Drosera anglica

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Drosera anglica

Secure  (NatureServe)[1]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Caryophyllales
Family: Droseraceae
Genus: Drosera
Subgenus: Drosera subg. Drosera
Section: Drosera sect. Drosera
Species:
D. anglica
Binomial name
Drosera anglica
Huds.
Synonyms[2]
List
    • Adenopa anglica (Huds.) Raf.
    • Drosera anglica f. pusilla Kihlm. ex Diels
    • Drosera anglica var. subuniflora DC.
    • Drosera kihlmanii Ikonn.
    • Drosera longifolia L.
    • Drosera longifolia var. major Wahlenb.
    • Drosera longifolia var. major Wahlenb.
    • Drosera longifolia var. vulgaris W.D.J.Koch
    • Drosera macedonica Košanin
    • Drosera septentrionalis var. oblongifolia Stokes
    • Rorella longifolia (L.) All.

Drosera anglica, commonly known as the English sundew

tropical sundew. It is thought to originate from an amphidiploid hybrid of D. rotundifolia and D. linearis, meaning that a sterile hybrid between these two species doubled its chromosomes to produce fertile progeny which stabilized into the current D. anglica.[5]

Morphology

A large D. anglica plant with hand for scale

Drosera anglica is a

Kaua'i, D. anglica forms winter resting buds called hibernacula. These consist of a knot of tightly curled leaves at ground level, which unfurl in spring at the end of the dormancy
period. The root system is weak and penetrates only a few centimeters, serving mainly as an anchor and for water absorption. Nitrogen is in short supply in bogs and trapping and digesting insects provides an alternate source.

Drosera anglica flowers in the summer, sending up peduncles 6–18 centimetres (2.4–7.1 in). long bearing several white flowers which open individually. Like other sundews, the flowers have five sepals, petals, and stamens with three styles. The petals for this species are 8–12 mm (¼ to ½") long, and the flowers have branched 2-lobed styles.[6] The odorless, nectar-less flowers do not rely on insect pollinators for pollination, rather setting seed well through self-pollination (autogamy).[7] The black roundish spindle-shaped seeds,[8] are 1 to 1+1⁄2 mm long. The fruits are a dehiscent three-valved capsule.

Carnivory

A D. anglica leaf bent around a trapped fly

Like all sundews, D. anglica uses stalked

arthropods, usually insects. These are attracted by a sugary scent exuded by the glands, and upon alighting on the plant adhere to the sticky drops of mucilage. Although most of its prey consists of small insects such as flies, bulkier insects with large wings are also caught. Small butterflies, damselflies
, and even dragonflies can become immobilized by the plant's sticky mucilage.

The plant's initial response to contact with prey consists of

tracheae. Once the prey has been digested and the resulting nutrient solution has been absorbed by the plant, the leaf unfurls, leaving only the prey's exoskeleton
behind.

Taxonomy

Drosera anglica was given its first scientific description and named by the botanist William Hudson in 1778. Constantine Samuel Rafinesque proposed moving it and other species to a new genus named Adenopa in 1837, but this was not accepted.[2]

Habitat

D. anglica growing on a quaking bog in the Wallowa Mountains of Oregon

Drosera anglica grows in open, non-forested habitat with wet, often calcium-rich soils. These include

sphagnum mosses, and many times grows in a soil substrate that is entirely composed of living, dead, or decomposed sphagnum. The sphagnum wicks moisture to the surface while simultaneously acidifying it. What soil nutrients are not seeped away by the constant moisture are often used up by the sphagnum or made unavailable by the low soil pH
. Since nutrient availability is low, competition from other plants is diminished, allowing the carnivorous English sundew to flourish.

Distribution

World distribution of D. anglica

Drosera anglica is one of the most widely distributed

sundews in the world. It is generally circumboreal, meaning that it is found at high latitudes around the globe. In a few areas, however, it is found farther south, particularly in Japan, southern Europe, the Hawaiian island of Kauaʻi, and California. Plants from Hawaiʻi, where it is known as mikinalo, are generally smaller than normal and do not experience a winter dormancy period. Its natural habitat includes 12 U.S. states, including Alaska, and 11 Canadian provinces and territories.[1] The altitudinal range is from 5 metres (20') to at least 2000 metres (6000').[9][10]
In the US state of Minnesota, it was found in 1978 growing in shallow pools in peatlands with minerotrophic water dominated by low growing mosses and sedge species; because of its limited to small populations, and the type of microhabitats that it occupies, it is listed as a threatened species in the state.[8]

Special origins

All North American Drosera species except for D. anglica have a

sympatrically in several locations, Wood conjectured that D. anglica likely originated from a hybrid between these two.[11]

All North American Drosera species produce sterile hybrids. The natural hybrid D. rotundifolia × D. linearis (conventionally but incorrectly referred to as Drosera ×anglica), is also sterile but is morphologically similar to the modern D. anglica.[5] Errors in meiosis during ovule and pollen production, however, can result in a chromosome doubling which can allow for viable seed to be produced. The resulting plants, known as amphiploids, would be fertile. Woods noted that this appeared to be an ongoing process with D. anglica speciating from D. rotundifolia × D. linearis through amphidiploidy in multiple locations.[11] The question remains as to why D. anglica is so widespread, whereas the range of D. linearis is limited to the Great Lakes region of North America. The greater adaptability of D. anglica to varied habitat conditions could be a major factor.[5]

Botanical history

Drosera anglica was first described by William Hudson in 1778. It has frequently been confused with the other circumpolar long-leaf Drosera, D. intermedia. This confusion was fueled by the resurfacing of an older name, D. longifolia (described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753), which was regarded as being too ambiguous in description and had been applied to specimens of both D. anglica and D. intermedia. Herbarium specimens were also a mix of the two species. These points led Martin Cheek to propose D. longifolia for rejection as a species name in 1998.[12] The proposal was accepted and the taxon listed as rejected in 1999.[13]

Hybrids

Several naturally occurring

hybrids
involving D. anglica exist. These include:

D. anglica × capillaris = D. × anpil
D. anglica × filiformis = D. × anfil
D. anglica × linearis
D. anglica × intermedia = D. × anterm
D. anglica × spatulata = D. × nagamoto
D. linearis × anglica = D. × linglica
D. rotundifolia × anglica = D. × obovata

These are all sterile. In addition, several man-made hybrids have been made.

Gallery

  • Tropical form from Kauaʻi, Hawaiʻi
    Tropical form from Kauaʻi, Hawaiʻi
  • A dense carpet of flowering D. anglica on a quaking bog
    A dense carpet of flowering D. anglica on a quaking bog
  • An atypical D. anglica flower with 6 petals
    An atypical D. anglica flower with 6 petals
  • Several damselflies ensnared by some English sundews
    Several damselflies ensnared by some English sundews
  • D. anglica growing in a mountain bog, British Columbia, Canada
    D. anglica growing in a mountain bog, British Columbia, Canada

References

  1. ^ a b NatureServe (2024). "Drosera anglica". Arlington, Virginia. Archived from the original on 9 April 2023. Retrieved 6 March 2024.
  2. ^ a b c "Drosera anglica Huds". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 6 March 2024.
  3. ^ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Drosera anglica". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
  4. ^ BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
  5. ^
    S2CID 248090242
    .
  6. ^ a b Regents of the University of California (1993). The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. Berkeley, California: University of California Press.
  7. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2005.00395.x
    .
  8. ^
    ISBN 978-0-8166-1689-3
    .
  9. ^ a b Penskar, M.R.; Higman, P.J. (1999). Special Plant Abstract for Drosera anglica (English sundew) (PDF). Lansing, Michigan: Michigan Natural Resources Inventory. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-01-17. Retrieved 2006-04-22.
  10. ^ Averis, Benand Alison (1998). Vegetational Survey of Deer-Fenced Area South-West of Sandwood Loch, Sutherland, June 1998. Sutherland, UK: John Muir TrustSurvey Report.
  11. ^ a b c Wood, C.E. (1955). "Evidence for Hybrid Origin of Drosera anglica". Rhodora. 57: 105–130.
  12. JSTOR 1223604
    .
  13. JSTOR 1224449
    .

External links

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