate Rare teams developed the Game Boy games

tech demo for a Virtual Boy Donkey Kong game, but it never progressed due to the system's commercial failure.[31]

Rare developed further Donkey Kong games for the Game Boy (left) and Nintendo 64 (right) throughout the late 1990s.

The first Donkey Kong game for the Nintendo 64,

Conker the Squirrel, would go on to star in the Banjo-Kazooie and Conker franchises.[53]

Rare began working on Donkey Kong 64, the first Donkey Kong game to feature 3D gameplay, in 1997.[54] They conceived it as a linear game similar to the Country series, but switched to a more open-ended design using the game engine from their 1998 game Banjo-Kazooie after 18 months.[31][55] Donkey Kong 64 was released in November 1999, accompanied by a US$22 million marketing campaign.[56] It was Nintendo's bestselling game during the 1999 Christmas season and received positive reviews,[57][58] though critics felt it did not match the revolutionary impact of Donkey Kong Country.[59][60][61]

At

first-party developer for Xbox.[27] Nintendo retained the rights to Donkey Kong under the terms of the acquisition.[67] Donkey Kong Racing was canceled,[62] and Rare reworked Donkey Kong Coconut Crackers and Diddy Kong Pilot into It's Mr. Pants (2004) and Banjo-Pilot (2005).[68][69]

2002–2010: After Rare

DK Bongos
peripheral.

After Microsoft acquired Rare, Nintendo relegated Donkey Kong to spin-offs and guest appearances in other franchises, such as

Donkey Konga 3 (2005).[71]

Nunchuk controls, was released in 2008 as part of the New Play Control! line.[79] A racing game that used the DK Bongos, Donkey Kong Barrel Blast, was developed by Paon for the GameCube, but was moved to the Wii with support for the peripheral dropped.[80] It was released in 2007 to negative reviews,[81] with criticism for its controls.[82][83]

Despite the acquisition, Rare continued to develop games for Nintendo's handheld consoles since Microsoft did not have a competing handheld.

DK: Jungle Climber (2007) for the DS, which blend Country elements with gameplay inspired by Clu Clu Land (1984).[88] Mario vs. Donkey Kong, a spin-off series that acts as a spiritual successor to the Game Boy Donkey Kong, was developed by Nintendo Software Technology. It began with a 2004 GBA game and continued with several sequels.[89] In contrast to other post-Country games, Mario vs. Donkey Kong restored Donkey Kong's villainous role.[90]

2010–present: Retro Studios and second hiatus

In 2008, Miyamoto expressed interest in a Donkey Kong Country revival. Producer

multiplayer.[92][93] Returns, the first original Country game since Dixie Kong's Double Trouble!, was released for the Wii in 2010.[41] It sold 4.21 million copies in under a month and received positive reviews,[94][95] with critics considering it a return to form for the franchise.[96][97][98] Monster Games developed a Nintendo 3DS version in 2013.[99]

Retro developed a sequel, Donkey Kong Country: Tropical Freeze, for the Wii U. The Wii U's greater processing power allowed for visual elements that the team had been unable to accomplish on the Wii, such as lighting and translucency effects and dynamic camera movement.[100][101] Tropical Freeze was released in 2014 to favorable reviews,[102] but it sold poorly in comparison to Returns.[103] It achieved greater success when it was ported to the Nintendo Switch in 2018, outselling the Wii U version within a week of release.[104] Following Tropical Freeze, the Donkey Kong franchise went on another hiatus,[105] outside of the Mario vs. Donkey Kong games Tipping Stars (2015) and Mini Mario & Friends: Amiibo Challenge (2016) for the Wii U and 3DS.[106][107]

Nintendo Life reported in 2021 that Nintendo Entertainment Planning & Development was working on a Switch Donkey Kong game.[105] Nintendo released a remake of the first Mario vs. Donkey Kong with new levels and cooperative gameplay for the Switch in February 2024.[108]

Story and characters

Main article: List of Donkey Kong characters
See also:
Characters of the Mario franchise
Artwork for Donkey Kong (1994) and Donkey Kong 64 (1999), depicting the casts created by Nintendo and Rare

The original Donkey Kong features three characters: Donkey Kong, a large, antagonistic gorilla; Mario, the overall-wearing protagonist; and Pauline, Mario's girlfriend. Donkey Kong follows Mario as he ascends a construction site to rescue Pauline from Donkey Kong, his escaped pet ape.[10] In the sequel, Donkey Kong Jr., Mario imprisons Donkey Kong in a cage. The game introduces Donkey Kong's son, the diaper-wearing Donkey Kong Jr.[109][110] Mario, Pauline, Donkey Kong, and Jr. return in the 1994 Game Boy Donkey Kong,[111] in which Mario again must rescue Pauline from the Kongs.[26] The Game Boy game was the first Donkey Kong game to depict Donkey Kong wearing a red necktie bearing his initials, "DK".[112]

Beginning with Donkey Kong Country, Donkey Kong's role shifted from the antagonist to the protagonist.

Cranky Kong.[114] Cranky Kong provides scathing, fourth wall-breaking humor in which he unfavorably compares current games to older ones like the original Donkey Kong.[115][116] Donkey Kong Jr. was retired, and Nintendo's stance on whether Rare's Donkey Kong is a grown-up Donkey Kong Jr. or a separate character has been inconsistent.[114]

Rare's games moved the franchise's primary setting from a city to Donkey Kong Island,

Lanky Kong.[118]

The franchise's main antagonist is

Viking invaders who summon a dragon to take over Donkey Kong Island.[101]

Mario, the protagonist of the 1981 game, went on to headline the Mario franchise. Although the franchises largely remain separate, they take place in the same fictional universe, and Donkey Kong and other Donkey Kong characters frequently appear as playable characters in Mario spin-offs such as Mario Kart, Mario Party, and Mario Tennis.[124][125][126] Two Rare characters, Banjo the Bear and Conker the Squirrel, were introduced in Diddy Kong Racing ahead of starring in their own games,[53] Banjo-Kazooie and Conker's Bad Fur Day (2001).[53][127]

Gameplay

Original series

Donkey Kong and Donkey Kong Jr. are early examples of the platform game genre. In both games, the player must guide the playable character (Mario in the first game, Donkey Kong Jr. in the second) to scale four levels while avoiding obstacles. The player jumps to dodge incoming obstacles (such as barrels) or cross gaps and climbs ladders or vines to reach the top of the level.[128][109] In the first game, Mario can destroy obstacles by obtaining a hammer power-up,[129] while in the second, Donkey Kong Jr. can do so by knocking pieces of fruit down from vines.[109] Points are awarded for dodging or destroying obstacles, collecting items, and completing stages quickly.[129] The player begins each game with three lives,[109] which they lose if they touch an obstacle or fall from a distance.[129]

Donkey Kong 3 departs from this gameplay: it is a shooter game in which the player controls Stanley, an exterminator who must prevent Donkey Kong from stirring up insects in his greenhouse. The player fires bug spray at Donkey Kong and enemy insects that attempt to steal Stanley's flowers. They complete levels by spraying Donkey Kong enough to force him to the top of the screen or by killing all the insects.[130]

The 1994 Game Boy game begins with the four stages from the original Donkey Kong, but after completing the fourth, the player is presented with over 100 additional stages that introduce

puzzle-platform gameplay in which Mario must scout each level within a time limit to locate a key.[131] Mario can pick up and throw objects and enemies, similar to Super Mario Bros. 2, and perform acrobatics to reach otherwise inaccessible areas of the levels.[25] This gameplay would serve as the basis for Mario vs. Donkey Kong,[131] which introduces stages in which Mario must guide six Mini-Mario toys to a toy box while protecting them from hazards.[132] Mario vs. Donkey Kong's sequels make guiding the Mini-Mario toys the focus, with each stage requiring the player to do so with touchscreen controls.[133] This gameplay has been frequently compared to the strategy video game Lemmings (1991).[134]

Donkey Kong Country

The Donkey Kong Country logo used until 2005

The Donkey Kong Country series features platforming gameplay in which players complete side-scrolling levels to progress, reminiscent of Nintendo's Super Mario series.

difficulty level and emphasis on momentum, requiring players to react to oncoming obstacles quickly to maintain flow.[137][138][139]

Players control one of the various playable Kongs, depending on the game: Donkey Kong, Diddy Kong, Dixie Kong, Kiddy Kong, Cranky Kong, and Funky Kong.[49][140][141] The Rare games each feature two protagonists, with one protagonist carrying over to the sequel while another is introduced,[41] while both Retro Studios games star Donkey Kong. Players primarily control one Kong, with the second increasing their health.[141] In the Rare games, the player can switch between characters if they are both on the screen. In the Retro Studios games, other characters ride on Donkey Kong's back to provide special abilities; for instance, Diddy's jetpack allows him to temporarily hover.[141]

Country's distinctive game mechanics include blasting out of cannons resembling barrels, vehicle sequences with minecarts and barrel-themed rockets,[141] levels in which the characters and foreground environments appear as silhouettes, and swinging ropes. Barrels return from the original series and can be used as weapons or broken to uncover power-ups. One variant, DK Barrels, releases a partner Kong when thrown. Each level contains collectibles such as bananas, letters that spell out K–O–N–G, balloons, and puzzle pieces. These items can be found within the main level or by discovering hidden bonus stages, where they are earned via completing a challenge.

In certain levels, the player can free an animal that provides the Kongs with special abilities, similar to the Super Mario series'

non-player characters, such as Cranky, who provide advice, collectibles, and save points.[144]
The Retro Studios games replace these with shops run by Cranky in Returns and Funky in Tropical Freeze where the player can purchase items like power-ups and lives.

Other games

Some games without the Country branding contain similar gameplay. The Donkey Kong Land trilogy condenses the SNES Country gameplay for the Game Boy, with different level design that accounts for the system's low-quality display.

shoulder buttons to grab and climb pegboards to reach the end of a level.[149]

Diddy Kong Racing and Donkey Kong Barrel Blast are kart racing games that play similarly to the Mario Kart series, though Diddy Kong Racing features an adventure mode with boss fights and Barrel Blast has the player shake the Wii Remote and Nunchuk alternatively to accelerate.[53][150] The Donkey Konga trilogy was developed by the Taiko no Tatsujin developers and features the same gameplay:[151][152] the player must hit scrolling notes to the beat of the music with accurate timing, with stylized notes corresponding to different buttons. Players build combos by hitting two or more notes; the combo ends when they miss a beat.[153]

Music

See also: Aquatic Ambience and DK Rap

The music for Donkey Kong and Donkey Kong Jr. was composed by Yukio Kaneoka, one of Nintendo's earliest audio engineers. Kaneoka wanted to take players on an adventure with a "pretty melody", which he compared to those in Walt Disney Productions films. He faced resistance from the designers, who wanted comical music to reflect the games' tone.[154] Hirokazu Tanaka, a sound engineer who later garnered recognition for his work on Nintendo's Metroid and Pokémon franchises, also contributed.[155]

The Donkey Kong Country series features atmospheric music that mixes natural environmental sounds with

Legend of Zelda music, Tim and Geoff Follin's Plok! (1993) soundtrack, and 1980s synthesizer-heavy rock music, dance music and film soundtracks.[157] He aimed to imitate the sound of the Korg Wavestation synthesizer.[156] Novakovic attempted to give levels a sense of purpose and drew inspiration from film composers such as Alan Silvestri and Klaus Doldinger.[46]

comedy rap song which introduces the Kong characters. It was written by Donkey Kong 64's director, George Andreas, scored and recorded by Kirkhope, and performed by Andreas and Chris Sutherland, with other Rare staff joining on the chorus.[164]

Wise was unavailable during the development of Donkey Kong Country Returns, so

big band jazz" sound that he had been unable to produce on the SNES.[158] Beyond the Country series, Wise composed the Diddy Kong Racing soundtrack.[165] Other composers who have contributed to Donkey Kong games include Mahito Yokota, who composed for Jungle Beat,[166] and Lawrence Schwedler, who composed for Mario vs. Donkey Kong.[167]

Other media

Crossovers

Donkey Kong is represented in every game in Nintendo's Super Smash Bros. series of crossover fighting games. Donkey Kong debuted in the original Super Smash Bros. (1999) as the only heavyweight fighter, with slow but powerful attacks.[168] Diddy Kong was added as a playable fighter in Super Smash Bros. Brawl (2008),[169] while King K. Rool was added in Super Smash Bros. Ultimate (2018).[120] Smash games also feature Donkey Kong stages and music.[170][171]

Donkey Kong appears in

Raving Rabbids franchise, as the protagonist of an expansion pack.[174] Activision's toys-to-life game Skylanders: SuperChargers (2015) includes Donkey Kong as a playable character in the versions released on Nintendo platforms.[175]

Animated series

Further information: Saturday Supercade, Captain N: The Game Master, and Donkey Kong Country (TV series)

A Donkey Kong cartoon aired as part of CBS's hour-long Saturday Supercade programming block in 1983. The cartoon follows Mario and Pauline as they attempt to capture Donkey Kong after he escapes from a circus. Game Informer described the series as "abysmal... filled with bad puns and ridiculous situations".[176] Soupy Sales voiced Donkey Kong,[177] while Peter Cullen and Frank Welker (who later garnered recognition for voicing Optimus Prime and Megatron in the Transformers franchise) voiced Mario and Donkey Kong Jr.[176][178] Donkey Kong was also a recurring character in Captain N: The Game Master, a DIC Entertainment series that ran on NBC for 34 episodes between 1989 and 1991.[179][180]

Donkey Kong Country, a television series produced by the French-Canadian company Medialab Technology, ran for 40 episodes between 1997 and 1999, bridging the gap between Dixie Kong's Double Trouble and Donkey Kong 64.[181][182] Reflecting the games' pre-rendered 3D graphics, Donkey Kong Country was produced using computer animation,[182] accomplished with motion capture technology.[183] The series adopts a sitcom approach and follows Donkey Kong as he attempts to protect a magical artifact, the Crystal Coconut, from King K. Rool.[182][184] Donkey Kong Country was produced with little input from Nintendo, and was the final Western series that Nintendo licensed before it shifted to producing and importing anime.[181] The series was popular in France and Japan, though less so in the United States.[182] Retrospectively, Hardcore Gaming 101 criticized the series for lacking the adventure of the Country games,[182] while GameSpot called its aged animation "nightmare fuel" and "visually disturbing".[184]

Printed media

The first issue of Blip, a short-lived

children's book adaptations of Donkey Kong Country, Donkey Kong Land and Donkey Kong Country 2.[188]

Film

Main article: The Super Mario Bros. Movie
Seth Rogen voices Donkey Kong in The Super Mario Bros. Movie (2023).

Elements from the Donkey Kong franchise feature prominently in The Super Mario Bros. Movie (2023),[189] an animated film produced by Nintendo, Illumination, and Universal Pictures.[190] Mario (Chris Pratt) and Princess Peach (Anya Taylor-Joy) seek the Kongs' help to stop Bowser (Jack Black) from invading the Mushroom Kingdom. Seth Rogen and Fred Armisen voice Donkey Kong and Cranky Kong, while other Kongs make cameo appearances and the "DK Rap" plays during Donkey Kong's introduction.[191] Donkey Kong was redesigned for the first time since Donkey Kong Country, combining elements of Rare's design and his original arcade-era design.[192][193] The Super Mario Bros. Movie received mixed reviews,[194] and Rogen received criticism for voicing Donkey Kong in his regular speaking voice.[195] The film earned over $1 billion, making it the highest-grossing film based on a video game.[190]

In November 2021, prior to The Super Mario Bros. Movie's release, reports emerged that Illumination was developing a Donkey Kong film with Rogen set to reprise his role.[196] In April 2023, Rogen said he saw "a lot of opportunity" in the prospect.[197] Eurogamer wrote that Diddy and Dixie's brief cameo in The Super Mario Bros. Movie was obvious setup for a Donkey Kong film.[189]

Theme park

Main article: Super Nintendo World

In September 2021, Nintendo and Universal Destinations & Experiences announced a Donkey Kong-themed expansion of the Super Nintendo World themed area at Universal Studios Japan. The area, Donkey Kong Country, is set to open in 2024 and will expand the size of Super Nintendo World by 70%. It was designed with consultation from Miyamoto and will include a roller coaster, Donkey Kong's Crazy Cart, based on the Tiki Tong boss fight from Donkey Kong Country Returns. The area will also feature a K–O–N–G letter collection game and offer Donkey Kong merchandise and food.[198][199][200]

Merchandise

See also: Lego Super Mario

Donkey Kong merchandise includes clothing,[201] toys such as plushes and Amiibo figures,[202][203] breakfast cereal[176] and soundtrack albums.[204][205] The Lego Group began producing Donkey Kong Lego construction toys in 2023 as a subseries within its Lego Super Mario product line.[206] The initial four sets, based on the Donkey Kong Country games, were released in August 2023.[207]

Reception and legacy

Commentary

Both

Donkey Kong and Donkey Kong Country are frequently cited as two of the best video games of all time; the former for its impact on the golden age of arcade video games,[208][209][210] and the latter for its "groundbreaking" usage of pre-rendered 3D graphics and atmospheric music.[211][212][213] Maxim included Donkey Kong Country at number 14 on their list of 'The 30 Best Video Game Franchises of All Time', describing the series as "some of the best platforming games on Nintendo's consoles".[214] In the 2017 book the 100 Greatest Video Game Franchises, Donkey Kong is characterized as "a symbol, representing both the timelessness and timeliness of video games".[215] Brett Cardaro of Comic Book Resources placed Donkey Kong at number 10 on his list of the '15 Best Nintendo Franchises'.[216]

Sales

Donkey Kong is one of Nintendo's bestselling franchises,[217] with sales reaching 65 million units by March 2021.[218] Five Donkey Kong games (Donkey Kong Country, Donkey Kong Land, Donkey Kong Country 3: Dixie Kong's Double Trouble!, Donkey Kong 64, and Donkey Kong Country Returns) have shipped over a million copies in Japan alone,[219] and several have been added to Nintendo's Player's Choice and Nintendo Selects bestseller lines.[220][221] Excluding rereleases and arcade games, the SNES version of Donkey Kong Country is the franchise's bestselling game, with 9.3 million copies sold worldwide, while DK: King of Swing is the worst-selling, with 280,000 copies sold worldwide.[40]

Year Game Platform(s) Sales
1981
Donkey Kong
 		Arcade, ColecoVision, Game & Watch, Nintendo Entertainment System 15.73 million[c]
1982 Donkey Kong Jr. Arcade, Nintendo Entertainment System 1.14 million[d]
1983 Donkey Kong 3 Arcade 5,000[224]
1988
Donkey Kong Classics
 		Nintendo Entertainment System 1.56 million[225]
1994 Donkey Kong Country Super Nintendo Entertainment System, Game Boy Color, Game Boy Advance 13.31 million[e]
1995 Donkey Kong Land Game Boy 3.91 million[228]
Donkey Kong Country 2: Diddy's Kong Quest Super Nintendo Entertainment System 5.15 million[229]
1996 Donkey Kong Land 2 Game Boy 2.35 million[230]
Donkey Kong Country 3: Dixie Kong's Double Trouble! Super Nintendo Entertainment System 3.51 million[228]
1997 Donkey Kong Land III Game Boy, Game Boy Color 1.03 million[231]
Diddy Kong Racing Nintendo 64, Nintendo DS 6.47 million[f]
1999 Donkey Kong 64 Nintendo 64 5.27 million[229]
2003 Donkey Konga GameCube 1.18 million[223]
2005 DK: King of Swing Game Boy Advance 280,000[40]
2010 Donkey Kong Country Returns Wii, Nintendo 3DS 9.44 million[g]
2014 Donkey Kong Country: Tropical Freeze Wii U, Nintendo Switch 4.1 million[h]

Effect on the industry

If you can't imagine a world without Super Mario Brothers, without the NES, and maybe even without Nintendo at all, then you can't imagine a world without Donkey Kong. Both as a remarkable piece of game design and a commercial breakthrough for the single most important gaming company in Japan, Donkey Kong changed the world, and 30 years later we're still feeling its effects.

Game Developer[235]

The original Donkey Kong is regarded as one of the most important video games of all time.

Picture Processing Unit.[241]

Donkey Kong inspired many games, including

text-based adventure games and computer role-playing video games preceded it, Donkey Kong is regarded as the first game to use graphics to tell a story,[246] which GamesRadar+ said provided an unprecedented level of narrative depth.[236]

Donkey Kong Country's pre-rendered graphics featured a level of detail unprecedented in console games at the time,[247][248] and inspired many imitators.[24] It inspired games such as BlueSky Software's Vectorman (1995),[249] Naughty Dog's Crash Bandicoot (1996),[250] HAL Laboratory's Kirby Super Star (1996),[251] and Traveller's Tales and Sonic Team's Sonic 3D Blast (1996).[252] Country's influence has carried into more modern games such as Mekazoo (2016) and Kaze and the Wild Masks (2021);[253][254] the Australian Broadcasting Corporation credited it for demonstrating 2D games could remain relevant after the introduction of 3D.[255] Yooka-Laylee and the Impossible Lair (2019)—developed by Playtonic Games, whose staff includes Rare alumni that worked on Country—was noted for its gameplay similarities to Country,[256] though Playtonic declined to label it a spiritual successor.[257]

The Country games established Rare as a leading video game developer and set the standard for its work.[27][258] Country originated conventions characteristic of Rare's later output, including an emphasis on collecting items,[49] irreverent humor,[115] visual appeal, and tech demo-like design.[258] Conversely, Donkey Kong 64 has been blamed for precipitating 3D platforming's decline in popularity for its excessive emphasis on collecting items.[259][260] Electronic Gaming Monthly wrote that whereas Super Mario 64 had "breathed life into the 3D platforming genre", Donkey Kong 64 had "sucked it all out".[261] Jonas Kaerlev, who developed the 3D platformer A Hat in Time (2017), said Donkey Kong 64 gave the genre a reputation for tedium that contributed to a decline in interest.[260]

Cultural impact

See also: Donkey Kong high score competition

Donkey Kong is one of the most iconic video game characters,[262][263] and journalists have described him as a mascot for both Nintendo and the video game industry.[264][265][266][267] In 2007, the Monster Jam racing series obtained the license to use Donkey Kong's appearance for a monster truck. The truck debuted in a December 2007 show in Minneapolis and toured with Monster Jam throughout 2008.[268] Donkey Kong appears as an antagonist in the film Pixels (2015), which pays homage to classic arcade games,[269] while the film War for the Planet of the Apes (2017) features treacherous apes nicknamed "donkeys", which director Matt Reeves confirmed was a reference to Donkey Kong.[270]

Donkey Kong high score competitors Steve Wiebe (left) and Billy Mitchell (right) feature in the documentary The King of Kong (2007).

The original Donkey Kong is a popular

competitive video game. The Daily Telegraph called it "the most fiercely contested video game of all time",[271] while Polygon wrote that achieving the highest score "is probably the most coveted arcade game world record".[272] The King of Kong (2007), a documentary film directed by Seth Gordon,[273] brought Donkey Kong's competitive culture to prominence.[272] It follows two players, Steve Wiebe and Billy Mitchell, in their respective attempts to obtain and maintain the world record.[273] The Telegraph described Donkey Kong competition as bitter and said the heated rivalries between players contribute to the game's lasting appeal.[271] The Donkey Kong Country games are also popular in the video game speedrunning community.[274]

IGN said that Donkey Kong Country's soundtrack contributed to an increased appreciation for video game music as an art form, and musicians such as Trent Reznor and Donald Glover have praised it.[275] Glover sampled "Aquatic Ambience" in his 2012 song "Eat Your Vegetables", to which Wise expressed approval.[276] OverClocked ReMix has released Donkey Kong remix albums including contributions from Wise, Beanland, and Kirkhope.[277] Curse of the Crystal Coconut, a 2020 pirate metal album by the Scottish heavy metal band Alestorm, contains numerous references to the Donkey Kong franchise, including its title; those who pre-ordered the album had a chance to win an Alestorm-branded Nintendo 64 with a copy of Donkey Kong 64.[278]

Donkey Kong has been noted for its active fandom.[117][279] Nintendo Life described one fansite, DK Vine, as "highly respected".[105] The franchise's lack of storytelling has led fans to theorize its fictional chronology. Kotaku described one theory, which postulates that Donkey Kong Jr. was killed in a violent, off-screen conflict to explain his absence in the Country series, as "a fascinating example of how fandoms can run away with the smallest bits of narrative available" to rationalize inconsistencies.[117] A team of fans led by animator Alex Henderson released DKC: Curse of the Crystal Coconut, an animated tribute short film, in 2021 to commemorate the franchise's 40th anniversary and the Donkey Kong Country television series' 25th anniversary.[280] Several voice actors from the Country television series reprised their roles for DKC: Return to Krocodile Isle, a follow-up animation released in 2023.[281]

In the years following the original Donkey Kong's release, the phrase "it's on like Donkey Kong" entered

U.S. Patent and Trademark Office in November 2010 as part of its marketing push for Donkey Kong Country Returns.[283]

Notes

  1. ^ Japanese: ドンキーコング, Hepburn: Donkī Kongu, [doŋ.kiː koŋ.ɡɯ]
  2. ^ Although Universal's Space Panic preceded Donkey Kong by a year, Red Bull wrote that Donkey Kong is generally considered the first "true" platform game for introducing the ability to jump.[9]
  3. ^ Sales breakdown:
    • Arcade: 60,000[4]
    • ColecoVision: 6 million[222]
    • Game & Watch: 8 million[13]
    • NES: 1.13 million[223]
  4. ^ Sales breakdown:
  5. ^ Sales breakdown:
  6. ^ Sales breakdown:
  7. ^ Sales breakdown:
  8. ^ Sales breakdown:
    • Wii U: 2.02 million[227]
    • Switch: 2.08 million[234]

References

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Works cited

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Donkey Kong.
Look up donkey kong in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
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