Double standard
A double standard is the application of different sets of principles for situations that are, in principle, the same.[1] It is often used to describe treatment whereby one group is given more latitude than another.[2] A double standard arises when two or more people, groups, organizations, circumstances, or events are treated differently even though they should be treated the same way.[3] A double standard "implies that two things which are the same are measured by different standards".[4]
Applying different principles to similar situations may or may not indicate a double standard. To distinguish between the application of a double standard and a valid application of different standards toward circumstances that only appear to be the same, several factors must be examined. One is the
If correctly identified, a double standard usually indicates the presence of hypocrisy, bias or unjust behaviors.
Causes and explanations
Double standards are believed to develop in people's minds for a multitude of possible reasons, including: finding an excuse for oneself, emotions clouding judgement, twisting facts to support beliefs (such as confirmation biases, cognitive biases, attraction biases, prejudices or the desire to be right). Human beings have a tendency to evaluate people's actions based on who did them.
In a study conducted in 2000, Dr. Martha Foschi observed the application of double standards in group competency tests. She concluded that
Dr. Tristan Botelho and Dr. Mabel Abraham, Assistant Professors at the
Common areas
Gender
It has long been debated how someone's
Kennair et al. (2023) found no signs on a sexual double standard in long or short-term mating contexts, nor in choosing a friend. They did find however that women's self-stimulation was judged positively, and men's self-stimulated was judged negatively.[9] A 2017 study of American college students also found no evidence of a gendered double standard around promiscuity.[10]
Law
A double standard may arise if two or more groups who have equal legal rights are given different degrees of legal protection or representation. Such double standards are seen as unjustified because they violate a common
]Politics
A double standard arises in politics when the treatment of the same political matters between two or more parties (such as the response to a public crisis or the allocation of funding) is handled differently. This could occur because of the nature of political relationships between those tasked with these matters, the degree of reward or power that stands to be gained/lost, or the personal biases/prejudices of politicians.[citation needed]
Double standard policies can include situations when a country's or commentator's assessment of the same phenomenon, process or event in
Ethnicity
Double standards exist when people are preferred or rejected on the basis of their ethnicity in situations in which ethnicity is not a relevant or justifiable factor for discrimination (as might be the case for a cultural performance or ethnic ceremony).
The intentional efforts of some people to counteract
See also
- Discrimination
- Double bind
- Doublethink
- ethic of reciprocity
- Honne and tatemae
- Hypocrisy
- In-group and out-group
- In-group favoritism
- Nordic sexual morality debate
- Political hypocrisy
- Quod licet Iovi, non licet bovi
- Psychological projection
- Reciprocity (social and political philosophy)
- Social exclusion
References
- ^ "Definition of double standard". dictionary.com. Retrieved 27 July 2020.
- )
- ^ "double standard Meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary". dictionary.cambridge.org. Retrieved 9 June 2018.
- ISBN 978-0-85664-536-5.
- JSTOR 223435.
- S2CID 157322669. Retrieved 9 March 2019.
- ^ Vrangalova Ph.D., Zhana (3 March 2014). "Is Our Sexual Double Standard Going Away?" (Web article). Psychology Today. Sussex Publishers, LLC. Retrieved 20 February 2019.
- PMID 21318125.
- S2CID 257772494.)
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - S2CID 25336484.
- ISBN 9781884446054
- ^ a b c Dreher, Rod (5 June 2018). "The Racial Double Standard". The American Conservative. Retrieved 9 March 2019.
Further reading
- Axinn, William G., et al. "Gender Double Standards in Parenting Attitudes." Social Science Research, vol. 40, no. 2, 2011, pp. 417–432., doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2010.08.010.
- Pollmann, K. (2000). Double Standards in the Ancient and Medieval World. ISBN 978-3-89744-110-1. Retrieved 30 November 2017. 327 pages.
- Henrard, K. (2010). Double Standards Pertaining to Minority Protection. Nijhoff eBook titles. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. ISBN 978-90-04-18579-1. Retrieved 30 November 2017. 440 pages.
- Hudspeth, Christopher. "8 Modern Day Double Standards." Thought Catalog, 26 July 2012, thoughtcatalog.com/cehudspeth/2012/07/8-modern-day-double-standards/.
- Peterson, N. (2015). Studs and Sluts: Virginity-loss Scripts and Sexual Double Standards Among College-age Students. Coe College. Retrieved 30 November 2017. 127 pages.
- Russell, James W. (2011). Double Standard: Social Policy in Europe and the United States (E-book). Lanham, Maryland: ISBN 978-1442206595.
- Thomas, Keith. "The Double Standard." Journal of the History of Ideas, vol. 20, no. 2, Apr. 1959, pp. 195–216., doi:10.2307/2707819.
- Wood, B. (1991). World Order and Double Standards: Peace and Security 1990-91. Canadian Institute for International Peace and Security. Retrieved 30 November 2017. 37 pages.