Douglas AC-47 Spooky

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AC-47 Spooky
A restored AC-47 in flight
Role
Ground-attack aircraft and close air support gunship
Manufacturer Douglas Aircraft Company
First flight 1964
Introduction 1965
Status In service with the
Colombian Air Force
Primary users
Colombian Air Force
Produced
  • 1963–1965 (US military conversions)
  • 1987 and 1993 (Colombian conversions)
Number built 53
Developed from
C-47 Skytrain

The Douglas AC-47 Spooky (also nicknamed

ground-attack aircraft in certain situations when ground forces called for close air support
.

Design and development

The AC-47 was a

suppressing fire
over an elliptical area about 52 yd (47.5 m) in diameter, placing a round every 2.4 yd (2.2 m) during a three-second burst. The aircraft also carried MK-24 Mod 3 parachute flares it could drop to illuminate the battleground.

AC-47

The AC-47 had no previous design to gauge how successful it would be, because it was the first of its kind. The USAF found itself in a precarious situation when requests for additional gunships began to come in because it simply lacked miniguns to fit additional aircraft after the first two conversions. The next four aircraft were equipped with ten .30 caliber AN/M2 machine guns. These weapons, using World War II and Korean War ammunition stocks, were quickly discovered to jam easily, produce large amounts of gases from firing, and, even in ten-gun groups, provide the density of fire of only a single minigun. All four of these aircraft were retrofitted to the standard armament configuration when additional miniguns arrived.

The AC-47 initially used

MXU-470/A
to replace the gun pods, which were also used on later gunships.

Operational history

United States Air Force

AC-47 at Nha Trang Air Base in South Vietnam

In August 1964, years of fixed-wing gunship experimentation reached a new peak with Project Tailchaser under the direction of

crosshairs were quickly discovered to enable a pilot flying in a pylon turn to hit a stationary area target with relative accuracy and ease. The Armament Development and Test Center tested the craft at Eglin Air Force Base, Florida, but lack of funding soon suspended the tests. In 1964, Captain Ron W. Terry returned from temporary duty in South Vietnam as part of an Air Force Systems Command team reviewing all aspects of air operations in counter-insurgency warfare, where he had noted the usefulness of C-47s and C-123s
orbiting as flare ships during night attacks on fortified hamlets. He received permission to conduct a live-fire test using the C-131 and revived the side-firing gunship program.

By October, Terry's team under Project Gunship provided a C-47D, which was converted to a similar standard as the Project Tailchaser aircraft and armed with three miniguns, which were initially mounted on locally fabricated mounts—essentially strapped gun pods intended for fixed-wing aircraft (SUU-11/A) onto a mount allowing them to be fired remotely out the port side. Terry and a testing team arrived at

Vietcong
(VC) guerrilla units.

Puff's first significant success occurred on the night of 23–24 December 1964. An FC-47 arrived over the Special Forces outpost at Tranh Yend in the Mekong Delta just 37 minutes after an air support request, fired 4,500 rounds of ammunition, and broke the VC attack. The FC-47 was then called to support a second outpost at Trung Hung, about 20 miles (32 km) away. The aircraft again blunted the VC attack and forced a retreat. Between 15 and 26 December, all the FC-47's 16 combat sorties were successful. On 8 February 1965, an FC-47 flying over the Bồng Sơn area demonstrated its capabilities in the process of blunting a VC offensive. For over four hours, it fired 20,500 rounds into a VC hilltop position, killing an estimated 300 VC troops.

Timelapse photo showing tracer rounds visible at night while converging on the target of an AC-47D performing a pylon turn in Saigon in 1968

The early gunship trials were so successful, the second aircraft was returned to the United States early in 1965 to provide crew training. In July 1965, Headquarters USAF ordered TAC to establish an AC-47 squadron. By November 1965, a total of five aircraft were operating with the

Forbes AFB, Kansas
. In Operation Big Shoot, the 4th ACS in Vietnam grew to 20 AC-47s (16 aircraft plus four reserves for attrition).

The 4th ACS deployed to Tan Son Nhut Air Base, Vietnam, on 14 November 1965. Now using the call sign Spooky, each of its three 7.62 mm miniguns could selectively fire either 50 or 100 rounds per second.[1] Cruising in an overhead left-hand orbit at 120 knots air speed at an altitude of 3,000 feet (910 m), the gunship could put a bullet or glowing red tracer bullet (every fifth round) into every square yard of a football field-sized target in potentially less than 10 seconds.[2] As long as its 45-flare and 24,000-round basic load of ammunition held out, it could do this intermittently while loitering over the target for hours.

In May 1966, the squadron moved north to

432nd Tactical Reconnaissance Wing. The work of the two AC-47 squadrons, each with 16 AC-47s flown by aircrews younger than the aircraft they flew, was undoubtedly a key contributor to the award of the Presidential Unit Citation
to the 14th Air Commando Wing in June 1968.

MXU-470/A minigun modules in an AC-47

One of the most publicized battles of the Vietnam War was the Battle of Khe Sanh in early 1968. More than 24,000 tactical and 2,700 B-52 strikes dropped 110,000 tons of ordnance in attacks that averaged over 300 sorties per day. During the two and a half months of combat, fighters were in the air day and night. At night, AC-47 gunships kept up constant fire against enemy troops and provided illumination for the base.[3]

The AC-47D gunship should not be confused with a small number of C-47s that were fitted with electronic equipment in the 1950s. Prior to 1962, these aircraft were designated AC-47D. When a new designation system was adopted in 1962, these became EC-47Ds. The original gunships had been designated FC-47D by the USAF, but with protests from fighter pilots, this designation was changed to AC-47D during 1965. Of the 53 aircraft converted to AC-47 configuration, 41 served in Vietnam and 19 were lost to all causes, 12 in combat.[4] Combat reports indicate that no village or hamlet under Spooky protection was ever lost, and a plethora of reports from civilians and military personnel were made about AC-47s coming to the rescue and saving their lives.

As the United States began

Prince Norodom Sihanouk was deposed in a coup by General Lon Nol
.

Airman First Class John L. Levitow, an AC-47 loadmaster with the 3rd SOS, received the Medal of Honor for saving his aircraft, Spooky 71, from destruction on 24 February 1969 during a fire-support mission at Long Binh. The aircraft was struck by an 82-mm mortar round that inflicted 3,500 shrapnel holes, wounding Levitow 40 times, but he used his body to jettison an armed magnesium
flare, which ignited shortly after Levitow ejected it from the aircraft, allowing the AC-47 to return to base.

Other air forces

By the end of 1969 most AC-47Ds were transferred to the Republic of Vietnam Air Force. the RVNAF kept using them until 1975. most of them were destroyed or captured by North Vietnam at the end of the war.

In 1969, Laos received its first AC-47 armed with SUU-11/A minigun pods. These pods ended up being unsatisfactory so later RLAF AC-47s were equipped with .50 cal machine guns or the MXU-470/A minigun modules.

The Khmer Air Force received some AC-47Ds from the USAF between 1973 and 1974 and also converted some with .50 cal machine guns. Several of them were given to Thailand after the end of the Cambodian Civil War.[5]

In December 1984 and January 1985, the United States supplied two AC-47D gunships to the

El Salvador Air Force (FAS) and trained aircrews to operate the system.[6] The AC-47 gunship carried three .50 cal machine guns and could loiter and provide heavy firepower for army operations. As the FAS had long operated C-47s, training pilots and crew to operate the aircraft as a weapons platform was easy for the United States. By all accounts, the AC-47 soon became probably the most effective weapon in the FAS arsenal.[7]

In 2006,

forward looking infrared system. They also have the ability to carry bombs.[8][9] At least one has been seen fitted with one GAU-19/A and a 20 mm cannon, most likely a French-made M621. The BT-67s are C-47/DC-3s modified by the Basler Corporation of Oshkosh, Wisconsin
, and are not variants of the Douglas AC-47.

In 1970, the

Indonesian invasion of East Timor to attack the city of Dili. Later, the aircraft was used in Indonesian military close air support missions in East Timor. Its retirement date is unknown.[10]

South Africa converted some C-47s to gunships by installing gun mounts on a rotating platform on the rear of the aircraft and used them similarly to a helicopter gunner. South African "Dragon Daks" were known to fit 20 mm cannons[11]

Between 1980 and 1981 Uruguay converted C-47 T-508 into a gunship for COIN missions by installing three .50 cal machine guns to the last two rear windows.[12]

The Philippines also converted some C-47s by mounting .50 cal machine guns and used them against Muslim guerrillas in the Battle of Jolo in 1974[13]

In 1967, Thailand converted its first AC-47D installing it the SUU-11/A minigun pods. It kept converting a few more airframes and also received some former Khmer Air Force AC-47Ds from Cambodia in late 1975. Thai AC-47s also were equipped with a combination of two .50 cal machine guns and an M197 20mm Electric cannon.[14]

Variants

  • FC-47 Early version with 10 .30 cal machine guns (later replaced by minigun modules)
  • AC-47D US conversion of C-47 with M134 7.62-mm minigun
  • AC-47T Colombian military conversion of civilian DC-3 by Basler Turbo with infrared sensor pod with upgrade PT-6A engines and GAU-19 .50 caliber triple Gatling guns (replacing .50 cal machine guns)
  • AC-47 with 3 AN-M2 .50 cal machine guns (used by most operators)
  • AC-47 Thai variant with 2 .50 cal machine guns and an M197 20mm Electric cannon
  • AC-47TP (Salvadorian BT-67 conversion with 3 .50 cal machine guns)

Operators

Current

 Colombia[15]
  • Colombian Air Force
    • 214th Tactical Air Support Squadron

Former

 Cambodia
Khmer Air Force
Laos Kingdom of Laos
Royal Lao Air Force
 South Vietnam
Republic of Vietnam Air Force
 El Salvador
Air Force of El Salvador[16]
 Thailand
Royal Thai Air Force
 Philippines
Philippine Air Force
 Indonesia
Indonesian Air Force
South Africa
South African Air Force
 Uruguay
Uruguayan Air Force
 United States
United States Air ForceTactical Air Command
Danang, Pleiku, Bien Hoa and Binh Thuy
)
3rd Air Commando Squadron 1968–69
4th Air Commando Squadron 1964–69

Aircraft on display

Aircraft painted to represent AC-47s are on static display at the Air Commando Park at Hurlburt Field and the Air Force Armament Museum at Eglin Air Force Base.[17] These airframes never were AC-47s and were actually regular unarmed C-47s.[18][19][self-published source?]

Specifications (AC-47D)

Data from[citation needed]

General characteristics

  • Crew: 7:
    pilot
    , copilot, navigator, flight engineer, loadmaster and 2 gunners
  • Length: 64 ft 5 in (19.63 m)
  • Wingspan: 95 ft 0 in (28.96 m)
  • Height: 16 ft 11 in (5.16 m)
  • Wing area: 987 sq ft (91.7 m2)
  • Empty weight: 18,080 lb (8,201 kg)
  • Gross weight: 33,000 lb (14,969 kg)
  • Powerplant: 2 × Pratt & Whitney R-1830 Twin Wasp 14-cylinder air-cooled radial piston engines, 1,200 hp (890 kW) each

Performance

  • Maximum speed: 230 mph (370 km/h, 200 kn)
  • Cruise speed: 175 mph (282 km/h, 152 kn)
  • Range: 2,175 mi (3,500 km, 1,890 nmi)
  • Service ceiling: 24,450 ft (7,450 m)
  • Wing loading: 33.4 lb/sq ft (163 kg/m2)
  • Power/mass: 0.15 hp/lb (0.25 kW/kg)

Armament

  • Guns:
    • 3 × 7.62 mm General Electric
      GAU-2/M134 miniguns
      , 2,000 rpm or
    • 10 × .30 in Browning AN/M2 machine guns
    • 32 × Mk 24 flares

See also

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related lists

References

  1. ^ It can be seen in action here.
  2. ^ "AC-47 Factsheet". Archived from the original on 2014-10-11.
  3. ^ Ultimate Warfare: Locked and Reloaded, episode "Khe Sanh: Marines Under Siege. First aired March 7, 2014.
  4. .
  5. ^ "Douglas C-47 Dakota". www.wings-aviation.ch. Retrieved 2021-10-08.
  6. ^ А. Кувшинников. "Драконы" расправляют крылья // "Известия", № 12 (21089) от 12 января 1985. стр.4
  7. . p.337.
  8. ^ "Colombia: Seguridad & Defensa." Archived 2016-03-08 at the Wayback Machine fuerzasmilitares.net. Retrieved: 12 December 2011.
  9. ^ "The Only World War II Aircraft Still In Service." Strategypage.com. Retrieved: 14 December 2012.
  10. ^ "AC-47 Gunship TNI AU: Pesawat Angkut Berkemampuan Serbu". Indomiliter.com. 2013-12-12. Retrieved 2021-10-08.
  11. ^ "Aircraft Nut: AC-47 Dakota Gunship: Spooky and Puff The Magic Dragon SAAF and USA". Aircraft Nut. 2014-05-16. Retrieved 2021-10-08.
  12. ^ "Douglas C-47 artillados de Uruguay". Zona Militar (in European Spanish). Retrieved 2021-10-08.
  13. ^ "AC-47 gunships over Jolo". defenseph.net. Retrieved 2021-10-08.
  14. ^ "RTAF Dakota". www.wings-aviation.ch. Retrieved 2021-10-08.
  15. ^ "Colombia's AC-47T Fantasmas Are Still Going Strong".
  16. ^ "Colombia's AC-47T Fantasmas Are Still Going Strong".
  17. ^ "Hurlburt Field Memorial Airpark Guide" (PDF). Hurlburt Field. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 December 2016. Retrieved 19 October 2016.
  18. ^ "Old friends reunite at Hurlburt". Hurlburt Field. 28 November 2007. Retrieved 19 October 2016.
  19. ISBN 9781105420719. Retrieved 19 October 2016.[self-published source
    ]

13. On their 1989 album "Agent Orange", Thrash metal band Sodom made a song about the AC-47 called "Magic Dragon". The album's cover art shows the inside of an AC-47, and the inner sleeve shows AC-47's encircling a VC camp.

Further reading

External links