Dravidian parties
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Dravidian Politics |
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Dravidian parties include an array of
Most Dravidian parties are offshoots of
Rise of Dravidian politics
Background
Most of the
The Brahmins, who occupied the highest strata in the society, accounted for 3% of the population in Madras Presidency, but held 60 to 79% of the positions in major government departments in the early 20th century.[21] It was observed by some non-Brahmin leaders from the south that Brahmins were Aryans, and hence non-natives, who had taken positions in the government that should rightfully be filled by people indigenous to the area.[20] The antipathy towards Sanskrit compounded with the animosity against the hegemony of Brahmins paved the way for the rise of Dravidian politics in Madras Presidency.[20]
Early Dravidian politics
An early pioneer in Dravidian politics was Iyothee Thass in the late 19th century. His efforts brought together the non-Brahmin caste Dravidians with the establishment of the Dravida Mahajana Sabha organisation in 1891.[22] A major leap in Dravidian politics was the formation of the Madras United League by non-Brahmin intellectuals, who considered the dominance of Brahmins in civil administration a threat to the non-Brahmin majority.[23] The League was initially started as a workgroup that helped non-Brahmin students in
Justice Party era
A limited form of self governance was introduced in
Dravidar Kazhagam
The next few years saw a decline in the Justice Party's popularity. In 1938, the by then badly weakened party sought the leadership of
Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
Birth of DMK
In 1947, when India attained independence, Periyar called for members of the Dravidar Kazhagam to boycott the celebrations.[26] According to him, the Indian National Congress was dominated by Brahmins.[26] He predicted that an independent India would bring South Indians, especially Tamils, under the dominance of Brahmins and North Indians.[26] In other words, according to Periyar, independence would lead to the replacement of British dominance with Brahmin and North Indian dominance. He felt an independent nation called Dravida Nadu for the South Indians would be the best solution.[26] Periyar declared 15 August 1947, the day of Indian independence, as a day of mourning.[26] This move was opposed by other leaders within the party, including C. N. Annadurai.[1] Annadurai viewed independence as an achievement for all of India rather than solely of the North.[27] On 9 July 1948 Periyar married woman 40 years his junior, leading to a split in the party.[1][28] The leaders of the splitting faction eventually formed a new party, Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam or DMK (Progressive Dravidian Organisation in English), in 1949.[29]
Independent Dravida Nadu
Although initially both DK and DMK sought an independent Dravida Nadu, DK later moved on to work on bringing social changes whereas DMK leaders such as C. N. Annadurai and E. V. K. Sampath endeavoured to achieve their goals through parliamentary election processes.[26][30] Sampath, who had earlier forfeited his seniority with Periyar's party to join DMK, saw the call for an independent Dravida Nadu was turning out to be an unrealistic goal.[31] Sampath expressed concerns over using film stars to increase the popularity of the party.[31] His views led him to cross swords with the major leaders of the party and eventually caused the first split in DMK. Sampath left DMK to begin his own party[31] called the Tamil National Party.[32] Although leaders like Annadurai were firm in their separatist stance, the
DMK government
After dropping the demand for an independent Dravida Nadu, DMK changed its focus to the problems arising out of the disparity between North and South India.[2] The DMK considered that the south was neglected by delays in sanctioning development projects and allotment of funds.[2] Thus the Congress-led Central government became its major target for calls for reform.[26] Immediately after Indian independence the Congress Party was popular throughout India and thus formed the government in many states including Madras Presidency.[26] Even so, the Congress Party failed to obtain an absolute majority in the presidency in the state's first election.[7] By the 1960s the popularity of the Congress party was in a steady decline.[35]
DMK leaders also perceived that the attempts to declare Hindi as the sole national language of India was an attempt impose an Aryan language unwilling people in the South.
The electoral victory in 1967 led to an
Split in DMK and birth of AIADMK
M.G.R. and the split from DMK
M. G. Ramachandran, popularly known as M.G.R., was an
A political feud between M.G.R. and the party's president M. Karunanidhi has been ongoing since the death of Annadurai in 1969. It arose from Karunanidhi calling himself the "Mujib of Tamil Nadu".[25][38] Soon after the electoral victory of the DMK in 1971, some senior members expressed concern that M.G.R.'s popularity was growing strong within the party cadres.
Karunanidhi made several attempts to weaken M.G.R.'s position within the party. M.G.R. retaliated with corruption charges[25] and a call for a boycott of the party's General Council.[39] DMK's General Council suspended M.G.R. from the party stating that he had involved himself in "anti-party activities".[38][39] Although M.G.R. had lost support from top-ranking leaders within the DMK, the strong public reaction following his suspension demonstrated his popular support among the party's volunteers. Inspired by this support from the party's lower cadres and his fans,[39] M.G.R. launched his own party All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK) is named after his mentor C. N. Annadurai fondly known as Anna.[25][38]
AIADMK government
M.G.R. presented his new party to
In 1976, the DMK government, led by Karunanidhi, was dismissed under corruption charges by the Central government of India, led by Congress (I), which had by then allied with AIADMK.[11]
Further divisions
Further offshoots of DMK
The Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam ("Progressive Dravidian Renaissance Organisation" in English, or MDMK) is yet another offshoot of the DMK. It was formed in May 1994, after
Offshoots of AIADMK
Soon after MGR's death in 1987, his wife
The
Other breakaways in AIADMK were witnessed in 1990s, when
Factions and reunification genealogy of contemporary Dravidian parties
Justice Party 1917 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Self-respect movement 1925 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dravidar Kazhagam 1944 | Justice Party (PTR) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 1949 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Tamil National Party 1962 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Merger with Indian National Congress 1964 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 17 October 1972 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Thazhthapattor Munnetra Kazhagam 1974 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Makkal Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 1977 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Merger with AIADMK 1977 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
M.G.R.'s death on 24 December 1987 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
AIADMK Janaki faction | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Thamizhaga Munnetra Munnani 1988 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Merger with Janata Dal 1989 | AIADMK unifies again Janaki's faction dissolved and merged with Jayalalithaa's faction 1989 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 1994 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
MGR Kazhagam 1995 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
MGR Anna DMK 1996 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Merger with Bharatiya Janata Party 2002 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Major Dravidian parties that are currently active | Dravidar Kazhagam | All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam | Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam | Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dravidian parties in central government
Although the DMK and the AIADMK started playing a minimal role in the decision-making process in the
Ideology
Dravidianism and Tamilism
The principal ideals and goals of Dravidian parties at their incipience, which were borrowed from Dravidar Kazhagam, were social reforms such as ending religious beliefs, ending caste distinction,[53] empowerment of women, ending Brahmin dominance[25][53] in Tamil Nadu educational institutions and government, ending northern domination of the politics and economy of Tamil Nadu, opposition to Hindi as India's official language, and independence for Dravida Nadu from India.[54] The call for Dravida Nadu in the initial days during the British Raj meant a "Dravidian state under the British Raj".[54] Although Annadurai defended his party's demand for Dravida Nadu in his maiden speech in the
Since then, state autonomy and social justice through reservation for the underprivileged in education and employment have been the main political planks of the DMK.[2]
The Dravidian political ideology has evolved through the years and is now varied between parties.
Starting from an initial atheistic inclination with the strict anti-Brahmin outlook of the DK, the DMK moved on to a strong ethnic identity – initially that of "the Dravidian" and later of "the Tamilian" or "the common Tamil man".[24] In fact it is considered that Dravidian politics developed into an inclusive
The AIADMK however, never adopted the anti-Brahminism of the DK and DMK and did not have a strict ideology. After MGR's death, the dispute over whom should head the AIADMK was led by Janaki and Jayalalithaa, who were both Brahmins. The latter headed the AIADMK and served as the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu for multiple terms. The party's position on issues such as reservation, Hindi, federalism, Sri Lankan Tamils etc. is common with that of the other Dravidian parties.
Leftist inclination
The Self-respect movement, which is at the root of Dravidian politics, was initially forged in the mid-1920s in emulation and in critique of the
C. N. Annadurai, the first Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu from the Dravidian parties, declared that the DMK (and hence its offshoots) are "genuinelyPolitical use of media
Newspaper
Mass media have been widely used by Dravidian politicians from the early days of the parties. Initially propaganda was spread through newspapers owned by benefactors or by the organisations themselves and through public gatherings.[53] One early example of media use was the magazine Justice, which carried strong non-Brahmin viewpoints, after which the Indian Justice Party was named.[57] A later example is Kudi Arasu (The Republic in English).[53] DMK had Murasoli (Drum Beat in English) as its party organ,[11] and Similarly,from 1988 to 2017 AIADMK published Namadhu Dr. M.G.R. (Our Dr. M.G.R. in English),Currently, It uses Namadhu Puratchi Thalaivi Amma (Our Revolutionary Leader Mother in English) for its propaganda.[58] Dinakaran, a Tamil Daily owned by Marans, was earlier considered as an unofficial organ of DMK until the family feud within the family of Karunanidhi.[59]
Tamil cinema and politics
Sivaji Ganesan was a member of DK but later moved to DMK as one of its founding members. Nevertheless, he was expelled from the DMK following his comments on the party being a "glamour party", a reaction which is attributed to his frustration over lack of recognition.[30]
M. G. Ramachandran was reputedly the most famous star of any Dravidian party.[25][38] Former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu Karunanidhi has continued be active both in film script writing and politics until recent times.[60] Former
Television
DMK initially used Sun TV Network for its propaganda which eventually led to the birth of the alternate Tamil Channel Kalaignar TV.[61] Similarly,in 1991 AIADMK earlier owned JJ TV (J. Jayalalithaa Television), which was later dissolved. It used Jaya TV From 1999 to 2017.[62] Currently, It uses News J for its propaganda.[63]
Impact
Regional
One of the major impacts of the Dravidian parties is said to be the lack of or limited support to the
According to the DMK, the "creation" of 11
Another benefit cited by DMK is the substantial profits the State has received from foreign investments since the start of the liberalisation process. According to a party statement, of the total investment of Rs.13,150,170 millions that has flowed into the country since liberalisation began, Tamil Nadu has received 1,511,870 millions, which is 11.5 per cent of the total investment in the country.[7]
It is the DMK chief Karunanidhi who played a vital role in the then central government declaring Tamil a classical language.[65]
National
Between 1996 and 2014, either DMK or AIADMK has been part of the central governments of India.[11][12][13][14] The inclusion of DMK in the
International
The Dravidian parties have played a pivotal role in the past
Electoral symbols of the Dravidian parties
This article is part of a series on the |
Politics of Tamil Nadu |
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Electoral symbol of Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
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Electoral symbol of All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
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Electoral symbol of Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam
Flags
Each Dravidian party is represented by its own flag. Black and Red are the usual colours used, a feature which traces its origin to Periyar's visit to Axis countries and Soviet Russia. On his arrival back home, he declared that his party members would wear black shirts whenever and wherever possible "as a symbol of the present down-trodden condition of Dravidians".[30] The design of the DMK flag consists of two colour rectangles, with the top half black and the bottom half red. The black color reflects the dark political, economical and social situation of Dravidians. Red is used to signify "rising sunlight" that removes the darkness. The red rises from the bottom and is expected to slowly remove all the darkness. Years later, when DMK contested elections, it would take the "rising sun" as the party symbol.[75] AIADMK uses the black and red combination with a picture of Annadurai in white in the middle and hence it is sometimes characterised as being a tricoloured flag: black and red with white in the middle.[76] The MDMK flag consists of two red stripes with a black stripe in the center.[76]
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Flag of DK
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Flag of DMK
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Flag of AIADMK
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Flag of MDMK
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Flag of DMDK
See also
- Dravidar Kazhagam
- Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
- All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
- Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
- Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam
- Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism
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External links
- Media related to Dravidian political parties at Wikimedia Commons