Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam | |
---|---|
left-wing[8] | |
Colours | Black Red |
ECI Status | State Party[9] |
Alliance |
|
Seats in Lok Sabha | 23 / 543 |
Seats in Rajya Sabha | 10 / 245 |
Seats in Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly | 132 / 234 |
Seats in Puducherry Legislative Assembly | 6 / 30 |
Number of states and union territories in government | 1 / 31 |
Election symbol | |
(The Rising Sun) | |
Party flag | |
Website | |
www | |
This article is part of a series on the |
Dravidian Politics |
---|
The Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (Tamil pronunciation: [t̪iɾaːʋiɖɐ munːeːtrɐk kɐɻɐɡɐm]; transl. Dravidian Progressive Federation;[10] abbr. DMK) is an Indian political party based in the state of Tamil Nadu, where it is currently the ruling party, and the union territory of Puducherry, where it is currently the main opposition.[11]
It is also one of the two main political parties in Tamil Nadu, along with the rival
After the results of 2019 Indian general election, DMK became the third-largest party in the Lok Sabha.[20] It currently holds 125 seats in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly, and the DMK-led Secular Progressive Alliance holds 159.[citation needed]
History
Origins and foundation
The DMK traces its roots to the South Indian Liberal Federation (
In the 1937 elections, the Justice Party lost and the
In August 1944, Periyar created the 'Dravidar Kazhagam' out of the Justice Party and the Self-Respect Movement at the Salem Provincial Conference.[29] The DK, conceived as a movement and not a political party, insisted on an independent nation for Dravidians called Dravida Nadu consisting of areas that were covered under the Madras Presidency.[29]
The party at its inception retained the flag of the South Indian Liberal Federation, which had a picture of a traditional type of
Over the years, many disagreements arose between Periyar and his followers. In 1949, several of his followers led by C. N. Annadurai decided to split from Dravidar Kazhagam, after Annadurai and part of the members decided to take part in electoral politics and Periyar had strong objection on it.[32][33]
The Dravidian philosophy culminated both politically and socially with DMK at the helm of administration. It was the first-ever subaltern movement in the history of sub-continent politics to have political representation from former lower-castes, and it was a marked move from generations of civic administrators from the upper-caste citizenry. This had a deep societal impact which resulted in increased political participation, which aided the representation of the emergent strata, enriched civic life, and subsequently strengthened the pluralist democracy.[34]
C. N. Annadurai era (1949–1969)
The DMK's first foray into electoral politics, in the
Anti-Hindi Imposition agitations
The DMK, which split from the Dravidar Kazhagam in 1949, inherited the anti-Hindi imposition policies of its parent organization. Founder C.N. Annadurai had earlier participated in the anti-Hindi imposition agitations during 1938–40 and throughout the 1940s.
In July 1953, the DMK launched an agitation against the Union government's proposed name-change of Kallakudi to Dalmiapuram. They claimed that the town's proposed new name (after Ramkrishna Dalmia) symbolized the exploitation of South India by the North.[36][37] On 15 July, M. Karunanidhi (later Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu) and other DMK members removed the Hindi name from Dalmiapuram railway station's name board and protested on the tracks. In the altercation with the police that followed the protests, two DMK members lost their lives, and several others, including Karunanidhi and Kannadasan, were arrested.[38]
The DMK continued its anti-Hindi Imposition policies throughout the 1950s, along with the secessionist demand for Dravida Nadu, in which it was originally more radical than the Dravida Kazhagam.[39] On 28 January 1956, Annadurai, along with Periyar and Rajaji, signed a resolution passed by the Academy of Tamil Culture endorsing the continuation of English as the official language.[40][41] On 21 September 1957, the DMK convened an anti-Hindi Conference to protest against the imposition of Hindi. It observed 13 October 1957 as "anti-Hindi Day".[42][43]
On 31 July 1960, another open-air anti-Hindi conference was held in
Formation of state government
In
Other achievements
Annadurai legalized
Annadurai was also the first to promise to subsidize the price of rice in order to campaign for his election. He promised one rupee a measure of rice, which he initially implemented once in government, but had to withdraw later. Subsidizing rice costs are still used as an election promise in Tamil Nadu.[52]
It was Annadurai's government that renamed
M. Karunanidhi era (1969–2018)
In 1969, Annadurai unexpectedly died. M. Karunanidhi was elected as his successor, defeating rival candidate V. R. Nedunchezhiyan. Karunanidhi would continue to head the DMK until his own death in 2018.[17]
In the 1970s, M. G. Ramachandran (M.G.R.), a popular actor and the party treasurer, had a political feud with the party president Karunanidhi. In 1972, M.G.R. called for a boycott of the party's General Council. The crisis led to a call for a corruption probe by M.G.R. where he was a treasurer, and he was eventually suspended from the General Council by the high-power committee of DMK. He then created the new party named All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK).[55]
Indira Gandhi dismissed the Karunanidhi government in 1976 based on charges of possible secession and corruption. The DMK government has been indicted by the Sarkaria commission for corruption in allotting tenders for the
The interim report of the Justice
Karunanidhi's nephew,
Elections under Karunanidhi's presidency
- In 1977, DMK lost the Assembly elections to M.G.R.'s AIADMK, and stayed out of power in the state until 1989.Jayalalithaa. DMK returned to power in the 1989 State assembly elections and for the 3rd time, Karunanidhi took over as the chief minister in January 1989.
- The 1991 election was held with the backdrop of DMK government having dissolved within two years of formation due to pressure from ex-Prime Minister suicide bomberduring the election campaign, and due to DMK's pro-Tamil stance and the dismissal of the state government mid-campaign by Rajiv, attitudes were against DMK and instead in favor of the AIADMK–Congress alliance, causing the DMK to be deprived of any seats in the Parliament.
- In the 1996 state elections, DMK came to power on strength of corruption charges against G.K. Moopanar.
- However, in 2001, the AIADMK, on strength of a strong alliance and the incumbency factor against DMK, came back to power in the state assembly elections.
- In the 2004 general election, DMK formed an alliance with Congress, the Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (MDMK) and the Pattali Makkal Katchi (PMK) and swept a grand victory. The alliance won all 40 seats including Puducherry. This enabled DMK to hold 7 ministerial posts in the central government and gave influential power to DMK.
- Two years later in 2006, the same alliance won in the state assembly elections and the DMK, for the first time, formed a minority government in the state with help from Congress. M Karunanidhi became the Chief Minister of the state for the fifth time. The DMK-Congress alliance was also successful in the 2009 general elections.
- In the 2G caseand allegations of nepotism, the DMK won only 23 seats, 127 seats less than earlier.
- In the 2014 general election, DMK failed to win any seats; however, by vote percentage, it was second only to AIADMK.
- The 2016 state assembly elections gave DMK 89 MLAs. This was the most number for an opposition party in the history of the Tamil Nadu legislative assembly.
M. K. Stalin era (2018–present)
Karunanidhi died on 7 August 2018, leaving the party in the hands of his son, M. K. Stalin. Stalin had been appointed as the working president in January 2017 when his father's health started declining and had previously been named heir apparent by his father. Stalin thus became the second DMK president since the party's inception.[69] On 3 February 2020, M. K. Stalin announced that Prashant Kishor was signed up as a party strategist for the upcoming 2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election.[70]
On 25 March 2018, the DMK held a statewide conference in Erode and M. K. Stalin released five slogans at the conference. They were:[71][72][73]
- Let us keep an eye on the Kalaignar's command
- Let us grow and admire Tamil
- Let us crush the power pile
- Let us protect humanity from extremism
- Let us grow a prosperous Tamil Nadu
M.K. Stalin formed the Secular Progressive Alliance in Tamil Nadu and led the alliance in the 2019 general election.[74][75] M.K. Stalin and his alliance in Tamil Nadu won 39 out of 40 seats in the parliament and 12 out of 21 in the Assembly with a 52% vote share.[76][77] The DMK-led alliance won the 2019 Tamil Nadu local body elections under the Secular Progressive alliance.[78][79]
The DMK-led Secular Progressive Alliance won the 2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election. The alliance won 159 seats out of 234 seats with 46% vote share.[citation needed]
Party ideology
Core principle
Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam follows the principle of Duty, Dignity, and Discipline, as instructed by Arignar Anna. This involves protecting democratic rights in politics, establishing a non-dominant society, and carrying out reform work based on rationality to promote the revival of Dravidian ideology. The party aims to overcome poverty in the economic sphere and provide means for the well-being of all on an equitable basis. The party also aims to develop and promote the respective State languages without allowing other languages to dominate. The party believes in promoting the decentralization of powers from the Union Government and creating Autonomy in the states and federation at the center.[80]
Social justice
DMK claims they are the successors of Justice Party.[81] DMK played a crucial role alongside Periyar in the protest for the first constitutional amendment ensuring the provision legalizing OBC reservation.[82][83] DMK's one of the core ideology is OBC welfare [84] and has implemented reservation related policies in favour of OBCs [85] and SCs.[86]
Tamil nationalism and Dravidian nationalism
The leaders of the party like A.Raja and MK.Stalin has made statements in favour of creation of separate Tamil Nadu and DravidaNadu.[87][88]
Pro-LGBT
DMK reconstituted the disabled persons welfare board to Differently Abled Persons Departments and the changed official terms for transgender individuals to more respectful terms like Thirunangai and Thirunambi,[89] and has expressed interest to uplift the LGBT community.[90]
Party symbol
The party's election symbol is the "sun rising from between two mountains", with a black and red flag often pictured. The symbol was inspired by the leader and scriptwriter M. Karunanidhi's 1950s play Udaya Suryan and is intended to signify the "rising" spirit of the Dravidian people.[91]
In the 1957 poll, the DMK was not recognized by the Election Commission. The party was grouped as independents and was not united by its rising sun symbol and was forced to contest under the rooster symbol.[92]
Electoral history
Lok Sabha Elections
Year | Party leader | Seats won | Change in seats | Percentage of votes | Popular vote | Outcome |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1962 | C. N. Annadurai | 7 / 41 |
5 | 18.64% | 2,315,610 | Opposition |
1967 | 25 / 39 |
18 | 51.79% | 7,996,264 | ||
1971 | M. Karunanidhi | 23 / 39 |
2 | 55.61% | 8,869,095 | Government |
1977 | 1 / 39 |
22 | 37.84% | 6,758,517 | Opposition | |
1980 | 16 / 39 |
15 | 55.89% | 10,290,515 | Government | |
1984 | 2 / 39 |
14 | 37.04% | 8,006,513 | Opposition | |
1989 | 0 / 39 |
2 | 33.78% | 8,918,905 | Lost | |
1991 | 0 / 39 |
27.64% | 6,823,581 | |||
1996 | 17 / 39 |
17 | 54.96% | 14,940,474 | Government | |
1998 | 6 / 39 |
11 | 42.72% | 10,937,809 | Opposition | |
1999 | 12 / 39 |
6 | 46.41% | 12,638,602 | Government | |
2004 | 16 / 39 |
4 | 57.40% | 16,483,390 | ||
2009 | 18 / 39 |
2 | 42.54% | 12,929,043 | ||
2014 | 0 / 39 |
18 | 23.16% | 10,243,767 | Lost | |
2019 | M. K. Stalin | 24 / 39 |
24 | 32.76% | 14,363,332 | Opposition |
2024 | TBD |
Legislative Assembly elections
Year | Party leader | Seats won | Change in seats | Percentage of votes | Popular vote | Outcome | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tamil Nadu | ||||||||||
1962
|
C. N. Annadurai | 50 / 205 |
37 | 27.10% | 3,435,633 | Opposition | ||||
1967
|
137 / 234 |
87 | 40.69% | 6,230,556 | Government | |||||
1971 | M. Karunanidhi | 184 / 234 |
47 | 48.58% | 7,654,935 | |||||
1977 | 48 / 234 |
136 | 24.89% | 4,258,771 | Opposition | |||||
1980 | 37 / 234 |
11 | 22.1% | 4,164,389 | ||||||
1984 | 24 / 234 |
13 | 29.3% | 6,362,770 | Others | |||||
1989 | 150 / 234 |
116 | 37.89% | 9,135,220 | Government | |||||
1991 | 2 / 234 |
148 | 22.5% | 5,535,668 | Others | |||||
1996 | 173 / 234 |
171 | 53.77% | 14,600,748 | Government | |||||
2001 | 31 / 234 |
142 | 30.90% | 8,669,864 | Opposition | |||||
2006 | 96 / 234 |
65 | 26.50% | 8,728,716 | Minority Government | |||||
2011 | 23 / 234 |
73 | 22.40% | 8,249,991 | Others | |||||
2016 | 89 / 234 |
66 | 31.39% | 13,670,511 | Opposition | |||||
2021 | M. K. Stalin | 133 / 234 |
44 | 37.7% | 17,430,179 | Government | ||||
Puducherry | ||||||||||
1974 | M. Karunanidhi | 2 / 30 |
2 | 47,823 | Opposition | |||||
1977 | 3 / 30 |
1 | 30,441 | |||||||
1980 | 14 / 30 |
11 | 68,030 | Government | ||||||
1985 | 5 / 30 |
9 | 87,754 | Others | ||||||
1990 | 9 / 30 |
4 | 101,127 | Government | ||||||
1991 | 4 / 30 |
5 | 96,607 | Opposition | ||||||
1996 | 7 / 30 |
3 | 105,392 | Government | ||||||
2001 | 7 / 30 |
83,679 | Opposition | |||||||
2006
|
7 / 30 |
Government | ||||||||
2011 | 3 / 30 |
4 | 10.68% | 74,552 | Opposition | |||||
2016 | 2 / 30 |
1 | 8.9% | 70,836 | Government | |||||
2021 | M. K. Stalin | 6 / 30 |
4 | 18.51% | 154,858 | Opposition |
Year | Assembly | Party leader | Seats contested | Seats won | Change in seats | Percentage of votes | Vote swing | Popular vote | Outcome |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1972 | 5th | M. Karunanidhi | 3 | 0 / 287 |
0.26% | 36,466 | Lost | ||
1978 | 6th | 2 | 0 / 294 |
0.03% | 0.23% | 6,547 |
Year | Assembly | Party leader | Seats contested | Seats won | Change in seats | Percentage of votes | Vote swing | Popular vote | Outcome |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1978 | 6th | M. Karunanidhi | 3 | 0 / 224 |
0.13% | 16,437 | Lost |
Year | Assembly | Party leader | Seats contested | Seats won | Change in seats | Percentage of votes | Vote swing | Popular vote | Outcome |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1970 | 4th | M. Karunanidhi | 1 | 0 / 133 |
0.02% | 1,682 | Lost |
Current office bearers and prominent members
Member | Position in Government | Party Position |
---|---|---|
M. K. Stalin |
|
President |
Duraimurugan
|
|
General Secretary |
T. R. Baalu |
|
Treasurer and Parliamentary Party Chairperson |
K. N. Nehru | Minister for Municipal Administration
MLA from Tiruchirappalli West
|
Party Principal Secretary |
I. Periyasamy | Minister for Rural Administration
MLA from Aathoor
|
Deputy General Secretary |
K. Ponmudy | Minister for Higher Education
MLA from Tirukkovilur
|
Deputy General Secretary |
A. Raja | Member of Parliament (LS) from Nilgiris
Former Union Minister for Information Technology |
Deputy General Secretary |
Anthiyur P. Selvaraj | Member of Rajya Sabha,
Former State Minister for Handlooms and Textile |
Deputy General Secretary |
Kanimozhi Karunanidhi
|
| |
R. S. Bharathi[93] | Former Member of Parliament (RS)
Former Chairman of Alandur Municipality |
Organization Secretary |
T. K. S. Elangovan[94] | Former Member of Parliament (RS) | Official Spokesperson |
Udhayanidhi Stalin |
|
Youth Wing Secretary |
Dr. T R B Rajaa
|
|
Information Technology Wing Secretary |
Helena Davidson | Former Member of Parliament (LS) from Kanniyakumari | Women's Wing Secretary |
CVMP Ezhilarasan | Member of Legislative Assembly from Kancheepuram
|
Students' Wing Secretary |
Dayanidhi Maran |
|
Sports Wing Secretary |
Palanivel Thiagarajan |
|
Assets Committee Secretary |
Dr Ezhilan Naganathan | Member of Legislative Assembly from Thousand Lights | Medical Wing Secretary |
M M Abdulla | Member of Parliament (RS) | NRI Wing Secretary |
List of party leaders
Presidents
No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) |
Term in office | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Assumed office | Left office | Time in office | |||
1 | M. Karunanidhi (1924–2018) |
27 July 1969 | 7 August 2018 | 49 years, 11 days | |
Acting | M. K. Stalin (1953–) |
4 January 2017 | 27 August 2018 | 7 years, 112 days | |
2 | 28 August 2018 | Incumbent |
General Secretaries
No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) |
Term in office | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Assumed office | Left office | Time in office | |||
1 | C. N. Annadurai (1909–1969) |
17 September 1949 | 24 April 1955 | 13 years, 350 days | |
25 September 1960 | 3 February 1969 | ||||
2 | V. R. Nedunchezhiyan (1920–2000) |
24 April 1955 | 24 September 1960 | 13 years, 254 days | |
4 February 1969 | 16 May 1977 | ||||
3 | K. Anbazhagan (1922–2020) |
17 May 1977 | 7 March 2020 | 42 years, 295 days | |
4 | Duraimurugan (1938–) |
9 September 2020 | Incumbent | 3 years, 229 days |
List of chief ministers
Madras State
1. C. N. Annadurai: 6 March 1967 – 13 January 1969 (680 days)
Pondicherry
1. M. O. H. Farook: 17 March 1969 – 2 January 1974 (1752 days)
2. M. D. R. Ramachandran: 16 January 1980 – 23 June 1983; 8 March 1990 – 2 March 1991 (1613 days)
3. R. V. Janakiraman: 26 May 1996 – 21 March 2000 (1395 days)
Tamil Nadu
1. C. N. Annadurai: 14 January 1969 – 3 February 1969 (20 days)
2. V. R. Nedunchezhiyan: 3 February 1969 – 10 February 1969 (7 days)
3. M. Karunanidhi: 10 February 1969 – 31 January 1976; 27 January 1989 – 30 January 1991; 13 May 1996 – 13 May 2001; 13 May 2006 – 15 May 2011 (6863 days)
4. M. K. Stalin: 7 May 2021 – Incumbent (1084 days)
List of deputy chief ministers
Tamil Nadu
1. M. K. Stalin: 29 May 2009 – 15 May 2011 (716 days)
List of leaders of the opposition
Pondicherry Legislative Assembly
1. R. V. Janakiraman: 22 March 2000 – 15 May 2001; 24 May 2001 – 11 May 2006 (2232 days)
2.
Puducherry Legislative Assembly
1.
2. R. Siva: 8 May 2021 – Incumbent (1083 days)
Madras State Legislative Assembly
1. V. R. Nedunchezhiyan: 29 March 1962 – 28 February 1967 (1797 days)
Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly
1. M. Karunanidhi: 25 July 1977 – 17 February 1980; 27 June 1980 – 18 August 1983 (2084 days)
2. K. Anbazhagan: 24 May 2001 – 14 April 2006 (1786 days)
3. M. K. Stalin: 4 June 2016 – 3 May 2021 (1794 days)
Speakers of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly
No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) |
Term in office | Assembly (Election) |
Constituency | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Assumed office | Left office | Time in office | |||||
1. | Si. Pa. Adithanar | 17 March 1967 | 12 August 1968 | 514 days | 1967 election )
|
||
2. | Pulavar K. Govindan | 22 February 1969 | 14 March 1971 | ||||
3 August 1973 | 3 July 1977 | ||||||
3. | M. Tamilkudimagan | 8 February 1989 | 30 June 1991 | ||||
4. | P. T. R. Palanivel Rajan | 23 May 1996 | 21 May 2001 | ||||
5. | R. Avudaiappan
|
19 May 2006 | 15 May 2011 | ||||
6. | M. Appavu | 12 May 2021 | Incumbent |
Deputy Speakers
List of union ministers
S.No | Name (birth–death) |
Portfolio | Tenure | Prime Minister |
---|---|---|---|---|
1. | T. G. Venkatraman (1931– 2013) |
Minister of Road Transport and Highways
Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs |
1 June 1996 – 19 March 1998
14 November 1997 10 December 1997 |
H. D. Deve Gowda
I. K. Gujral
|
2. | Murasoli Maran (1934–2003) |
Minister of Commerce and Industry
Minister of Urban Development
Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs
|
13 October 1999 – 9 November 2003
6 December 1989 10 November 1990 1 June 1996 – 19 March 1998 |
I. K. Gujral
|
3. | T. R. Baalu
|
Minister of Road Transport and Highways
Ministry of Shipping
Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change
Minister of State for Petroleum, Natural Gas and Non-Conventional Energy Sources
Minister of State (Independent Charge) of New and Renewable Energy
|
22 May 2004 – 22 May 2009
13 October 1999 21 January 2004 10 January 1998– 18 March 1998 1996–1998 |
Manmohan Singh
H.D. Deve Gowda
I.K. Gujral
|
4. | A. Raja (1963–) |
Minister of Communications and Information Technology
Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change Minister of State for Health and Family Welfare Minister of State for Rural Development
|
16 May 2007 – 14 November 2010
23 May 2004 – 17 May 2007 30 September 2002 – 21 May 2004 13 October 1996 – 29 September 2000 |
H. D. Deve Gowda
I. K. Gujral
Atal Bihari Vajpayee
Manmohan Singh
|
5. | Dayanidhi Maran (1966–) |
Minister of Textiles | 28 May 2009 – 12 July 2011
22 May 2004 – 16 May 2007 |
Manmohan Singh |
6. | S. S. Palanimanickam (1950–) |
Minister of State in the Ministry of Finance | 2004–2013 | |
7. | S. Regupathy (1950–) |
Minister of State in the Ministry of Environment and Forests | 2004–2013 | |
8. | K. Venkatapathy (1946–) |
Minister of State in the Ministry of Law and Justice | 2004–2013 | |
9. | Subbulakshmi Jagadeesan (1947–) |
Minister of State in the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment | 2004–2013 | |
10. | V. Radhika Selvi (1976–) |
Minister of State in the Ministry of Home Affairs | 2004–2013 | |
11. | M. K. Alagiri (1951–) |
Minister of Chemicals and Fertilizers
|
13 June 2009 – 20 March 2013 | |
12. | D. Nepoleon (1963–) |
Minister of State for Social Justice and Empowerment | 28 May 2009 – 20 March 2013 | |
13. | M. Kannappan | Minister of State (Independent Charge) of New and Renewable Energy | 13 October 1999 – 30 January 2004 | Atal Bihari Vajpayee |
Splits and offshoots
There are two major parties that have been formed as a result of splits from the DMK, such as
- Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu M. G. Ramachandran(M.G.R.).
- Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (MDMK), founded on 6 May 1994 by Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha Vaiko.
Political lineage and offsprings of DMK
Justice Party 1917 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Self-respect movement 1925 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dravidar Kazhagam 1944 | Justice Party (PTR) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 1949 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Tamil National Party 1962 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Merger with Indian National Congress 1964 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 17 October 1972 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Thazhthapattor Munnetra Kazhagam 1974 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Makkal Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 1977 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Merger with AIADMK 1977 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
M.G.R.'s death on 24 December 1987 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
AIADMK Janaki faction | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Thamizhaga Munnetra Munnani 1988 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Merger with Janata Dal 1989 | AIADMK unifies again Janaki's faction dissolved and merged with Jayalalithaa's faction 1989 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 1994 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
MGR Kazhagam 1995 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
MGR Anna DMK 1996 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Merger with Bharatiya Janata Party 2002 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Major Dravidian parties that are currently active | Dravidar Kazhagam | All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam | Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam | Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Media
Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam party runs two newspapers, one in English and one in Tamil, namely The Rising Sun (weekly journal) and Murasoli (daily journal), respectively.[95]
Kalaignar TV is a channel started on 15 September 2007 and managed by
See also
- 2G spectrum case
- Granite scam in Tamil Nadu
- Controversy of arrests in Tamil Nadu about construction of flyovers
- Dinakaran attack
- Leelavathi murder
- Kallakudi demonstration
- Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi
- Politics of India
- List of political parties in India
- Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance
References
- ^ a b Palanithurai 1997, pp. 21–22.
- doi:10.2307/2755132. Accessed 6 Jun. 2022.
- ^ "DMK has regionalism ideals". Arunachal Times.
- ^ "Regionalism, Parties and India's emerging Politics | Heinrich Böll Stiftung". Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung. Retrieved 17 May 2023.
- ^ "Politics as family enterprise: Nationalist rhythm of BJP is challenge to regionalism". WION. 16 September 2019. Retrieved 17 May 2023.
- ^ a b c
- Kannan, Ramya (8 August 2018). "M. Karunanidhi: From health care to community living, his schemes were aimed at social equality". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 10 August 2019.
- "Social Equality was Karunanidhi's Focus During Five Terms as Tamil Nadu CM". News18. 11 March 2019. Retrieved 10 August 2019.
- Kannan, Ramya (8 August 2018). "M. Karunanidhi: From health care to community living, his schemes were aimed at social equality". The Hindu.
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Publications
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- Hodges, Sara (2005). "Revolutionary family life and the Self Respect movement in Tamil south India". S2CID 144419547.
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- Krishnan, Rajan Kurai; Sriramachandran, Ravindran; Subagunarajan, V. M. S. (2022). Rule of the Commoner: DMK and Formations of the Political in Tamil Nadu, 1949–1967. ISBN 978-1-009-19717-5.
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- Murali, Geetha Kamalakshi (2007). Tracing the Signs: Voter Mobilization and the Functionality of Ideas in Tamil Nadu. CA: University of California, Berkeley. ISBN 9780549737612.
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- Palanithurai, Ganapathy (1997). Polyethnicity in India and Canada: Possibilities for Exploration. M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. ISBN 978-8-175-33039-9.
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- Rajagopalan, Swarna (2001). State and nation in south Asia. ISBN 978-1-55587-967-9.
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- Ramaswamy, Sumathi (20 November 1997). "5.29 The Warrior Devotee". Passions of the Tongue: Language Devotion in Tamil India, 1891–1970. ISBN 978-0-520-20805-6.
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- "Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly general elections 2006" (PDF). New Delhi: Election Commission of India. 2006.