Draco mindanensis
Draco mindanensis | |
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Preserved museum specimen | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Reptilia |
Order: | Squamata |
Suborder: | Iguania |
Family: | Agamidae |
Genus: | Draco |
Species: | D. mindanensis
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Binomial name | |
Draco mindanensis Stejneger , 1908 | |
Synonyms | |
Draco mindanensis, commonly known as the Mindanao flying dragon or Mindanao flying lizard, is a lizard species endemic to the Philippines. Characterized by a dull grayish brown body color and a vivid tangerine orange dewlap, this species is one of the largest of the genus Draco. It is diurnal, arboreal, and capable of gliding.
The Mindanao flying dragon inhabits regions of primary and secondary-growth forests. There appears to be a dependence on primary dipterocarp forest for this species' survival. D. mindanensis is noted for being a bioindicator for the forested regions of Mindanao.
Threatened heavily by
Taxonomy
This species of flying dragon is classified under the kingdom Animalia, phylum Chordata, class Reptilia, order Squamata, and family Agamidae.[3]
Description
Characteristics
Draco mindanensis is a member of the genus
Behavior
Draco mindanensis is
Habitat
This species has been found in areas dominated by trees of the family Dipterocarpaceae in the rain forests of the Philippines.[7] In South Cotobato, Mindanao, D. mindanensis was only found in the largest dipterocarp trees.[6] Specimens have been collected at 1100 feet at the base of the Malindang Mountain in northwestern Mindanao.[7] Also, specimens have been collected in the coastal mountains (Diuata Range) of east central Mindanao.[7] Vegetation of this area was early second-growth and primary dipterocarp forest.[7]
This species has been collected on the islands of
Gliding
D. mindanensis, like other members of the
With D. mindanensis being a larger glider compared to its family members, it descends greater distances and will attain higher air velocities to reach equilibrium gliding.[8] Findings suggest that takeoff heights greater than six meters or horizontal transit distances greater than nine meters are required to achieve equilibrium glides.[8] Furthermore, in order to support its mass, glides occur at a higher velocity than smaller Draco lizards.
Flight is described in three stages: dive flight, glide flight, and ascent flight or landing phase.[9] Dive flight occurs when the lizard launches itself from a tree and there is a steep downward glide at an angle of 45 degrees.[9] The kinetic energy that develops during the dive flight is utilized in the second phase of glide flight.[9] During glide flight, the lizard's body axis and tail are straightened to maximize flight distance.[9] Finally, the third phase, ascent flight occurs. The trajectory of D. mindanensis rises so that the lizard can swoop upwards as it lands on its target.[9] Rotation of the lizard's tail plays an important role in maintaining position in the air[9]
Although, D. mindanensis is able to utilize physiological advantages to achieve top performance in flight, there are certain disadvantages. This species cannot utilize lower forest strata to the same extent as can smaller species while maintaining the ability to complete glides to adjacent trees.[8] Also, from an evolutionary standpoint, potential modification of wing area is limited by the architecture of the gliding mechanism.[8]
Conservation
Status
The Mindanao Flying Dragon is listed as Near threatened according to the
Threats
Habitat loss due to deforestation (including for agricultural conversion) is the major threat to this species. Forest disturbance is likely also a threat. It is not known with certainty if this species is collected for traditional medicinal use, and further studies are needed to determine this.[3]
Management
There are currently no conservation acts or projects focused directly on the preservation of D. mindanensis. Rather, there are projects and initiatives directed in the conservation of D. mindanensis rainforest habitat in the Mindanao region. D. mindanensis is found in multiple protected areas, including on Samar and Leyte.[3] In 2005, Conservation International Philippines began work in the Eastern Mindanao Corridor to conserve the area's globally significant biodiversity by establishing more protected areas and improving management of existing protected areas.[11] Another organization focusing on conservation of Mindanao Flying Dragon habitat is the Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund. This five-year investment program focuses on building alliances and civil society capacity essential for the success of conservation of this region.[12] Both of these organizations work with local governments, local NGOs, and local communities to build awareness and advocate for better corridor and protected area management.
Importance
Conservation of Draco mindanensis offers various advantages. Draco lizards have much potential as a model system for the study of diverse evolutionary phenomena including topics such as evolution of gliding performance, evolution of display structures and behavior, evolution of sexual size dimorphism and dichromatism, and the evolution of niche partitioning and community assembly.[8] The Mindanao Flying Dragon is considered a bioindicator meaning that it relies heavily on the quality of its preferred habitat, in this case being primary or good secondary-growth forest.[13] Unlike many of the other Draco species which can be found in disturbed environments such as coconut tree plantations, residential fields, etc., the Mindanao flying dragon is slowly becoming more difficult to find due to its habitat becoming "extinct" itself in the Philippines due to severe deforestation.[13] Thus, it is critical to document and understand the diversity and distribution of D. mindanensis in order to attempt to protect the remaining populations of it in the wild.[13]
References
- ^ Realubit, N.; Brown, R.; Pitogo, K. (2022). "Draco mindanensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022: e.T169783A180189368. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
- ^ Draco mindanensis at the Reptarium.cz Reptile Database. Accessed 9 June 2016.
- ^ . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
- ^ .
- ^ a b c d e Siler, Cameron. "Biodiversity Research & Education Outreach". Philbreo.lifedesks.org. Archived from the original on 11 January 2014. Retrieved 23 October 2012.
- ^ a b c d e McGuire, Jimmy (1998). Phylogenetic Systematics, Scaling Relationships, and the Evolution of Gliding Performance in Gliding Lizards (Genus Draco) (PDF) (PhD thesis). University of Texas at Austin. Retrieved 5 November 2012.
- ^ a b c d e f Smith, Brian E. (1993). "Notes on Squamate Reptiles from Eastern Mindanao" (PDF). Asiatic Herpetological Research. Asiatic-herpetological.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-05-06. Retrieved 2012-11-30.
- ^ PMID 15937792.
- ^ a b c d e f g Colbert, E.H. (1967). "Adaptations for gliding in the lizard Draco". American Museum Novitates.
- ^ "Draco lizard". National Geographic. Archived from the original on September 26, 2010. Retrieved 30 October 2012.
- ^ "Eastern Mindanao Corridor". Conservation.org. Archived from the original on 1 May 2013. Retrieved 5 November 2012.
- ^ "Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund". Cepf.net. Retrieved 5 November 2012.
- ^ a b c Siler, Cameron (November 1, 2012). "Draco mindanensis conservation". Personal Interview (Interview). Interviewed by R.D.Mira.