Droungarios of the Fleet
The droungarios of the Fleet (
Background and history of the office
In response to the
A fleet was based in Constantinople at least since the 7th century, and indeed played a central role in the repulsion of the two Arab sieges of Constantinople in
In the Taktikon Uspensky, the droungarios of the Fleet is positioned relatively lowly in the hierarchy, coming after all the senior military and civilian officials, placed between the
The Klētorologion further lists his subordinate officials as comprising his deputy or
The office reached its heyday during the 10th century, when several important personages held it, most notably Emperor Romanos I Lekapenos (r. 920–944), who used it as a springboard to the throne. The office continued in the 11th century, but as the fleet was no longer very active, the droungarios chiefly commanded the Constantinopolitan fleet instead of leading expeditions; the title was now usually referred to as droungarios tou stolou (δρουγγάριος τοῦ στόλου).[1][14] With the accession of Alexios I Komnenos (r. 1081–1118) a major reorganization of the navy took place. With the great naval themes having suffered a long decline as military formations, Alexios gathered the remnants of the provincial fleets and amalgamated them with the Imperial Fleet into a single force based in Constantinople, and placed it under the command of the megas doux.[15]
The post of the droungarios of the Fleet remained in existence, now with the addition of the prefix megas ("grand"). According to the mid-14th century Book of Offices of
List of known holders
- Note: Uncertain entries are marked in italics.
Name | Tenure | Appointed by | Notes | Refs |
---|---|---|---|---|
Krateros | c. 820s | Michael II the Amorian
|
Titled exarchōn tou stolou ("leader of the fleet") by Zonaras , perhaps the first holder of the post.
|
[19] |
John | c. 859/67 | Michael III | Addressee of a letter by Patriarch Photios; otherwise unknown. | [20][21] |
Niketas Ooryphas | c. 860–873 or 879 (?) | Basil I the Macedonian
|
A very successful commander, he spearheaded Basil I's naval offensive, relieving the Cretan Saracens at Kardia and the Gulf of Corinth .
|
[19][22] |
Elias | c. 862/67 – c. 869 | Basil I the Macedonian
|
A prōtospatharios, he was charged by Basil with bringing the deposed Photios between c. 862 and 869.
|
[19][23] |
Adrianos | c. 877/78 | Basil I the Macedonian
|
Former deputy of Ooryphas, he was sent by Basil I to assist Syracuse in Sicily during its final siege by the Aghlabids, but was delayed by contrary winds and failed to reach the city. | [20][24] |
Nasar | c. 879/80 | Basil I the Macedonian
|
Inflicted two heavy defeats on the Aghlabids of Ifriqiya at Cephalonia and in southern Italy. | [19][25] |
Eustathios [Argyros] | c. 894–904 | Leo VI the Wise | Participated in the Byzantine–Bulgarian war of 894–896, and was dismissed after failing to prevent the fall of Taormina in Sicily to the Aghlabids in 902. Restored to his post, he was again dismissed in 904 for failing to confront the Saracens under Leo of Tripoli. His possible identity with the contemporary general Eustathios Argyros is a matter of dispute. | [19][26] |
Himerios | 904–912 | Leo VI the Wise | Appointed to replace Eustathios, he failed to prevent the sack of Thessalonica, but scored a few successes against the Arabs. Dismissed after leading a failed expedition against Crete, and suffering a heavy defeat at the hands of Leo of Tripoli at Chios in 912. | [27][28] |
Romanos Lekapenos
|
c. 917–919 | Zoe Karbonopsina | A career naval officer of lowly origin, he rose to senior commands, becoming eventually droungarios of the Fleet under the regime of Empress-regent Zoe Karbonopsina. Used his position to outmanoeuvre her and the general Leo Phokas the Elder, and assume the guardianship of Zoe's son Constantine VII, to whom he married his daughter. Became senior emperor in 920, and ruled until deposed by his own sons in 944. | [20][29] |
John Rhadenos | c. 921/22 | Romanos I Lekapenos | Scored a decisive victory over Leo of Tripoli off Lemnos, in which Leo was killed. | [20][30] |
Alexios Mosele | c. 922 | Romanos I Lekapenos | Killed at the Battle of Pegae against the Bulgarians in 922 | [20][31] |
Lips | either c. 908/17 or c. 922/44 (?) | either Leo VI the Wise or Romanos I Lekapenos |
The Battle of Acheloos in 917.
|
[20][32] |
Constantine Gongyles | c. 944/45–949 | Constantine VII | Eunuch active in the court since the regency of Zoe, he was appointed to the post immediately after Constantine VII became sole emperor, and led the failed expedition to recover Crete in 949. | [20][33] |
Constantine | unknown | Romanos I Lekapenos | A prōtospatharios and Caucasian Iberia c. 923; in the sources he is also recorded by his (evidently later) titles of patrikios and droungarios of the Fleet, hence identified by some either with Constantine Lips or with Constantine Gongyles, but both are problematic.
|
[34][35] |
Joseph Bringas | 950s | Constantine VII | Eunuch holding senior offices in the court since Romanos I's reign, Constantine VII appointed him droungarios of the Fleet as well; under Romanos II rose to paradynasteuōn and chief minister of the empire. | [20][36] |
Niketas Abalantes | c. 964 | Nikephoros II Phokas | Leader of the great expedition to recover Fatimids at the Battle of the Straits . Niketas was taken captive to Ifriqiya, where he remained until ransomed in 967.
|
[34][37] |
Leo Lekapenos | c. 971–976 | John I Tzimiskes | Relative and close collaborator of the powerful parakoimōmenos Basil Lekapenos, he was appointed to the post as part of Tzimiskes's purge of Nikephoros Phokas' followers. He organized the dispatch of the fleet in the 971 expedition against the Rus', but himself remained in Constantinople, where he suppressed an abortive coup by Leo Phokas the Younger. He remained in the post until promoted (either already by Tzimiskes or by Basil II) to prōtovestiarios. | [34][38] |
Bardas Parsakoutenos | c. 977/78 | Basil II | Abydos during the first rebellion of Bardas Skleros . His title is unclear, but it is generally assumed that he commanded the Imperial Fleet.
|
[39][40] |
Theodore Karantenos | c. 977/78 | Basil II | Termed nauarchos by John Skylitzes, defeated a rebel fleet under Michael Kourtikios off Phocaea during the first rebellion of Bardas Skleros. It is unclear whether he commanded the Imperial Fleet or a thematic squadron. | [20][39][41] |
Kyriakos | c. 989 | Basil II | Mentioned only as defending Abydos against the rebel Bardas Phokas the Younger in spring 989. | [34][42] |
Stephen | c. 1038–1040 | Michael IV the Paphlagonian | Brother-in-law of the emperor and patrikios, he was largely responsible for the failure of the attempt to recover Sicily through his dispute with George Maniakes. He is not explicitly called droungarios, however, but rather "master of the fleet" ([kat]archōn tou stolou). | [34] |
Nikephoros Komnenos | c. 1081 | Alexios I Komnenos | Younger brother of Alexios I, made sebastos and megas droungarios tou stolou after the latter's accession. This was an honorific appointment rather than an active office, and Nikephoros does not appear to have exercised any command. | [16] |
Eustathios Kymineianos | c. 1101 | Alexios I Komnenos | Confidante and one of the chief aides of Alexios, he held various fleet commands after 1087. He probably became megas droungarios in c. 1101/02, when he was sent to seize and refortify Korykos . In 1107 he governed Constantinople in Alexios' absence on campaign.
|
[43][44] |
Constantine Dalassenos | c. 1090 | Alexios I Komnenos | Qualified as thalassokrator ("master of the sea") by Anna Komnene, he was likely a megas droungarios. He commanded the Byzantine fleet against the Turkish emir Tzachas. | [45][46] |
Demetrios Branas | c. 1141 | Manuel I Komnenos | Admiral (nauarchos) during the campaign against Sultan of Rum .
|
[16] |
Constantine Komnenos | c. 1143–1147 | Manuel I Komnenos | Attendant of Church councils in 1143 and 1147, qualified simply as sebastos and megas droungarios, possibly megas droungarios tēs viglas rather than of the Fleet.
|
[43] |
Nikephoros Dasiotes | c. 1147 | Manuel I Komnenos | Admiral (nauarchos) of the fleet that conveyed Conrad III to Palestine.
|
[16] |
Maios | c. 1151 | Manuel I Komnenos | Admiral (nauarchos) who signed the peace treaty with the Kingdom of Sicily | [16] |
John Makrembolites | c. 1140s/50s | Manuel I Komnenos | Makrembolites is known as a courtier of Manuel. A seal calling him megas droungarios survives, but it most likely refers to the post of megas droungarios tēs viglas rather than of the Fleet. | [43] |
Gabalas | c. 1241–1266/67 | John III Vatatzes
|
The Nicaean emperor John Vatatzes. He was the father-in-law of a Michael Komnenos Branas. It is possible that it refers to either Leo Gabalas or his brother John Gabalas, the autonomous rulers of Rhodes .
|
[43][47] |
Stephen Mouzalon | until 1303 | Andronikos II Palaiologos | Sent to mediate in a quarrel between the Genoese and the Catalan Company, he was killed in the clash. | [43][48] |
John Doukas Mouzalon | early 14th century | Andronikos II Palaiologos | Recipient of a number of poems composed for him by Manuel Philes. | [43][49] |
John Philanthropenos | c. 1324 | Andronikos II Palaiologos | Oikeios of the Emperor, attested in the post in an act of July 1324. | [50][51] |
George Isaris | c. 1344 | possibly John V Palaiologos | Megas droungarios tou stolou in 1344, he joined megas primikērios before his death c. 1373/74.
|
[52] |
Loukas Notaras | c. 1441 | Manuel II Palaiologos | Captained the ship that brought Constantine Palaiologos to Lesbos; called droungarios, he may have been megas droungarios tou stolou. He later became megas doux and was one of the chief ministers of the Empire up to the Fall of Constantinople .
|
[53][54] |
A number of holders are known only by their surviving seals of office, and can only approximately be dated:
Name | Period | Notes | Refs |
---|---|---|---|
Euphemianos | c. 750/c. 850 | Known from a series of 14 seals that detail his career, from spatharios and droungarios of the Aegean Sea, to prōtospatharios and droungarios tou ploïmou, and eventually patrikios and stratēgos of Hellas. | [55] |
John | late 8th/early 9th century | Known from a single seal that names him as spatharios and droungarios tou ploïmou. | [55] |
Basil | second half of 9th century | Known from a single seal naming him as patrikios, imperial prōtospatharios and droungarios tou ploïmou. | [56] |
Barsakios | late 9th century | Evidently Armenian in origin, known from a single seal naming him as anthypatos, patrikios, imperial prōtospatharios and droungarios tou ploïmou. | [57] |
Niketas | 10th century | Known only through his seal naming him as a magistros, droungarios tou ploïmou and katepanō tōn ploïmōn. Placed by Werner Seibt in the first third of the 10th century.
|
[58][59] |
Hilarion | 10th century | Known from a single seal naming him as imperial prōtospatharios, droungarios tou ploïmou, primikērios and epi tou Chrysotriklinou .
|
[60] |
[Theodoros] Rhadinos | first half of 11th century | Known from a single seal naming him as anthypatos and patrikios, imperial prōtospatharios, and droungarios tou ploïmou. His first name is tentative. | [60] |
Andronikos | first half of 11th century | Known only through two seals naming him as a patrikios, droungarios tou ploïmou and pinkernēs. | [34][61] |
Constantine | 11th century | Known only through a single seal naming him as a vestarchēs and droungarios tōn ploïmōn. | [62] |
Solomon | 11th century | Known only through a single seal naming him as a droungarios tōn ploïmōn. | [62] |
References
- ^ a b c d ODB, "Droungarios tou ploimou" (A. Kazhdan), pp. 663–664.
- ^ a b Guilland 1967, p. 535.
- ^ Ahrweiler 1966, pp. 22–25.
- ^ Ahrweiler 1966, pp. 31–35, 76–81.
- ^ Haldon 1999, p. 74.
- ^ a b Bury 1911, p. 109.
- ^ Ahrweiler 1966, pp. 73–74.
- ^ Ahrweiler 1966, pp. 33–34.
- ^ Bury 1911, pp. 108–110, 137, 140.
- ^ Guilland 1967, pp. 535–536.
- ^ Bury 1911, p. 110.
- ^ a b c Guilland 1967, p. 536.
- ^ Bury 1911, pp. 110–111.
- ^ Guilland 1967, pp. 537–539.
- ^ Guilland 1967, pp. 540, 542.
- ^ a b c d e f Guilland 1967, p. 540.
- ^ Verpeaux 1966, pp. 167, 179.
- ^ Verpeaux 1966, p. 160.
- ^ a b c d e Guilland 1967, p. 537.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Guilland 1967, p. 538.
- ^ PmbZ, Ioannes (#3309).
- ^ PmbZ, Niketas Ooryphas (#25696).
- ^ PmbZ, Elias (#21640).
- ^ PmbZ, Adrianos (#20122).
- ^ PmbZ, Nasar (#25490).
- ^ PmbZ, Eustathios (#21836).
- ^ Guilland 1967, pp. 537–538.
- ^ ODB, "Himerios" (A. Kazhdan), p. 933.
- ^ ODB, "Romanos I Lekapenos" (A. Kazhdan), p. 1806.
- ^ PmbZ, Ioannes Radenos (#22914).
- ^ PmbZ, Alexios Mosele (#20241).
- ^ ODB, "Lips" (A. Cutler, A. Kazhdan), pp. 1232–2333.
- ^ PmbZ, Konstantinos Gongylios (#23823).
- ^ a b c d e f Guilland 1967, p. 539.
- ^ PmbZ, Konstantinos (#23833).
- ^ PmbZ, Ioseph Bringas (#23529).
- ^ PmbZ, Niketas (#25784).
- ^ PmbZ, Leon (#24532).
- ^ a b Holmes 2005, pp. 456–457 (note 27).
- ^ PmbZ, Bardas Parsakutenos (#20786).
- ^ PmbZ, Theodoros Karantenos (#27765).
- ^ PmbZ, Kyriakos (#24234).
- ^ a b c d e f Guilland 1967, p. 541.
- ^ Skoulatos 1980, pp. 85–87.
- ^ Guilland 1967, pp. 540–541.
- ^ Skoulatos 1980, pp. 61–62.
- ^ PLP, 3293. Γαβαλᾶς.
- ^ PLP, 19447. Mουζάλων Στέφανος.
- ^ PLP, 19440. Mουζάλων Ιωάννης ∆ούκας.
- ^ Guilland 1967, pp. 541–542.
- ^ PLP, 29766. Φιλανθρωπηνὸς Ἰωάννης.
- ^ PLP, 92111. Ἲσαρις Γεώργιος.
- ^ Guilland 1967, p. 542.
- ^ PLP, 20730. Nοταρᾶς Λουκᾶς.
- ^ a b PmbZ, Euphemianos (#1692).
- ^ PmbZ, Basileios (#966).
- ^ PmbZ, Barsakios (#20821).
- ^ Guilland 1967, pp. 538–539.
- ^ PmbZ, Niketas (#25751).
- ^ a b PmbZ, Hilarion (#22610).
- ^ PmbZ, Andronikos (#20418).
- ^ a b Guilland 1967, pp. 539–540.
Sources
- Ahrweiler, Hélène (1966). Byzance et la mer: La marine de guerre, la politique et les institutions maritimes de Byzance aux VIIe–XVe siècles (in French). Paris: Presses universitaires de France.
- OCLC 1046639111.
- OCLC 878894516.
- ISBN 1-85728-495-X.
- Holmes, Catherine (2005). Basil II and the Governance of Empire (976–1025). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-927968-5.
- ISBN 0-19-504652-8.
- Lilie, Ralph-Johannes; Ludwig, Claudia; Pratsch, Thomas; Zielke, Beate (2013). Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit Online. Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Nach Vorarbeiten F. Winkelmanns erstellt (in German). Berlin and Boston: De Gruyter.
- Skoulatos, Basile (1980). Les personnages byzantins de l'Alexiade: Analyse prosopographique et synthèse [The Byzantine Personalities of the Alexiad: Prosopographical Analysis and Synthesis] (in French). Louvain-la-Neuve and Louvain: Bureau du Recueil Collège Érasme and Éditions Nauwelaerts. OCLC 8468871.
- Trapp, Erich; Beyer, Hans-Veit; Walther, Rainer; Sturm-Schnabl, Katja; Kislinger, Ewald; Leontiadis, Ioannis; Kaplaneres, Sokrates (1976–1996). ISBN 3-7001-3003-1.
- Verpeaux, Jean, ed. (1966). Pseudo-Kodinos, Traité des Offices (in French). Paris: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.