Drift ice
Drift ice, also called brash ice, is
Drift ice consists of ice floes, individual pieces of sea ice 20 metres (66 ft) or more across. Floes are classified according to size: small – 20 metres (66 ft) to 100 metres (330 ft); medium – 100 metres (330 ft) to 500 metres (1,600 ft); big – 500 metres (1,600 ft) to 2,000 metres (6,600 ft); vast – 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) to 10 kilometres (6.2 mi); and giant – more than 10 kilometres (6.2 mi).[4][5]
Drift ice affects:
- Security of navigation
- Climatic impact (see Polar ice packs)
- Geological impact
- Biosphere influence (see Ecology of sea ice)
Drift ice can exert tremendous forces when rammed against structures, and can shear off rudders and propellers from ships and strong structures anchored to the shore, such as piers. These structures must be retractable or removable to avoid damage. Similarly, ships can get stuck between drift ice floes.
The two major ice packs are the
Seasonal ice drift in the
Gallery
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The icebreakerBaltic sea
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Ice floes / pack ice
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Satellite image of drift ice in the Arctic Ocean around Wrangel Island
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Drift ice in the Sea of Okhotsk
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Aboard the Aurora icebreaker in the Sea of Okhotsk
See also
- Drifting ice station – Research stations built on the ice of the high latitudes of the Arctic Ocean
- Iceberg – Large piece of freshwater ice broken off a glacier or ice shelf and floating in open water
- Ice shove – Ice pushed onshore due to water movements or wind
- Lead (sea ice) – Fracture that opens up in an expanse of sea ice
- Polynya – Area of unfrozen sea within an ice pack
- Pressure ridge (ice) – Linear accumulation of ice blocks resulting from the convergence between floes
- Seabed gouging by ice – Outcome of the interaction between drifting ice and the seabed
- Sea ice – Outcome of seawater as it freezes
- Shelf ice – Ice formed on a lake and washed up on the shore
References
- ^ a b WMO Sea-Ice Nomenclature
- ISBN 978-1-60223-101-6.
- ^ Leppäranta, M. 2011. The Drift of Sea Ice. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
- ^ NSIDC All About Sea Ice
- ^ Environment Canada Ice Glossary
- ^ "A Port's Ice Is Thinning, and So Is Its Tourist Trade", The New York Times, March 14, 2006.
- ISSN 1520-0442.
External links
- "Ice in the Sea" : chapter from Nathaniel Bowditch's American Practical Navigator
- Cryosphere Today : Current Arctic sea ice conditions Archived 2011-02-23 at the Wayback Machine
- Data source for sea ice picture
- Marine Modeling and Analysis Branch Archived 2011-04-02 at the Wayback Machine
- Everything you ever wanted to know about sea ice but were afraid to ask
- Animation of the movement of sea ice, September 2003 through May 2004
- Atlas of Antarctic Sea Ice Drift
- The Papers of Paul Gordienko on Ice and Ice Drifts at Dartmouth College Library