Dravidian peoples
Dravidians | |||
---|---|---|---|
Geographic distribution | language families | ||
Proto-language | Proto-Dravidian | ||
Subdivisions |
| ||
ISO 639-2 / 5 | dra | ||
Linguasphere | 49 = (phylozone) | ||
Glottolog | drav1251 | ||
Distribution of subgroups of Dravidian languages:
|
Total population | |
---|---|
approx. 250 million | |
Languages | |
Dravidian languages | |
Religion | |
Predominantly Hinduism, Dravidian folk religion and others: Jainism, Buddhism, Islam, Christianity, Judaism |
Part of a series on |
Dravidian culture and history |
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Portal:Dravidian civilizations |
The Dravidian peoples, Dravidian-speakers or Dravidians, are an
Proto-Dravidian may have been spoken in the Indus civilization, suggesting a "tentative date of Proto-Dravidian around the early part of the third millennium BCE",[7] after which it branched into various Dravidian languages.[8] South Dravidian I (including pre-Tamil) and South Dravidian II (including pre-Telugu) split around the eleventh century BCE, with the other major branches splitting off at around the same time.[9]
The origins of the Dravidians are a "very complex subject of research and debate".
The third century BCE onwards saw the development of many great empires in South India like
Dravidian visual art is dominated by
Etymology
The origin of the Sanskrit word drāviḍa is
While the English word Dravidian was first employed by Robert Caldwell in his book of comparative Dravidian grammar based on the usage of the Sanskrit word drāviḍa in the work Tantravārttika by Kumārila Bhaṭṭa,[31] the word drāviḍa in Sanskrit has been historically used to denote geographical regions of southern India as whole. Some theories concern the direction of derivation between tamiḻ and drāviḍa; such linguists as Zvelebil assert that the direction is from tamiḻ to drāviḍa.[32]
Ethnic groups
The largest Dravidian ethnic groups are the
Name | Subgroup | Population | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Badagas | South Dravidian | 133,500 (2011 census) | Badagas are found in Tamil Nadu. |
Brahuis | North Dravidian | 2.5 million[citation needed] | Brahuis are mostly found in the Balochistan region of Pakistan, with smaller numbers in southwestern Afghanistan. |
Chenchus | South-Central Dravidian | N/A | Chenchus are found in Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, and Odisha. |
Irula | South Dravidian | 203,382 (2011 census) | Irula are found in Tamil Nadu, Kerala |
Giraavaru people | South Dravidian | 0 < 100 (Extinct) | Giraavaru people were found in Maldives. |
Gondis | Central Dravidian | 13 million (approx.)[citation needed] | Gondi belong to the central Dravidian subgroup. They are spread over the states of Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, Uttar Pradesh, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar and Odisha. A state named Gondwana was proposed to represent them in India. |
Khonds | South-Central Dravidian | 1,627,486 (2011 census) | Khonds are found in Odisha. |
Kannadigas | South Dravidian | 43.7 million[33] | Kannadigas are native to Karnataka in India but a considerable population is also found in Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and Kerala. |
Kodavas | South Dravidian | 160,000 (approx.)[citation needed] | Kodavas are native to the Kodagu district .
|
Koyas | Central Dravidian | found in Andhra Pradesh and Odisha | |
Kurukh | North Dravidian | 3.6 million (approx.)[34] | Kurukh are spread over parts of the states of speak Kurukh, also Kurux, Oraon or Uranw, as their native language. |
Kurumbar
|
South Dravidian | N/A | Kurumbar are found in Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. |
Malayalis | South Dravidian | 45 million[35][33] | Malayalis are native to Kerala and Lakshadweep, but are also found in Puducherry and parts of Tamil Nadu. They are also found in large numbers in Middle East countries, the Americas and Australia. |
Paniya | South Dravidian | N/A | Paniya are found in Kerala and Tamil Nadu. |
Tamils | South Dravidian | 78 million[36] | Tamils are native to |
Telugus
|
Central Dravidian | 85.1 million[38] | Telugus are native to |
Todas | South Dravidian | 2,002 (2011 census) | Todas are found in Tamil Nadu. |
Tuluvas
|
South Dravidian | 2 million (approx.)[citation needed] | Tuluvas are found in coastal Karnataka and Northern Kerala (Kasaragodu district) in India. A state named Tulu Nadu was proposed to represent them in India. |
Language
The Dravidian language family is one of the oldest in the world. Six languages are currently recognized by India as Classical languages and four of them are Dravidian languages Tamil, Telugu, Kannada and Malayalam.
The most commonly spoken Dravidian languages are
. There are three subgroups within the Dravidian language family: North Dravidian, Central Dravidian, and South Dravidian, matching for the most part the corresponding regions in the Indian subcontinent.Dravidian grammatical impact on the structure and syntax of Indo-Aryan languages is considered far greater than the Indo-Aryan grammatical impact on Dravidian. Some linguists explain this anomaly by arguing that Middle Indo-Aryan and New Indo-Aryan were built on a Dravidian
According to David McAlpin and his Elamo-Dravidian hypothesis, the Dravidian languages were brought to India by immigration into India from Elam (not to be confused with Eelam), located in present-day southwestern Iran.[15][41] In the 1990s, Renfrew and Cavalli-Sforza have also argued that Proto-Dravidian was brought to India by farmers from the Iranian part of the Fertile Crescent,[14][42][43][note 1] but more recently Heggerty and Renfrew noted that "McAlpin's analysis of the language data, and thus his claims, remain far from orthodoxy", adding that Fuller finds no relation of Dravidian language with other languages, and thus assumes it to be native to India.[44] Renfrew and Bahn conclude that several scenarios are compatible with the data, and that "the linguistic jury is still very much out."[44]
As a
History
Origins
The origins of the Dravidians are a "very complex subject of research and debate."
Although in modern times speakers of various
Asko Parpola, who regards the Harappans to have been Dravidian, notes that Mehrgarh (7000 BCE to c. 2500 BCE), to the west of the Indus River valley,[51] is a precursor of the Indus Valley Civilisation, whose inhabitants migrated into the Indus Valley and became the Indus Valley Civilisation.[17] It is one of the earliest sites with evidence of farming and herding in South Asia.[52][53] According to Lukacs and Hemphill, while there is a strong continuity between the neolithic and chalcolithic (Copper Age) cultures of Mehrgarh, dental evidence shows that the chalcolithic population did not descend from the neolithic population of Mehrgarh,[54] which "suggests moderate levels of gene flow".[54] They further noted that "the direct lineal descendants of the Neolithic inhabitants of Mehrgarh are to be found to the south and the east of Mehrgarh, in northwestern India and the western edge of the Deccan plateau", with neolithic Mehrgarh showing greater affinity with chalocolithic Inamgaon, south of Mehrgarh, than with chalcolithic Mehrgarh.[54]
Indus Valley Civilization
Dravidian identification
The
Linguist Asko Parpola writes that the Indus script and Harappan language are "most likely to have belonged to the Dravidian family".[63] Parpola led a Finnish team in investigating the inscriptions using computer analysis. Based on a proto-Dravidian assumption, they proposed readings of many signs, some agreeing with the suggested readings of Heras and Knorozov (such as equating the "fish" sign with the Dravidian word for fish, "min") but disagreeing on several other readings. A comprehensive description of Parpola's work until 1994 is given in his book Deciphering the Indus Script.[64]
Decline, migration and Dravidianization
Paleoclimatologists believe the fall of the Indus Valley Civilisation and eastward migration during the late Harappan period was due to climate change in the region, with a 200-year long drought being the major factor.[21][65][66] The Indus Valley Civilisation seemed to slowly lose their urban cohesion, and their cities were gradually abandoned during the late Harappan period, followed by eastward migrations before the Indo-Aryan migration into the Indian subcontinent.[21]
The process of post-Harappan/Dravidian influences on southern India has tentatively been called "Dravidianization",[22] and is reflected in the post-Harappan mixture of IVC and Ancient Ancestral South Indian people.[67] Yet, according to Krishnamurti, Dravidian languages may have reached south India before Indo-Aryan migrations.[23]
Dravidian and Indo-Aryan interactions
Dravidian substrate
The Dravidian language influenced the Indo-Aryan languages. Dravidian languages show extensive lexical (vocabulary) borrowing, but only a few traits of structural (either
According to Mallory there are an estimated thirty to forty Dravidian loanwords in
According to Thomason and Kaufman, there is strong evidence that Dravidian influenced Indic through "shift", that is, native Dravidian speakers learning and adopting Indic languages.[78] According to Erdosy, the most plausible explanation for the presence of Dravidian structural features in Old Indo-Aryan is that the majority of early Old Indo-Aryan speakers had a Dravidian mother tongue which they gradually abandoned. Erdosy (1995:18) Even though the innovative traits in Indic could be explained by multiple internal explanations, early Dravidian influence is the only explanation that can account for all of the innovations at once. Early Dravidian influence accounts for several of the innovative traits in Indic better than any internal explanation that has been proposed.[79] According to Zvelebil, "several scholars have demonstrated that pre-Indo-Aryan and pre-Dravidian bilingualism in India provided conditions for the far-reaching influence of Dravidian on the Indo-Aryan tongues in the spheres of phonology, syntax and vocabulary."[80]
Sanskritization
With the rise of the
Dravidian empires
The third century BCE onwards saw the development of large Dravidian empires like
Medieval trade and influence
Medieval Tamil guilds and trading organisations like the Ayyavole and Manigramam played an important role in the southeast Asia trade.[27] Traders and religious leaders travelled to southeast Asia and played an important role in the cultural Indianisation of the region. Locally developed scripts such as Grantha and Pallava script induced the development of many native scripts such as Khmer, Javanese Kawi, Baybayin, and Thai.
Around this time, Dravidians encountered Muslim traders, and the first Tamil Muslims and Sri Lankan Moors appeared.
European contact (1500 onward)
Portuguese explorers like Vasco de Gama were motivated to expand mainly for the spice markets of Calicut (today called Kozhikode) in modern-day Kerala. This led to the establishment of a series of Portuguese colonies along the western coasts of Karnataka and Kerala, including Mangalore. During this time Portuguese Jesuit priests also arrived and converted a small number of people in modern Kerala, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu to Catholicism, most notably the Paravars.
Dravidian culture
Religious belief
Ancient Dravidian religion constituted of an
Ancient Tamil grammatical works
Throughout Tamilakam, a king was considered to be divine by nature and possessed religious significance.[93] The king was 'the representative of God on earth' and lived in a "koyil", which means the "residence of a god". The Modern Tamil word for temple is koil (Tamil: கோயில்). Ritual worship was also given to kings.[94][95] Modern words for god like "kō" (Tamil: கோ "king"), "iṟai" (இறை "emperor") and "āṇḍavar" (ஆண்டவன் "conqueror") now primarily refer to gods. These elements were incorporated later into Hinduism like the legendary marriage of Shiva to Queen Mīnātchi who ruled Madurai or Wanji-ko, a god who later merged into Indra.[96] Tolkappiyar refers to the Three Crowned Kings as the "Three Glorified by Heaven", (Tamil: வாண்புகழ் மூவர், Vāṉpukaḻ Mūvar).[97] In Dravidian-speaking South India, the concept of divine kingship led to the assumption of major roles by state and temple.[98]
The cult of the mother goddess is treated as an indication of a society which venerated femininity. This mother goddess was conceived as a virgin, one who has given birth to all and one, and were typically associated with Shaktism.[99] The temples of the Sangam days, mainly of Madurai, seem to have had priestesses to the deity, which also appears predominantly as a goddess.[100] In the Sangam literature, there is an elaborate description of the rites performed by the Kurava priestess in the shrine Palamutircholai.[101]
Among the early Dravidians, the practice of erecting memorial stones, Natukal and Viragal, had appeared, and it continued for quite a long time after the Sangam age, down to about the 16th century.[102] It was customary for people who sought victory in war to worship these hero stones to bless them with victory.[103]
Architecture and visual art
Mayamata and Manasara shilpa texts estimated to be in circulation by the 5th to 7th century AD, are guidebooks on the Dravidian style of
Chola-style temples consist almost invariably of the three following parts, arranged in differing manners, but differing in themselves only according to the age in which they were executed:[111]
- The porches or Mantapas, which always cover and precede the door leading to the cell.
- Gate-pyramids, Gopuras, which are the principal features in the quadrangular enclosures that surround the more notable temples. Gopuras are very common in Dravidian temples.
- Pillared halls (Chaultris or Chawadis) are used for many purposes and are the invariable accompaniments of these temples.
Besides these, a south Indian temple usually has a tank called the Kalyani or Pushkarni – to be used for sacred purposes or the convenience of the priests – dwellings for all the grades of the priesthood are attached to it, and other buildings for state or convenience.[111]
Theatre, dance and music
Literary evidence of traditional form of theatre, dance and music dates back to the 3rd century BCE.
Each of the major Dravidian languages has its own film industry like
Clothing
Dravidian speakers in southern India wear varied traditional costumes depending on their region, largely influenced by local customs and traditions. The most traditional dress for Dravidian men is the lungi, or the more formal dhoti, called veshti in Tamil, panche in Kannada and Telugu, and mundu in Malayalam. The lungi consists of a colourful checked cotton cloth. Many times these lungis are tube-shaped and tied around the waist, and can be easily tied above the knees for more strenuous activities. The lungi is usually everyday dress, used for doing labour while dhoti is used for more formal occasions. Many villagers have only a lungi as their article of clothing. The dhoti is generally white in colour, and occasionally has a border of red, green or gold. Dhotis are usually made out of cotton for more everyday use, but the more expensive silk dhotis are used for special functions like festivals and weddings.
Traditional dress of Dravidian women is typical of most Indian women, that of the sari. This sari consists of a cloth wrapped around the waist and draped over the shoulder. Originally saris were worn bare, but during the Victorian era, women began wearing blouse (called a ravike) along with sari. In fact, until the late 19th century most Kerala women did not wear any upper garments, or were forced to by law, and in many villages, especially in tribal communities, the sari is worn without the blouse. Unlike Indo-Aryan speakers, most Dravidian women do not cover their head with the pallu except in areas of North Karnataka. Due to the complexity of draping the sari, younger girls start with a skirt called a pavada. When they get older, around the age when puberty begins, they transition to a
Martial arts and sports
In Mahabharata, Bhishma claimed that southerners are skilled with sword-fighting in general and Sahadeva was chosen for the conquest of the southern kingdoms due to his swordsmanship.[116] In South India various types of martial arts are practised like Kalaripayattu and Silambam.
In ancient times there were ankams, public duels to the death, to solve disputes between opposing rulers.[117] Among some communities, young girls received preliminary training up until the onset of puberty.[117] In vadakkan pattukal ballads, at least a few women warriors continued to practice and achieved a high degree of expertise.[117]
Sports like kambala, jallikattu, kabaddi, vallam kali, lambs and tigers, and maramadi remain strong among Dravidian ethnic groups.
See also
- General
- Dravidian languages
- Dravidian University (dedicated to research and learning of Dravidian languages)
- Culture
- Dance forms of Andhra Pradesh
- Culture of Telangana
- Arts of Kerala
- Dance forms of Tamil Nadu
- Folk arts of Karnataka
- Other
Notes
- ^ Derenko: "The spread of these new technologies has been associated with the dispersal of Dravidian and Indo-European languages in southern Asia. It is hypothesized that the proto-Elamo-Dravidian language, most likely originated in the Elam province in southwestern Iran, spread eastwards with the movement of farmers to the Indus Valley and the Indian sub-continent."[43]
Derenko refers to:
* Renfrew (1987), Archaeology and Language: The Puzzle of Indo-European Origins
* Renfrew (1996), Language families and the spread of farming. In: Harris DR, editor, The origins and spread of Agriculture and Pastoralism in Eurasia, pp. 70–92
* Cavalli-Sforza, Menozzi, Piazza (1994), The History and Geography of Human Genes. - ^ a b c Lockard: "The encounters that resulted from Aryan migration brought together several very different peoples and cultures, reconfiguring Indian society. Over many centuries a fusion of Aryan and Dravidian occurred, a complex process that historians have labeled the Indo-Aryan synthesis."[69] Lockard: "Hinduism can be seen historically as a synthesis of Aryan beliefs with Harappan and other Dravidian traditions that developed over many centuries."[70]
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External links
- Origins
- Akhilesh Pillalamarri, Where Did Indians Come from, part1, part 2, part 3
- Scroll.in, "Aryan migration: Everything you need to know about the new study on Indian genetics". 2 April 2018., on Narasimhan (2018)
- Language
- Bhadriraju Krishnamurti, Dravidian languages, Encyclopædia Britannica
- Dravidian language family is approximately 4,500 years old, Max-Planck-Gesellschaft