Tartu
Tartu | |
---|---|
City | |
Tartu | |
Nickname: | |
Motto(s): Heade mõtete linn ("City of good thoughts") | |
Coordinates: 58°23′N 26°43′E / 58.383°N 26.717°E | |
Country | Estonia |
County | Tartu County |
Municipality | Tartu |
First settled | 5th century AD |
First mentioned | c. 1030 |
City rights | before 1262 |
Area | |
• Total | 38.80 km2 (15 sq mi) |
• Land | 37.9 km2 (14.6 sq mi) |
• Water | 1.3 km2 (0.5 sq mi) 3.39% |
Elevation | 57.2 m (188 ft) |
Highest elevation | 79 m (259 ft) |
Population (2023)[3] | |
• Total | 97,435 |
• Rank | 2nd |
• Density | 2,500/km2 (6,500/sq mi) |
GDP | |
• City | €3.042 billion (2022) |
• Per capita | €30,569 (2022) |
Ethnicity | |
• Estonians | 80.3% |
• Russians | 13.4% |
• other | 5.3% |
Time zone | UTC+02:00 (EET) |
• Summer (DST) | UTC+03:00 (EEST) |
Postal code | 50050 to 51111 |
Vehicle registration | T |
Website | City of Tartu |
Tartu
Tartu, the largest urban centre of southern Estonia, is often considered the "intellectual capital city" of the country,[1][2][5][6][7] especially as it is home to the nation's oldest and most renowned university, the University of Tartu (founded in 1632).[8][9] Tartu also houses the Supreme Court of Estonia, the Ministry of Education and Research, the Estonian National Museum, and the oldest Estonian-language theatre, Vanemuine. It is also the birthplace of the Estonian Song Festivals.
Tartu is the European Capital of Culture in 2024.[2][10][11][12]
Names and etymology
Since Estonia became an independent country in 1918, the Estonian-language Tartu (Estonian pronunciation:
History
Historical affiliations
|
Beginnings
Archaeological evidence of the first permanent settlement on the site of modern Tartu dates to as early as the 5th century AD.[13][14] By the 7th century, local inhabitants had built a wooden fortification on the east side of Toome Hill (Toomemägi).[14] Over the next centuries the settlement grew, and around 9th–10th centuries became an inland trading center.[15]
The first documented records of the area were made by later mediaeval chroniclers who described the events of the early 11th century
Medieval bishopric
During the period of
In 1262 the army of prince
In medieval times, after the Livonian Order was subsumed into the
Polish-Lithuanian and Swedish rule
In 1558, tsar
The activities of both the grammar school and the seminary were stopped by the
In the effect of yet another
Imperial Russia
In 1704 the town was taken by the Russian army in the presence of tsar Peter the Great himself. As a result, around a quarter of the town and much of the fortifications were damaged. In 1708 the remainder of the fortifications and houses, including the remains of bishops castle, were blown up, all movable property was looted and all citizens deported to Russia. With the
During the second half of the 19th century, Tartu was the cultural centre for Estonians in the era of Romantic nationalism. The city hosted Estonia's first song festival in 1869. Vanemuine, the first national theatre, was established in 1870. Tartu was also the setting for the foundation of the Society of Estonian Writers in 1872.
In 1893, the city was officially retitled to the ancient Russian name Yuryev. The university was subsequently russified from 1895 on with the introduction of compulsory Russian in teaching. Much of the university property was relocated to Voronezh in 1918 and during the German occupation, the university worked under the name Landesuniversität Dorpat. During the Estonian War of Independence the university of Tartu was re-opened as an Estonian language university on 1 December 1919.
Independent Estonia (1918–1940)
With Estonian independence after World War I, the city officially became known by the Estonian name Tartu. At the end of the 1918–1920
In 1920, the peace
During the interwar period
German and Soviet occupations (1940–1991)
During World War II, the
After the war, the Soviet authorities declared Tartu a "closed town for foreigners", as an airbase for bombers was constructed on Raadi Airfield, in the northeast outskirts of the city. It was one of the largest military airbases in the former Eastern Bloc and housed strategic bombers carrying nuclear bombs. On one end of an older strip of the runway, the new building of Estonian National Museum was built.
Tartu Airport was opened in the south of the city in 1946. Besides the airport Estonian Aviation Academy was established in 1993. Privately owned Estonian Aviation Museum, which is 5 km to the East from the airport (7 km by car), was opened to the public in 2002. During the 1944–1991 Soviet occupation the population of Tartu almost doubled from 57,000 to above 100,000 — due to mass immigration from Russia and other areas of the former Soviet Union, in large part because of the military airbase.
Modern era
Since Estonia regained its independence in 1991, the old town centre has been renovated. Notably,
The AHHAA science centre relocated to a new building in 2011 and the Estonian National Museum's new main building opened in 2016.
Geography
Climate
Tartu lies within the temperate humid continental climate zone (Dfb). The climate is rather mild considering the high latitude, largely due to the proximity of the Baltic Sea and warm airflows from the Atlantic. Nevertheless, continental influence can be felt on hot summer days and cold spells in winter, when the temperature can occasionally (but rarely) drop below −30 °C (−22 °F). Generally, summers are warm and winters are cold.
The Tartu weather station is located in Tõravere village, which is about 20 kilometers from the city, so the actual temperature in the city may be slightly warmer than the official average temperatures.
Climate data for Tartu (Tõravere) normals 1991–2020, extremes 1865–present | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 9.7 (49.5) |
10.9 (51.6) |
18.4 (65.1) |
27.5 (81.5) |
30.9 (87.6) |
34.0 (93.2) |
34.9 (94.8) |
35.2 (95.4) |
30.3 (86.5) |
21.5 (70.7) |
13.8 (56.8) |
13.0 (55.4) |
35.2 (95.4) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −1.8 (28.8) |
−1.6 (29.1) |
3.3 (37.9) |
11.1 (52.0) |
17.1 (62.8) |
20.6 (69.1) |
23.1 (73.6) |
21.8 (71.2) |
16.3 (61.3) |
9.2 (48.6) |
3.3 (37.9) |
0.0 (32.0) |
10.2 (50.4) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | −4.1 (24.6) |
−4.4 (24.1) |
−0.5 (31.1) |
5.9 (42.6) |
11.5 (52.7) |
15.5 (59.9) |
18.0 (64.4) |
16.7 (62.1) |
11.8 (53.2) |
6.0 (42.8) |
1.2 (34.2) |
−2.1 (28.2) |
6.3 (43.3) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −6.5 (20.3) |
−7.3 (18.9) |
−4 (25) |
1.2 (34.2) |
5.8 (42.4) |
10.3 (50.5) |
12.9 (55.2) |
12.0 (53.6) |
8.0 (46.4) |
3.3 (37.9) |
−0.8 (30.6) |
−4.2 (24.4) |
2.6 (36.7) |
Record low °C (°F) | −37.5 (−35.5) |
−36.0 (−32.8) |
−29.6 (−21.3) |
−19.8 (−3.6) |
−7.2 (19.0) |
−2.2 (28.0) |
1.8 (35.2) |
1.5 (34.7) |
−6.6 (20.1) |
−13.8 (7.2) |
−22.2 (−8.0) |
−38.6 (−37.5) |
−38.6 (−37.5) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 48 (1.9) |
39 (1.5) |
36 (1.4) |
35 (1.4) |
54 (2.1) |
88 (3.5) |
67 (2.6) |
79 (3.1) |
55 (2.2) |
68 (2.7) |
55 (2.2) |
51 (2.0) |
673 (26.5) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 12.8 | 9.9 | 9.3 | 8.3 | 8.5 | 10.7 | 9.5 | 11.2 | 9.8 | 11.9 | 11.3 | 12.4 | 125.6 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
88 | 85 | 76 | 68 | 65 | 70 | 74 | 77 | 82 | 86 | 89 | 89 | 79 |
Average dew point °C (°F) | −7 (19) |
−8 (18) |
−4 (25) |
0 (32) |
6 (43) |
10 (50) |
13 (55) |
13 (55) |
9 (48) |
4 (39) |
1 (34) |
−3 (27) |
3 (37) |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 33.7 | 65.1 | 140.3 | 190.9 | 266.0 | 258.0 | 268.7 | 227.6 | 152.1 | 79.3 | 30.0 | 24.3 | 1,735.9 |
Source 1: Estonian Weather Service[23][24][25][26][27][28][29] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Time and Date (dewpoints, 2005-2015)[30] |
Economy
Mostly known as a university town, Tartu is also a site of heavy industry. The food industry has traditionally been important for the town's economy and some bigger companies in the field include A. Le Coq, Tartu Mill and Salvest. Kroonpress is one of the leading printing press companies in the Baltics.
At the beginning of the 21st century, many
Transport
The city is served by Tartu Airport. The distance to Estonia's "summer holiday capital", Pärnu (in the western Estonia) is 176 kilometres (109 miles) and the fastest route there by road is through Viljandi and Kilingi-Nõmme. Tartu is connected to Riga, Tallinn, and other Estonian towns by many bus and train routes.
Demographics
Year | 1881 | 1897 | 1922 | 1934 | 1959 | 1970 | 1979 | 1989 | 1995 | 2000[31] | 2005[31] | 2010[31] | 2015[3] | 2020[3] | 2021[32] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Population | 29,974 | 42,308 | 50,342 | 58,876 | 74,263 | 90,459 | 104,381 | 113,320 | 104,874 | 106,200 | 104,490 | 100,930 | 93,805 | 92,972 | 95,190 |
Tartu's historic population is presented in the following table, based on data from official censuses since 1881[33] and Estonian Statistical Office.[34] Note that the data up to 2011 is not directly comparable to the most recent numbers, as the methodology of compiling population statistics has changed.[35]
Ethnicity | 1922[36] | 1934[37] | 1941[38] | 1959[39]
|
1970[40]
|
1979[41]
|
1989[41]
|
2000[42]
|
2011[43]
|
2021[44] | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
amount | % | amount | % | amount | % | amount | % | amount | % | amount | % | amount | % | amount | % | amount | % | amount | % | |
Estonians | 42459 | 84.5 | 51559 | 87.6 | 44732 | 93.7 | 56205 | 75.7 | 68129 | 75.3 | 77597 | 74.3 | 82031 | 72.3 | 80397 | 79.5 | 79700 | 81.7 | 76227 | 80.1 |
Russians | 2570 | 5.11 | 2640 | 4.48 | 1490 | 3.12 | - | - | 18009 | 19.9 | 21530 | 20.6 | 24604 | 21.7 | 16245 | 16.1 | 14340 | 14.7 | 12441 | 13.1 |
Ukrainians | - | - | 16 | 0.03 | - | - | - | - | 1277 | 1.41 | 1685 | 1.61 | 2369 | 2.09 | 1239 | 1.22 | 891 | 0.91 | 1107 | 1.16 |
Belarusians | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 551 | 0.61 | 749 | 0.72 | 1088 | 0.96 | 490 | 0.48 | 355 | 0.36 | 304 | 0.32 |
Finns | - | - | 49 | 0.08 | 27 | 0.06 | - | - | 1220 | 1.35 | 1271 | 1.22 | 1275 | 1.12 | 1073 | 1.06 | 706 | 0.72 | 900 | 0.95 |
Jews | 1115 | 2.22 | 920 | 1.56 | 0 | 0.00 | - | - | 420 | 0.46 | 346 | 0.33 | 267 | 0.24 | 154 | 0.15 | 113 | 0.12 | 81 | 0.09 |
Latvians | - | - | 278 | 0.47 | 1043 | 2.18 | - | - | 137 | 0.15 | 197 | 0.19 | 167 | 0.15 | 105 | 0.10 | 113 | 0.12 | 268 | 0.28 |
Germans | 3210 | 6.39 | 2706 | 4.60 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 103 | 0.10 | 133 | 0.12 | 123 | 0.12 | 118 | 0.12 | 306 | 0.32 |
Tatars | - | - | 6 | 0.01 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 112 | 0.11 | 146 | 0.13 | 83 | 0.08 | 65 | 0.07 | 45 | 0.05 |
Poles | - | - | 144 | 0.24 | 71 | 0.15 | - | - | - | - | 164 | 0.16 | 179 | 0.16 | 137 | 0.14 | 92 | 0.09 | 133 | 0.14 |
Lithuanians | - | - | 26 | 0.04 | 15 | 0.03 | - | - | 102 | 0.11 | 127 | 0.12 | 159 | 0.14 | 96 | 0.09 | 74 | 0.08 | 109 | 0.11 |
unknown | 0 | 0.00 | 278 | 0.47 | 44 | 0.09 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 378 | 0.37 | 136 | 0.14 | 255 | 0.27 |
other | 902 | 1.79 | 254 | 0.43 | 335 | 0.70 | 18058 | 24.3 | 614 | 0.68 | 500 | 0.48 | 1002 | 0.88 | 649 | 0.64 | 897 | 0.92 | 3014 | 3.17 |
Total | 50256 | 100 | 58876 | 100 | 47757 | 100 | 74263 | 100 | 90459 | 100 | 104381 | 100 | 113420 | 100 | 101169 | 100 | 97600 | 100 | 95190 | 100 |
Neighbourhoods
Tartu is officially divided into 17 neighbourhoods, which carry no administrative purposes. Their names and borders are defined.
Neighborhood | Area (ha) | Residents 2001 | Residents 2006 | Residents 2012 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Annelinn | 541 | 30,000 | 28,200 | 27,480 |
Ihaste | 424 | 1,000 | 1,800 | 2,322 |
Jaamamõisa | 149 | 3,000 | 3,000 | 3,202 |
Karlova | 230 | 9,500 | 9,000 | 9,073 |
Kesklinn(Downtown) | 180 | 7,500 | 6,700 | 6,575 |
Maarjamõisa | 113 | 800 | 500 | 377 |
Raadi-Kruusamäe | 283 | 5,000 | 4,800 | 4,626 |
Ropka | 146 | 5,500 | 5,300 | 5,120 |
Ropka industrial district | 354 | 2,700 | 2,700 | 2,511 |
Ränilinn | 122 | 2,500 | 1,800 | 1,732 |
Supilinn | 48 | 2,100 | 1,800 | 1,790 |
Tammelinn | 311 | 8,000 | 8,100 | 8,195 |
Tähtvere | 250 | 4,500 | 3,500 | 3,023 |
Vaksali | 75 | 2,900 | 3,100 | 3,206 |
Variku | 77 | 2,000 | 1,900 | 1,840 |
Veeriku | 281 | 5,500 | 5,300 | 5,561 |
Ülejõe | 302 | 8,200 | 7,700 | 7,876 |
Education and culture
The city is best known for being home to the
Tartu is also the seat of the
In music, there exists the
Most of the sculptures in Tartu are dedicated to historical figures. Among them the most famous are the
Science
Tartu has been an intellectual centre of both Estonia and the Baltic countries for several centuries. Scholars hailing from Tartu include the pioneer of embryology
Main sights
The architecture and city planning of historical Tartu mainly go back to the pre-independence period, with Germans forming the upper and middle classes of society, and therefore contributing many architects, professors and local politicians.
Most notable are the old
The historical slum area called Supilinn (Soup Town) is located on the bank of river Emajõgi, near the town centre and is regarded as one of the few surviving "poor" neighbourhoods of 19th-century Europe. At the moment Supilinn is being rapidly renovated, undergoing a slow transformation from the historic slum into a prestigious high-class neighborhood. The active community embodied by the Supilinn Society is committed to preserving the heritage.
The Second World War destroyed large parts of the city centre and during the Soviet occupation, many new buildings were erected – notably the new Vanemuine Theater. The effects of the war are still witnessed by the relative abundance of parks and greenery in the historic centre. Typical Soviet-style neighbourhoods of blocks of high-rise flats were built between World War II and the restoration of Estonian independence in 1991, the largest such district being Annelinn.
Presently, Tartu is also known for several modern buildings of the "steel, concrete and glass" variation, but has managed to retain a mix of old and new buildings in the centre of town. Notable examples include the Tigutorn Tower and the Emajõe Centre, both built during the current period of independence; Tartu's tallest and second tallest towers, respectively. Tartu's large student population means that it has a comparatively thriving nightlife, with many nightclubs, bars, and restaurants, including the world's highest-ceiling pub, in the historic Gunpowder Cellar of Tartu.
Annually, in the summer, Tartu hosts the Hanseatic Days festival (Estonian: Hansapäevad) to celebrate its Hanseatic heritage. The festival includes events such as handicraft markets, historic workshops and jousting tournaments.
Sports
The city hosts the Rally Estonia. It is the biggest motorsport event in the Baltic states.[45] The rally was part of the European Rally Championship between 2014 and 2016. Since 2020 Rally Estonia is part of the World Rally Championship.
Tartu is the home for basketball club
Tartu has a professional volleyball club, Bigbank Tartu, as well as the handball team, the Tartu Ülikool/Glassdrive, which plays in the second division of Estonian handball.
Tartu is also the hometown of
The 2017 World Orienteering Championships were held in Tartu.[47]
The annual running event Tartu Sügisjooks takes place in Tartu.
Notable people
- Andrus Ansip (1956), politician, former Prime Minister of Estonia
- Paul Ariste (1905–1990), linguist
- Lauri Aus (1970–2003), professional road cyclist
- Karl Ernst von Baer (1792–1876), Baltic German scientist and explorer
- George Browne, (1698–1792), Irish-born Governor of Dorpat
- Karl Ernst Claus (1796–1864), Baltic German chemist and botanist
- Jaan Einasto (1929), astrophysicist
- Elisabeth Erm (1993), fashion model
- Friedrich Robert Faehlmann (1798–1850), writer, medical doctor and philologist
- George Hackenschmidt (1877–1968), strongman, professional wrestler, writer and philosopher
- Adolf von Harnack (1851–1930), German lutheran theologian and church historian
- Else Hueck-Dehio, Baltic German writer
- Carl Robert Jakobson (1841–1882), writer, politician and teacher
- Maarja Jakobson (1977), actress
- Martin Järveoja (1987), rally co-driver
- Rasmus Kaljujärv (1981), actor
- Kallista Kann (1895–1983), linguist
- Alar Karis (1958), biologist and the 6th President of Estonia
- Kerr Kriisa (2001), basketball player
- Sally von Kügelgen (1860–1928), painter
- Leonid Kulik (1883–1942), Russian mineralogist
- Oskar Luts (1887–1953), writer and playwright
- Markko Märtin (1975), rally driver
- Emil Mattiesen (1875–1939), composer, pianist and philosopher
- Jaan Mölder (1987), rally driver
- Peeter Põld (1878–1930), pedagogic scientist, school director and politician
- Laura Põldvere (1988), singer
- Elsa Ratassepp (1893–1972), actress
- Eno Raud (1928–1996), children's author
- Zofia Romer (1885–1972), Polish painter
- Alma Johanna Ruubel (1899–1990), mathematician
- Kristina Šmigun-Vähi (1977), cross-country skier
- Rein Taaramäe (1987), professional road cyclist
- Aino Talvi (1909–1992), actress
- Mayor of Tartu) and financial figure
- Siim-Sander Vene (born 1990), basketball player
- Adalbert Volck (1868–1948), Baltic German politician
Gallery
-
University of Tartu Botanical Gardens
-
Kaarsild (Arch Bridge) over the Emajõgi
-
Kuradisild (Devil's Bridge)
-
Teller chapel in Tartu, Estonia. Built in 1794
-
Song Festival Museum
-
"Little House" of the Vanemuine theatre
See also
- Immaculate Conception Church, Tartu
- Pigcam, wild game feeding webcam, in a forest near Tartu
- University of Tartu
- St Mary's Church, Tartu
- St Paul's Church, Tartu
- St Peter's Church, Tartu
Sources
- Bernotas, Rivo (2011). "Medieval Town Wall of Tartu in the Light of Recent Research" (PDF). Estonian Journal of Archaeology. No. 1.
Notes
- ^ Estonian pronunciation: [ˈtɑrtˑu], South Estonian: Tarto, historically in German and Swedish: Dorpat
References
- ^ a b c d "Tartu city". Visit South Estonia. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ^ a b c "Tartu – European Capital of Culture 2024". Estonian Convention Bureau (ECB). Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ^ a b c d Population of Tartu city as a settlement unit, excluding population of other settlement units of the municipality of Tartu city. Population by sex, age and place of residence after the 2017 administrative reform, 1 January. Statistics Estonia.
- ^ "GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT BY COUNTY". stat.ee.
- ^ Tartu – the intellectual centre of Estonia estlandia.de
- ^ Jonathan Bousfield The Rough Guide to Estonia, Latvia & Lithuania. Rough Guides UK. Page 126
- ^ Sergey Chernov. Tartu: Estonia's Intellectual and Theater Capital The Moscow Times, Dec. 24 2012
- ^ Why Tartu?|Visit Tartu
- ISBN 9780415643344.
- ^ European Capital of Culture 2024 — Ministry of Culture
- ^ Tartu – European Capital of Culture 2024 – Visit Estonia
- ^ Tartu – European Capital of Culture 2024 – Tartu.ee
- ^ "Tartu". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 26 January 2013.
- ^ a b c Mäesalu, Ain (12 October 2001). "Vene kroonikate Jurjev oli tõenäoliselt siiski Tartu" (in Estonian). Sirp. Retrieved 26 January 2013.
- ^ ISBN 9789949131525. Retrieved 13 January 2020.
- ^ Tvauri, Andres (2012). The Migration Period, Pre-Viking Age, and Viking Age in Estonia. pp. 33, 59, 60. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
- . Retrieved 13 January 2020.
- ^ Anti Selart, Ivar Leimus, Linda Kaljundi, Heiki Valk. Ristiretked ja vallutussõjad 13. sajandi Liivimaal, in "Eesti ajalugu II. Eesti keskaeg." Editor Anti Selart. Tartu 2012. Pp. 52—53
- ^ Bobrick, Benson. Fearful Majesty: The Life and Reign of Ivan the Terrible. Putnam. p. 169.
- ^ The Town Hall of Tartu, tartu.ee, retrieved 27 December 2013
- ^ "Tartu Railway Station". Visit Estonia. Retrieved 5 April 2023.
- ^ Tuberculosis In European Countries, The Times, 25 February 1895
- ^ "Climate normals-Temperature". Estonian Weather Service. Retrieved 31 January 2021.
- ^ "Climate normals-Precipitation". Estonian Weather Service. Retrieved 31 January 2021.
- ^ "Climate normals-Humidity". Estonian Weather Service. Retrieved 31 January 2021.
- ^ "Climate normals-Sunshine". Estonian Weather Service. Retrieved 31 January 2021.
- ^ "Rekordid" (in Estonian). Estonian Weather Service. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
- ^ "Kliimanormid-Sademed, õhuniiskus" (in Estonian). Estonian Weather Service. Archived from the original on 22 February 2012. Retrieved 31 January 2021.
- ^ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 21 December 2023.
- ^ "Climate & Weather Averages in Tartu". Time and Date. Retrieved 25 July 2022.
- ^ a b c Population by sex, age group and administrative unit or type of settlement, 1 january (2000–2017). Statistics Estonia.
- ^ "Population By Ethnic Nationality, Sex, Age Group And Place Of Residence". andmed.stat.ee. Statistics Estonia. 31 December 2021. Archived from the original on 10 June 2022. Retrieved 20 April 2023.
- ^ "General data for 1881, 1897, 1922, 1934, 1959, 1970, 1979, 1989 censuses - Statistics Estonia". www.stat.ee. Archived from the original on 7 July 2013. Retrieved 23 March 2009.
- ^ "Population by sex, age group and county, 1 January". Statistics Estonia. 16 March 2012. Retrieved 19 February 2014.
- ^ "Definitions and Methodology". pub.stat.ee.
- ISBN 9789916103067– via Digar.
- hdl:10062/4439.
- ^ Eesti Statistika : kuukiri 1942-03/04 (in German and Estonian). Tallinn: Riigi Statistika Keskbüroo. 1942. pp. 66–67.
- ISBN 9985-820-72-X.
- ^ Население районов, городов и поселков городского типа Эстонской ССР : по данным Всесоюзной переписи населения на 15 января 1970 года (in Russian). Tallinn: Eesti NSV Statistika Keskvalitsus. 1972. p. 76.
- ^ ISBN 978-9949-7193-2-7– via Digar.
- ^ "RL222: RAHVASTIK ELUKOHA JA RAHVUSE JÄRGI". Estonian Statistical Database (in Estonian).
- ^ "RL0429: RAHVASTIK RAHVUSE, SOO, VANUSERÜHMA JA ELUKOHA JÄRGI, 31. DETSEMBER 2011". Estonian Statistical Database. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
- ^ "RL21429: Rahvastik Rahvuse, Soo, Vanuserühma Ja ELukoha (Haldusüksus) Järgi, 31. DETSEMBER 2021". Estonian Statistical Database (in Estonian).
- ^ "WRC Rally Estonia". wrc.com. World Rally Championship. Retrieved 19 July 2023.
- ^ "International Teams". Valve. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
- ^ "Nokian Tyres World Orienteering Championships 2017". www.woc2017.ee.
Further reading
- Villem Raam (1999). Eesti arhitektuur 4. Tartumaa, Jõgevamaa, Valgamaa, Võrumaa, Põlvamaa. Valgus (in Estonian). ISBN 9985-68-050-2.
- Malle Salupere (2004). Tuhandeaastane Tartu – Nooruse ja heade mõtete linn (in Estonian). ISBN 9985-56-908-3.
- Seppo Zetterberg (2007). Viron historia (in Finnish). ISBN 978-951-746-520-5.
External links
Media related to Tartu at Wikimedia Commons Tartu travel guide from Wikivoyage