Dragoș, Voivode of Moldavia

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Dragoș, also known as Dragoș Vodă, or Dragoș the Founder

Principality of Moldavia in Romanian historiography. Most details of his life are uncertain. Historians have identified him either with Dragoș of Bedeu or with Dragoș of Giulești, who were Vlach landowners in the Kingdom of Hungary
.

Most Moldavian chronicles write that Dragoș came to Moldavia in 1359, but modern historians tend to propose an earlier date (1345, 1347, and 1352). Dragoș became the head of a

Bogdan of Cuhea
, another Vlach landowner from Maramureş.

Origins

The early 16th-century[2] Moldo-Russian Chronicle, which contains the most detailed description of the foundation of Moldavia, described Dragoș as one of the "Romans" who had received estates in Maramureș from "King Vladislav of Hungary".[3] According to the chronicle, the king invited the "Romans" to fight against the Tatars and settled them in Maramureș after their victory over the invaders.[2]

Modern historians' attempts to determine Dragoș's family connections and to describe his early life have not produced a broad consensus.

servants", showing that they were directly subjected to the sovereign, like all noblemen in the Kingdom of Hungary.[7] Historian Radu Carciumaru says that the identification of Dragoș of Bedeu with Dragoș, the first ruler of Moldavia has not been convincingly proven.[4]

A second scholarly hypothesis suggests that another Vlach lord, Dragoș of Giulești, was the founder of Moldavia.

Bogdan of Cuhea and Stephen, son of Iuga, tried to persuade them to turn against the sovereign.[11] In revenge, Bogdan of Cuhea and Stephen expelled them from their estates.[8][11] In his diploma, King Louis ordered John, the Vlach voivode of Maramureș, to reinstate Dragoș of Giulești and his family in the possession of their estates.[11] Historians Victor Spinei and István Vásárhelyi say that Dragoș of Giulești and Dragoș, voivode of Moldavia were not identical.[6][12]

Based on the similarity of certain place names in Maramureș and Moldavia, taking into account local folklore, historian

Siret River.[13] According to Carciumaru, no documentary evidence substantiates Gorovei's theory.[13]

The

Drágffys, who were descended from Dragoș, held Khust for a short period at the end of the century, but no document proves that Dragoș had ever held the same town.[5]

"Dismounting"

A bison, which was killed on the banks of a stream, is surrounded by a group of people
The hunt of Voivode Dragoș' for the bison (by Constantin Lecca)
The Carpatho-Danubian-Pontic Space in 1345 AD. after the foundation of Dragos' Defensive March.

The Moldavian chronicles preserved several variants of the legend of Dragoș's hunting for an

noblemen, and liking the country he remained there, bringing [Vlachs] from Hungary as colonists ...".[17][3] According to the most comprehensive Moldo-Russian Chronicle, after the hunting Dragoș returned to Maramureș to persuade the local Vlachs to accompany him back to Moldavia; they crossed the Carpathians after "Vladislav, the Hungarian king" permitted them to leave and they dismounted at the very place where Dragoș had killed the beast.[18] On the other hand, the 17th-century Grigore Ureche did not mention Dragoș when narrating the legend of the "dismounting".[19] According to Ureche's version, Transylvanian shepherds chased the aurochs and killed it at Boureni whose name is connected to the Romanian word for aurochs (bour).[20] Ureche also stated that the head of an aurochs was put on the coat-of-arms of Moldavia on this occasion.[19]

Scholar

authochtonous legend", describing a "heroic act" connected, for instance, to the foundation of a local chiefdom or to an act of colonization, even if the existence of a similar Dacian legend could not be proven.[22][23] Eliade says that the legend of Dragoș's hunting was only stylistically influenced by the similar Hungarian legend of Hunor and Magor.[18]

The Carpatho-Danubian-Pontic Space in 1359 AD, another date proposed for the founding of Moldavia by Dragos I.

According to most chronicles, Dragoș arrived in Moldavia in 1359.

march, ruled by Dragoș.[25][26] According to Deletant, the establishment of that border province was connected to the foundation of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Cumania, which was sanctioned, upon the request of Louis I of Hungary, by Pope Clement VI on 27 March 1347.[29]

Other historians (for instance, Constantin C. Giurescu and Petre P. Panaitescu) accept the year proposed by the Moldo-Polish Chronicle (1352).[24] Vlad Georgescu says that Dragoș had participated in the Hungarian campaigns against the Tatars before Louis I made him head of the border province around 1352.[30] Finally, there are many historians (including Victor Spinei, István Vásáry, Tudor Sălăgean) who say, in accordance with the majority of the Moldavian chronicles, that 1359 was the year of the foundation of Moldavia.[6][12][31] Vásáry writes that Dragoș came to Moldavia, taking advantage of the anarchy which followed the death of Berdi Beg, Khan of the Golden Horde, in 1359.[6]

Reign

Coat of arms of Moldavia

The Moldo-Russian Chronicle says that Dragoș and his people settled in the borderlands "where the Tatars were wandering".

viniculture had been introduced in Moldavia by Saxon craftsmen who came upon Dragoș's invitation.[35]

According to an interpolation by Misail the Monk in Grigore Ureche's chronicle, Dragoș's rule in Moldavia "was like a captaincy".[31] When Misail the Monk made his remark in the 17th century, captaincy was a military unit, made up by villagers who were obliged to render specific military services.[36] Earlier sources did not mention that Dragoș had participated in any military actions.[32] Nevertheless, the fact that he was the head of a frontier zone of the Kingdom of Hungary shows that he and his retainers had an important role in the military actions east of the Carpathians.[37]

Dragoș "reigned for two years", according to the Anonymous Chronicle of Moldavia and the Moldo-Polish Chronicle.[38] Some historians (including Andrei Brezianu and Marcel Popa) write that Dragoș died around 1353.[21][39] According to historian Dennis Deletant, Dragoș reigned for about seven years (until around 1354).[26] Radu Carciumaru thinks that Dragoș died fighting against the Tatars in 1357.[36] According to Victor Spinei, who accepts the narrative of the majority of the Moldavian chronicles, Dragoș died in about 1361.[40] Dragoș was buried in a church in Volovăț.[41]

Legacy

A monument in a park, depicting the killing of a bison by a mounted man
Dragoș and the aurochs (monument in Câmpulung Moldovenesc)

Although most Moldavian chronicles attribute the establishment of Moldavia to Dragoș, that tradition "is not in keeping with contemporary sources", according to Victor Spinei.

Mara in Maramureș on 20 March 1360, because Giulești had "turned, with wakeful care and tireless endeavour, back to the path of unswerving loyalty ... many rebellious Romanians" in Moldavia.[43][44]

Dragoș was succeeded by his son,

Drágffy family) held vast estates in the northeastern parts regions of the Kingdom of Hungary in the late 14th century.[47] The list of the voivodes, recorded in the Bistrița Monastery in 1407, also shows that a "change of dynasty" occurred shortly after Dragoș's death, because it begins with Bogdan, without mentioning Dragoș and Sas.[45]

See also

  • Foundation of Moldavia
  • Etymology of Moldova

References

  1. ^ Medieval genealogies of Maramureş : the case of the Gorzo (Gurzău) family of Ieud. - In: Transylvanian review, an 2010, vol. 19, nr. supplement 1, p. 127-141 Archived 2015-04-02 at the Wayback Machine, 22.03.2015
  2. ^ a b Vékony 2000, p. 11.
  3. ^ a b Spinei 1986, p. 197.
  4. ^ a b c Carciumaru 2012, p. 178.
  5. ^ a b c d e Spinei 1986, p. 199.
  6. ^ a b c d Vásáry 2005, p. 158.
  7. ^ a b Pop 2013, p. 199.
  8. ^ a b Sălăgean 2005, p. 201.
  9. ^ Pop 2013, pp. 199–200.
  10. ^ Spinei 1986, p. 205.
  11. ^ a b c Pop 2013, p. 200.
  12. ^ a b c Spinei 1986, p. 201.
  13. ^ a b Carciumaru 2012, p. 179.
  14. ^ Eliade 1985, p. 135.
  15. ^ Treptow & Popa 1996, p. 88.
  16. ^ Spinei 1986, pp. 196–197.
  17. ^ Eliade 1985, pp. 136–137.
  18. ^ a b Eliade 1985, p. 137.
  19. ^ a b Eliade 1985, p. 138.
  20. ^ Eliade 1985, pp. 137–138.
  21. ^ a b Brezianu & Spânu 2007, p. 125.
  22. ^ Eliade 1985, pp. 162–163.
  23. ^ Spinei 1986, p. 198.
  24. ^ a b c d Rădvan 2010, p. 321.
  25. ^ a b Rădvan 2010, pp. 317, 321.
  26. ^ a b c Deletant 1986, p. 190.
  27. ^ Djuvara 2014, p. 85.
  28. ^ a b Andreescu 1998, p. 93.
  29. ^ Deletant 1986, pp. 189–190.
  30. ^ a b c Georgescu 1991, p. 18.
  31. ^ a b c Sălăgean 2005, p. 200.
  32. ^ a b c d e Spinei 1986, p. 203.
  33. ^ Rădvan 2010, p. 382.
  34. ^ Rădvan 2010, pp. 362, 377.
  35. ^ Rădvan 2010, p. 353.
  36. ^ a b c Carciumaru 2012, p. 180.
  37. ^ Spinei 1986, p. 202.
  38. ^ Spinei 1986, p. 180.
  39. ^ Treptow & Popa 1996, p. li.
  40. ^ Spinei 1986, pp. 200–201.
  41. ^ Rădvan 2010, p. 362.
  42. ^ Spinei 1986, pp. 194–195.
  43. ^ Pop 2013, pp. 200–201.
  44. ^ Spinei 1986, pp. 199, 201.
  45. ^ a b Andreescu 1998, p. 94.
  46. ^ Pop 2013, pp. 240.
  47. ^ Makkai 1994, pp. 218–219.

Sources

Further reading

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Dragoș, Voivode of Moldavia
 Died: 1353-1361
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Voivode of Moldavia

1345-1359 – 1353-1361 		Succeeded by
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