Lower Manhattan

Coordinates: 40°42′28″N 74°00′43″W / 40.7078°N 74.0119°W / 40.7078; -74.0119
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
(Redirected from
Downtown Manhattan
)

Lower Manhattan
Downtown Manhattan, Downtown New York City
ZIP Codes
10004, 10005, 10006, 10007, 10038, 10280, 10012, 10013, 10014
Area code(s)212, 332, 646, and 917
Median household income$201,953

Lower Manhattan, also known as Downtown Manhattan or Downtown New York, is the southernmost part of

City of New York itself.[2] Because there are no municipally defined boundaries for the neighborhood, a precise population cannot be quoted, but several sources have suggested that it was one of the fastest-growing locations in New York City between 2010 and 2020, related to the influx of young adults and significant development of new housing units.[3][4]

Despite various definitions of Lower Manhattan, they generally include all of

tallest skyscraper in the Western Hemisphere
.

Geography

Lower Manhattan is delineated on the north by 14th Street, on the west by the Hudson River, on the east by the East River, and on the south by New York Harbor. Its northern border is designated by thoroughfares about a mile-and-a-half south of 14th Street and a mile north of Manhattan's southern tip around Chambers Street near the Hudson River east of the entrances and overpass to the Brooklyn Bridge.[5] Two other major arteries to Lower Manhattan are Canal Street, roughly half a mile north of Chambers Street, and 23rd Street, roughly half a mile north of 14th Street.

Lower Manhattan's

court buildings and other government offices
are located in this area.

The

Gramercy, and Stuyvesant Town–Peter Cooper Village
.

History

See also: History of New York City and History of Manhattan

Lenape and New Netherland

Main article: History of New York City (prehistory–1664)
New Amsterdam, centered in what eventually became Lower Manhattan, in 1664, the year England took control and renamed it New York
Peter Stuyvesant

The area that would eventually encompass modern-day New York City was inhabited by the Lenape people. These groups of culturally and linguistically identical Native Americans who spoke an Algonquian language now referred to as Unami.

European settlement began with the founding of a Dutch fur trading post in Lower Manhattan, later called New Amsterdam (Dutch: Nieuw-Amsterdam) in 1626.[8][9] The first fort was built at The Battery to protect New Netherland.[10]

In approximately 1626, construction of

Pavonia Massacre, across the Hudson River in present-day Jersey City, New Jersey resulted in the death of 80 natives in February 1643. Following the massacre, Algonquian tribes joined forces and nearly defeated the Dutch. The Dutch Republic sent additional forces to the aid of Kieft, leading to the overwhelming defeat of the Native Americans and a peace treaty on August 29, 1645.[11]
: 37–40 

On May 27, 1647,

Arent van Hattem and Martin Cregier, were appointed in that year.[12]

17th and 18th centuries

Main article: History of New York City (1665–1783)
New York Harbor, 1727

In 1664, the English conquered the area and renamed it "New York" after the Duke of York and the city of York in Yorkshire.[13][14]

At that time, people of African descent made up 20% of the population of the city, with European settlers numbering approximately 1,500,[15]: 14  and people of African descent numbering 375 (with 300 of that 375 enslaved and 75 free).[15]: 22  While it has been claimed that African slaves comprised 40% of the small population of the city at that time,[16] this claim has not been substantiated. During the mid-1600s, farms of free blacks covered 130 acres (53 ha) where Washington Square Park later developed.[17]

The Dutch

New Orange", before permanently ceding the colony of New Netherland to the English for what is now Suriname
in November 1674.

The new English rulers of the formerly Dutch New Amsterdam and New Netherland renamed the settlement back to New York. As the colony grew and prospered, sentiment also grew for greater autonomy. In the context of the Glorious Revolution in England, Jacob Leisler led Leisler's Rebellion and effectively controlled the city and surrounding areas from 1689 to 1691, before being arrested and executed.

By 1700, the Lenape population of New York had diminished to 200.[18] By 1703, 42% of households in New York had slaves, a higher percentage than in Philadelphia or Boston.[19]

The 1735

libel trial of John Peter Zenger in the city was a seminal influence on freedom of the press in North America. It would be a standard for the basic articles of freedom in the United States Declaration of Independence
.

By the 1740s, with expansion of settlers, 20% of the population of New York were slaves, totaling about 2,500 people.[20] After a series of fires in 1741, the city became panicked that blacks planned to burn the city in a conspiracy with some poor whites. Historians believe their alarm was mostly fabrication and fear, but officials rounded up 31 blacks and 4 whites, all of whom were convicted of arson and executed. City officials executed 13 blacks by burning them alive and hanged 4 whites and 18 blacks.[21]

In 1754, Columbia University was founded under charter by George II of Great Britain as King's College in Lower Manhattan.[22]

The

Manhattan Island, but with the subsequent defeat at the Battle of Fort Washington the island was effectively left to the British. The city became a haven for loyalist refugees, becoming a British stronghold for the entire war. Consequently, the area also became the focal point for Washington's espionage and intelligence-gathering
throughout the war.

In 1771,

Washington Market in 1813.[23]

New York City was greatly damaged twice by

prisoners of war aboard prison ships in Wallabout Bay, across the East River in Brooklyn. More Americans died from neglect aboard these ships than died in all the battles of the war. British occupation lasted until November 25, 1783. George Washington triumphantly returned to the city that day, as the last British forces left the city
.

Starting in 1785, the

United States Supreme Court sat there. The United States Bill of Rights was drafted and ratified there. George Washington was inaugurated at Federal Hall.[24]
New York City remained the capital of the U.S. until 1790, when the role was transferred to Philadelphia.

19th century

Main articles: History of New York City (1784–1854) and History of New York City (1855–1897)
Sidney's Map Twelve Miles Around New York, 1849 lithograph by James Charles Sidney
Cooper Union at Astor Place, one of Lower Manhattan's most storied buildings, where Abraham Lincoln gave his famed Cooper Union speech on February 27, 1860

New York grew as an economic center, first as a result of

West Street.[27]

In 1898, the modern

Brooklyn (until then an independent city), Manhattan and outlying areas.[28] The borough of Brooklyn incorporated the independent City of Brooklyn, recently joined to Manhattan by the Brooklyn Bridge in Lower Manhattan. Municipal governments contained within the boroughs were abolished, and the county governmental functions, housed in Lower Manhattan after unification, were absorbed by the city or each borough.[29]

20th century

Main articles: History of New York City (1898–1945), History of New York City (1946–1977), and History of New York City (1978–present)
View from the Woolworth Building in 1913
Lower Manhattan in 1931
Lower Manhattan photographed in 1938 using Agfacolor
View from an airplane in 1981 prior to the September 11 attacks when the Lower Manhattan skyline was dominated by the Twin Towers of the former World Trade Center
Village Halloween Parade in Greenwich Village is the world's largest Halloween parade, with millions of spectators annually.[30]

Washington Market was located between

West Street.[31] It was demolished in the 1960s and replaced by a new Independence Plaza, Washington Market Park
, and other developments.

Construction boom

Lower Manhattan retains the most irregular street

American International Building, Woolworth Building, and 20 Exchange Place being erected. Many new water crossings into Lower Manhattan were built at this time, including the Williamsburg Bridge in 1903[32] and the Manhattan Bridge in 1909.[33] The Holland Tunnel to New Jersey opened in 1927,[34] while the Brooklyn–Battery Tunnel to Brooklyn opened in 1950 and was the last major fixed crossing to be built to Lower Manhattan.[35]

Despite these road connections opening, the economic center of New York City began to shift from Lower Manhattan to

Hudson and Manhattan Railroad (now PATH) extension to 33rd Street was completed in 1910,[37] and Grand Central Terminal opened in 1913.[38]

On March 25, 1911, the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire in Greenwich Village took the lives of 146 garment workers, which would eventually lead to great advancements in the city's fire department, building codes, and workplace regulations.

Throughout the first half of the 20th century, New York became a world center for industry, commerce, and communication. Interborough Rapid Transit, the first New York City Subway company, began operating in 1904. The area's demographics stabilized, labor unionization brought new protections and affluence to the working class, the city's government and infrastructure underwent a dramatic overhaul under Fiorello La Guardia, and his controversial parks commissioner, Robert Moses, ended the 'blight' of many tenement areas, by demolishing slums, factories, and working-class neighborhoods through public works such as the High line, the West Side Highway and FDR Drive, built housing projects, expanded new parks, rebuilt streets, and zoning controls, especially in Lower Manhattan. The zoning changes were intended to displace the industrial workforce by removing zoning protection for industrial space and incentivizing upscale residential and clerical redevelopment. The port of New York, despite its physical suitability for berthing and its close proximity to Europe, began to deteriorate due to the city's unwillingness to invest or modernise the port and the deindustrialization zoning policy. However a large number of small scale, dynamic, and highly specialized industries persisted despite the city's efforts such as the garment industry which was closely tied to the fashion industry in Midtown, or the printing industry; linked with the publishing industry.

In the 1950s, a few new buildings were constructed in Lower Manhattan, including an 11-story building at 156 William Street in 1955.

world trade center at the heart of these plans. The original DLMA plans called for the "world trade center" to be built along the East River, between Old Slip and Fulton Street. After negotiations with New Jersey Governor Richard J. Hughes, the Port Authority decided to build the World Trade Center on a site along the Hudson River and the West Side Highway, rather than the East River site.[citation needed
]

When

Battery Park City.[41] The result was a 700-foot (210-m) extension into the river, running six blocks or 1,484 feet (452 m), covering 92 acres (37 ha), providing a 1.2-mile (1.9 km) riverfront esplanade and over 30 acres (12 ha) of parks.[42]

Through much of its history, the area south of Chambers Street was mainly a commercial district, with a small population of residents—in 1960, it was home to about 4,000.[43] Construction of Battery Park City, on landfill from construction of the World Trade Center, brought many new residents to the area. Gateway Plaza, the first Battery Park City development, was finished in 1983. The project's centerpiece, the World Financial Center, consists of four luxury highrise towers. By the turn of the century, Battery Park City was mostly completed, with the exception of some ongoing construction on West Street. Around this time, Lower Manhattan reached its highest population of business tenants and full-time residents.[citation needed] These developments struggled to become fully occupied at desirable rents, with relatively high vacancy rates.[44]

In 1993, the Downtown Lower Manhattan Association contributed to a city plan calling for the revitalization of Lower Manhattan. The plan included recommended zoning changes, tax incentives to encourage new tenants, and the conversion of commercial buildings into apartments. It also called for the creation of a business improvement district, called The Alliance for Downtown New York, to help spur the area's renewal. Between 1995 and 2014, 15.8 million square feet of office space was converted to residential or hotel use. As a result, Lower Manhattan's residential population rose from 14,000 to 60,000.[45]

Culture

Since the early-20th century, Lower Manhattan has been an important center for the arts and leisure activities.

Off-Off-Broadway
community.

do-it-yourself
mentality that characterized the pre-gentrification era, still draw patrons from throughout the city and the surrounding region.

21st century

Main article: History of New York City (1978–present)
United Airlines Flight 175 hits the South Tower of the original World Trade Center on September 11, 2001.
Lower Manhattan on September 11, 2001
The Lower Manhattan skyline viewed from Governors Island

In the early 21st century, the Meatpacking District, once the sparsely populated province of after-hours BDSM clubs and transgender prostitutes, gained a reputation as New York City's trendiest neighborhood.[46]

September 11 attacks

During the September 11 attacks in 2001, two of four hijacked planes were flown into the Twin Towers of the original World Trade Center, and the towers collapsed. The 7 World Trade Center was not struck by a plane but uncontrolled fires that were caused by falling debris resulted in the building's collapse; a first in the history of steel framed skyscrapers.[47] The 3, 4, 5, and 6 World Trade Center buildings were damaged beyond repair or destroyed, and soon after demolished. The collapse of the Twin Towers also caused extensive damage to surrounding buildings and skyscrapers in Lower Manhattan. A total of 2,753 people, including those on the planes, were killed in New York.[48] About 400,000 people, including rescue workers and residents of the area were exposed to toxic dust and debris; many developed serious respiratory illnesses, cancers, and other harms arising from the attack, and 3,496 died.[49]

Post-9/11 rebuilding

Following September 11, Lower Manhattan lost much of its economy and office space but has since rebounded significantly. Private sector employment reached 233,000 at the end of 2016, the highest levels since the end of 2001. This was largely due to growth and diversification in the local workforce with gains in employment sectors like Technology, Advertising, Media and Information, as well as Hotel, Restaurants, Retailing, and Health care.[50] As of 2016, Lower Manhattan's business district is home to approximately 700 retail stores and 500 bars and restaurants.[51]

The

sixth-tallest in the world, at 1,776 feet (541 m);[54]
while other skyscrapers are under construction at the site.

The

Financial District on September 17, 2011, receiving global attention and spawning the Occupy movement against social and economic inequality worldwide.[55]

On October 29 and 30, 2012,

mass transit systems. The storm and its effects have prompted the discussion of constructing seawalls and other coastal barriers around the shorelines of Manhattan and the New York City metropolitan region to minimize the risk of destructive consequences from another such event in the future.[56]

Lower Manhattan has been experiencing a baby boom, well above the overall birth rate in Manhattan, with the area south of Canal Street witnessing 1,086 births in 2010, 12% greater than 2009 and over twice the number born in 2001.[57] The Financial District alone has witnessed growth in its population to approximately 43,000 as of 2014, nearly double the 23,000 recorded at the 2000 Census.[58]

There are currently 61,000 residents in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan south of Chambers Street[59] and more than 62 percent of the population is between 18 and 44. Lower Manhattan is home to more young professionals than Greenpoint, the East Village, and Downtown Brooklyn and on par with Downtown Jersey City and Williamsburg.[60]

In June 2015, The New York Times wrote that Lower Manhattan's dining scene was experiencing a renaissance.[61] There are over 400 casual dining and more than 100 full-service dining restaurants in the area.[62] The Village Voice, based at 80 Maiden Lane in the Financial District and historically the largest alternative newspaper in the United States, announced in 2017 that it would cease publication of its print edition and convert to a fully digital venture.[63]

On October 31, 2017, a man drove a pickup truck into the Hudson River Park's bike path between Houston Street and Chambers Street, killing eight people and injuring at least 15.[64] Most of those who were hit were bicyclists. It was the first deadly terrorist attack in Manhattan since 9/11.[65][66]

Since 2010, a Lower Manhattan community known as

Nolita neighborhood.[67]

Historical sites

Chinatown is home to the highest concentration of Overseas Chinese in the Western Hemisphere.

Before the

financial center. The new office towers built since the attack (including One World Trade Center) have transformed the skyline of Lower Manhattan. The 9/11 Memorial & Museum at the former World Trade Center site has become a popular draw for visitors. New York City has been described as the gay capital of the world, and the epicenter of LGBT culture and its catalyst as a continuing cultural force in modern society has been the Stonewall Inn in Greenwich Village.[68] Similarly, Chinatown, which was spawned just east of the original Five Points neighborhood of Lower Manhattan, was born in the 1850s and continues to be the epicenter of culture for the Chinese diaspora
.

Lower Manhattan contains many more historical buildings and sites, including

26 Wall Street (also known as the Standard Oil Building), and 70 Pine Street (also known as the American International Building
).

In 1966, the commercial district of Radio Row on Cortlandt Street was demolished to make way for construction of the former World Trade Center.

Denotation

See also: Downtown
17th Streets, may be considered a part of either Lower or Midtown Manhattan
.

Downtown in the context of Manhattan, and of New York City generally, has different meanings to different people, especially depending on where in the city they reside. Residents of the island or of

Business Improvement District managed by the Alliance for Downtown New York defines Downtown as south of Murray Street (essentially South of New York City Hall), which includes the World Trade Center area and the Financial District. The phrase Lower Manhattan may apply to any of these definitions: the broader ones often if the speaker is discussing the area in relation to the rest of the city; more restrictive ones, again, if the focus is on business matters or on the colonial and early post-colonial history of the island.[citation needed
]

As reflected in popular culture, "Downtown" in Manhattan has historically represented a place where one could "forget all your troubles, forget all your cares, and go Downtown," as the lyrics of Petula Clark's 1964 hit "Downtown" celebrate (although Tony Hatch, the songwriter of the track, later clarified that he naively believed Times Square to be "downtown," and was the actual inspiration for the hit single). The protagonist of Billy Joel's 1983 hit "Uptown Girl" contrasts himself (a "downtown man") with the purportedly staid uptown world.[72] Likewise, the chorus of Neil Young's 1995 single "Downtown" urges "Let's have a party, downtown all right."

Economy

world's largest stock exchange with a $23.1 trillion market capitalization of its listed companies as of April 2018.[73][74][75] Pictured is the exchange's building on Wall Street
.
New York City Hall in Lower Manhattan's Civic Center neighborhood

Lower Manhattan is the third-largest business district in the United States, after

NASDAQ, at 165 Broadway, representing the world's largest and second largest stock exchanges, respectively, when measured both by overall average daily trading volume and by total market capitalization of their listed companies in 2013.[81] Wall Street investment banking fees in 2012 totaled approximately US$40 billion.[82][83]

Other large companies with headquarters in Lower Manhattan include (in alphabetical order):

Prior to the September 11 attacks, One World Trade Center served as the headquarters of Cantor Fitzgerald.[99] Prior to its dissolution, the headquarters of US Helicopter were in Lower Manhattan.[100] When Hi Tech Expressions existed, its headquarters were in Lower Manhattan.[101][102]

Government and infrastructure

Subway

The headquarters of the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey is located in 4 World Trade Center of the World Trade Center complex.[103]

The city hall and related government infrastructure of the City of New York are located in Lower Manhattan, next to City Hall Park. The

field office.[104]

Many

World Trade Center Transportation Hub and PATH station opened in 2016.[106] Ferry services are also concentrated downtown, including the Staten Island Ferry at the Whitehall Terminal, NYC Ferry at Pier 11/Wall Street (and Battery Park City Ferry Terminal starting in 2020), and service to Governors Island at the Battery Maritime Building
.

Vehicles

Lower Manhattan is accessible by vehicle through several major thoroughfares. From New Jersey, Lower Manhattan is accessible through the Holland Tunnel from Interstate 78. From Queens, Long Island, and points east, it is accessible through the Queens–Midtown Tunnel from the Long Island Expressway. From Midtown and Upper Manhattan, it is accessible from the West Side Highway.

Bus

Many

BxM18 to The Bronx
.

See also

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External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lower Manhattan.

40°42′28″N 74°00′43″W / 40.7078°N 74.0119°W / 40.7078; -74.0119

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