Droungarios of the Watch

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The Droungarios of the Watch (

Palaiologan era, until the very end
of the Byzantine Empire in the mid-15th century.

Military office

The Droungarios of the Watch was originally the commander of the

Late Antiquity.[4] The term droungarios (Greek: δρουγγάριος) is not documented before the early 7th century but might have been used as an informal or unofficial designation before that date. The office and the corresponding unit appear to have initially referred to ad hoc arrangements, but during the early 7th century these were formalized, like much of the East Roman army's rank structure.[5]

Judging from the unit's name and the peculiar titles of its officers, it also had a considerable ancestry, dating back to the East Roman army,[6] but it is unknown exactly when it was constituted as a tagma. The office of the Droungarios of the Watch at any rate is first attested c. 791, when Alexios Mosele is recorded as "spatharios and droungarios of the Watch".[1][7] In contrast to the other tagmata, the Watch and its commanders had special duties related to the safety of the Emperor and the imperial palace.[2] Within Constantinople, the Watch provided guards for the palace precinct, and kept a permanent garrison at the Covered Hippodrome (which was also the droungarios's seat).[8]

As detailed in the

patrikios or prōtospatharios.[8]

List of known holders

Note: the list does not include holders known only through their seals but otherwise unidentified, or anonymous holders.
Name Tenure Appointed by Notes Refs
Alexios Mosele c. 791 Irene of Athens Participated in a revolt against Irene, which ended her regency over Constantine VI, but was imprisoned and blinded soon after. [9][10]
Ooryphas late 820s Michael II Appointed admiral and sent to check the depredations of the
Aegean islands
from the Saracens. 		[11]
Petronas c. 830s Theophilos The exact dates of his tenure are unknown. Under Theophilos' son and successor, Michael III, he held several senior military commands and achieved the great victory at the Battle of Lalakaon. [9][12]
Aetios c. 830s Theophilos Known as the
signet ring
. 		[13][14]
Constantine Baboutzikos
 until 838 Theophilos A brother-in-law of Empress
Theodora
, he too was captured at Amorium and became one of the 42 Martyrs of Amorium. 		[15][16]
Ooryphas early 840s Theophilos The exact date of his tenure is unknown, as is his identification with one of the other figures bearing this surname at this time.
Kedrenos reports that he was charged with the execution of Theophobos
. 		[9][17]
Constantine Maniakes 842–unknown Michael III An Armenian who had come to the Byzantine court as a hostage, he served as droungarios in the early years of Michael III's reign, during the regency of
Logothete of the Drome
. 		[15][18]
John Androsalites 867–unknown
Basil I the Macedonian
 Brother of the abbot Nicholas, who had sheltered the young Basil on his first arrival to Constantinople, he and his brothers were all given high offices on Basil's accession. [19][20]
Leo Katakalon c. 877
Basil I the Macedonian
 Variously named Katakylas, Katakoilas and Katakalos in the sources. According to the hagiography of the
Photios, and persecuted with brutality Ignatios' adherents at the start of Photios' second patriarchate (877–886). In 896 promoted to Domestic of the Schools and led the Byzantines in the disastrous Battle of Boulgarophygon
. 		[15][21]
John c. 897 Leo VI the Wise He was dismissed due to negligence in uncovering a plot against Leo, who appointed Pardos in his stead. [22][23]
Pardos c. 897–898 Leo VI the Wise The son of the hetaeriarch Nicholas Zaoutzes, he was absolutely trusted by Leo, but was in turn arrested for the failed plot of his brother Basil and the members of the family of Stylianos Zaoutzes. [22][24]
John before 914 Leo VI the Wise One of the brothers of Patriarch Nicholas Mystikos, he is only known by a letter of his wife from 914/5. [25]
Eustathios Argyros c. 908–910 Leo VI the Wise A distinguished general of aristocratic descent, he was named droungarios in late 908. He too was dismissed and sent to exile in his native Charsianon when he fell under Leo's suspicion. He died of poison en route. [26][27]
Damianos 913–unknown Constantine VII (nominally) Appointed by Empress-regent Zoe Karbonopsina [28][29]
John Kourkouas c. 918–922 Constantine VII (nominally) Appointed through the machinations of
Romanos Lekapenos
, Kourkouas supported the latter in his rise to the throne. In 922 he was rewarded with the high command in the East, which he held for 22 years in which he scored major victories against the Arabs. 		[30][31]
Manuel Kourtikes 944/5–unknown Constantine VII Kourtikes was among the conspirators who overthrew Romanos Lekapenos in December 944, leading to the restoration of sole imperial power to Constantine VII a month later. He was named droungarios of the Watch, and died soon after either in a shipwreck or was executed for lèse-majesté. [32][33]
Symeon 1025–1028 Constantine VIII Third chamberlain and one of Constantine VIII's favourite eunuchs, he was named droungarios and proedros on his becoming sole emperor. Symeon later became Domestic of the Schools before retiring as a monk. [34][35]

Judicial office

In c. 1030, the office changed from military to purely judicial, and was further distinguished by acquiring the epithet "Grand" (megas) in the 1070s.

koiaistōr, the epi tōn kriseōn, the prōtasēkrētis and the katholikos, who headed the court for fiscal affairs (dēmosiaka pragmata). The droungarios also served as an appellate court for the decisions of the epi tōn kriseōn.[38][39][40] The holders of the post belonged to some of the most distinguished families of the civil aristocracy, including such men as Eustathios Rhomaios, John Skylitzes and Andronikos Kamateros.[1]

List of known holders

Note: the list does not include holders known only through their seals but otherwise unidentified, or anonymous holders.
Name Tenure Appointed by Notes Refs
Eustathios Rhomaios shortly after May 1030 Romanos III Argyros Possibly the very first holder of the office who presided over the Court of the Hippodrome. He was named droungarios some time after May 1030, and before April 1034. The
magistros Eustathios Rhomaios is more famous for his collection of fiscal case law, published as the Peira
. 		[34][41][42]
Anastasios c. 1030s unknown Mentioned only in a document of Patriarch
Alexios Stoudites
(1025–1043). 		[34]
Manuel 1054–unknown
Theodora
 He was rewarded with the post for having helped Theodora gain supreme power for herself. [34]
Machetarios 3rd quarter of the 11th century unknown A correspondent of Michael Psellos, nothing further is known of him. [34]
John Xiphilinos
 early 1060s Constantine X Doukas (?)
Patriarch of Constantinople in 1064–1075. According to Theodore Skoutariotes
, he was a magistros and droungarios of the Watch prior to his nomination as patriarch. 		[34]
Constantine Xiphilinos c. 1070 Romanos IV Diogenes (?) Another addressee of Michael Psellos, nothing further is known of him. [34]
Constantine Keroularios 1060s/1070s Constantine X Doukas or Michael VII Doukas A nephew of Patriarch
Michael Keroularios and cousin of empress Eudokia Makrembolitissa. He was a very influential figure under the Doukas
emperors, and is the first known holder of the title of "Grand Droungarios". 		[43]
Stephen 1078–1081 Nikephoros III Botaneiates He was dismissed after the deposition of Botaneiates and became a monk and abbot of
Xenophontos monastery on Mount Athos. Better known as Symeon the Sanctified
. 		[43]
Michael Keroularios 1081–unknown Alexios I Komnenos Son of Constantine Keroularios, an eminent expert on judicial and financial matters; he rose to become logothetes ton sekreton for most of Alexios I's reign. [43][44]
John Thrakesios c. 1092 Alexios I Komnenos Possibly the same as the proedros, Eparch and Grand Droungarios John who is mentioned in an act variously dated to 1083, 1098 or 1113, but more usually identified with the historian John Skylitzes. [43][45]
Nicholas Mermentoulos c. 1094 Alexios I Komnenos Attended the
Eparch of Constantinople
. 		[34][46]
John Zonaras
 early 12th century Alexios I Komnenos Better known as a historian, Zonaras held high court positions under Alexios I before retiring as a monk. [47][48]
Niketas or Nicholas Skleros 1084, 1099, or 1114 Alexios I Komnenos Mentioned only in a law promulgated by Alexios I on a January, on the 7th indiction, i.e. in 1084, 1099, or 1114. [48][49]
Constantine Komnenos c. 1143 John II Komnenos or Manuel I Komnenos Referred to simply as a "Grand Droungarios", he was probably an admiral (
megas droungarios tou ploimou
) rather than a Grand Droungarios of the Watch. 		[1][49]
Stephen Komnenos c. 1147/51–c. 1156 Manuel I Komnenos [49]
John Makrembolites c. 1158 Manuel I Komnenos [49]
Andronikos Kamateros c. 1166–c. 1170 Manuel I Komnenos A leading official and distinguished author, Kamateros was related to the imperial family on his mother's side. [49]
Gregory Antiochos 1187–c. 1196 Isaac II Angelos A very well-educated man and distinguished author. By the time he was named Grand Droungarios, he had enjoyed a long career in public service stretching back to the 1150s. [50]

Palaiologan era

Following the

Grand Domestic, charged with the night watch and with supervising the army's scouts.[51] In reality, however, it had become more of a sinecure and was essentially a court dignity devoid of any but ceremonial duties.[50]

In Pseudo-Kodinos' work, the Grand Droungarios of the Watch ranks 24th in the imperial hierarchy, between the

megas hetaireiarches.[52] The Grand Droungarios's distinctive court dress, as reported by Pseudo-Kodinos, consisted of a gold-brocaded hat (skiadion), a plain silk kabbadion tunic and a staff (dikanikion) with a gilded knob on top, and covered with golden-red braid below. For ceremonies and festivities, he bore the domed skaranikon, of yellow and golden silk and decorated with gold wire embroidery, and with a portrait of the emperor seated on a throne in front and another with the emperor on horseback on the rear.[43][53]

The dignity survived until the

Agha of the Janissaries to the Grand Droungarios of the Watch.[1][54]

List of known holders

Note: the list does not include holders known only through their seals but otherwise unidentified, or anonymous holders.
Name Tenure Appointed by Notes Refs
Andronikos Eonopolites c. 1286–89 Michael VIII Palaiologos Eunuch and military commander. Michael may have been “the last [Byzantine] emperor to entrust a eunuch with the command of an army."[55] [50][56]
Theodore Komnenos Philes early 14th century Andronikos II Palaiologos or
Andronikos III Palaiologos 		He is mentioned in an act variously dated to 1302, 1317 or 1332, as being buried in the Spelaiotissa Monastery at
Melenikon
 [57][58]
Demetrios Palaiologos Tornikes c. 1324–41 Andronikos II Palaiologos
Andronikos III Palaiologos 		A relative of the imperial family, he is only mentioned in four documents. [59][60]
Constantine Palaiologos Tornikes c. 1325 Andronikos II Palaiologos Megas droungarios tēs viglēs at
Berroia
in 1325. 		[61]
Bryennios 1320s Andronikos II Palaiologos Otherwise unknown, he defected to Andronikos III Palaiologos during the Byzantine civil war of 1321–1328. [57]
Nikephoros after 1325 Andronikos II Palaiologos Known only from an act of the
Zographou monastery
of 1342, by which time he was dead. 		[57]
Kannaboutzes (?) 1324 Andronikos II Palaiologos A droungarios, but it is unclear if he was a Grand Droungarios of the Watch [57]
Theodore Palaiologos c. 1328 Andronikos III Palaiologos A nephew of Andronikos III, he was Grand Droungarios of the Watch and governor of Lemnos in 1328 [57]
George Bryennios c. 1328 Andronikos II Palaiologos A military commander against the Bulgarians, he governed Ohrid as Grand Droungarios after 1328. [62]
John Doukas Mouzalon unknown Andronikos III Palaiologos An addressee of the poet Manuel Philes, he is called a "Grand Droungarios", most likely of the Watch [57]
John Gabalas c. 1341 Andronikos III Palaiologos Originally a partisan of
Grand Logothete
, but eventually fell out with Apokaukos and was imprisoned. 		[63][64]
George Doukas Apokaukos c. 1342 John V Palaiologos Grand Droungarios, probably of the Watch, mentioned in a
chrysobull
of 1342 with Venice 		[65]
Johanne de Peralta 1347–54 John VI Kantakouzenos A Westerner, possibly Catalan, and friend and adherent of Kantakouzenos. [66]
Demetrios Glabas c. 1366 John V Palaiologos Grand Droungarios of the Watch at
Thessalonica
in 1366. 		[67]
Komes c. 1366 John V Palaiologos Grand Droungarios of the Watch at
Thessalonica
in 1366. 		[68]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Kazhdan 1991, p. 663.
  2. ^ a b Bury 1911, p. 60.
  3. ^ Bury 1911, pp. 47–48.
  4. ^ Rance 2004, pp. 96–114.
  5. ^ Haldon 1999, p. 109.
  6. ^ Bury 1911, pp. 61–62.
  7. ^ Guilland 1967, p. 563.
  8. ^ a b c Guilland 1967, p. 567.
  9. ^ a b c Guilland 1967, p. 568.
  10. ^ PmbZ, Alexios Musele(m) (#193).
  11. ^ PmbZ, Ooryphas (#5654).
  12. ^ PmbZ, Petronas (#5929/corr.).
  13. ^ Guilland 1967, pp. 568–569.
  14. ^ PmbZ, Aëtios (#108); Aëtios (#20147).
  15. ^ a b c Guilland 1967, p. 569.
  16. ^ PmbZ, Konstantinos (#3932).
  17. ^ PmbZ, Ooryphas (#5655).
  18. ^ PmbZ, Konstantinos (#3962).
  19. ^ Guilland 1967, pp. 569–570.
  20. ^ PmbZ, Ioannes (#22840).
  21. ^ PmbZ, Leo Katakalon (#24329).
  22. ^ a b Guilland 1967, p. 570.
  23. ^ PmbZ, Ioannes (#22836).
  24. ^ PmbZ, Pardos (#26265).
  25. ^ PmbZ, Ioannes (#22912).
  26. ^ Guilland 1967, pp. 570–571.
  27. ^ PmbZ, Eustathios Argyros (#21828).
  28. ^ Guilland 1967, p. 571.
  29. ^ PmbZ, Damianos (#21369).
  30. ^ Guilland 1967, pp. 571–572.
  31. ^ PmbZ, Ioannes Kurkuas (#22917).
  32. ^ Guilland 1967, p. 572.
  33. ^ PmbZ, Manuel Kurtikes (#24878).
  34. ^ a b c d e f g h Guilland 1967, p. 573.
  35. ^ PmbZ, Symeon (#27539).
  36. ^ Guilland 1967, pp. 573–574.
  37. ^ Magdalino 1994, pp. 98–99 note 26, 106ff.
  38. ^ Guilland 1967, p. 574.
  39. ^ Magdalino 2002, pp. 230, 261–262.
  40. ^ Magdalino 1994, pp. 106ff., 120ff..
  41. ^ Magdalino 1994, pp. 105–106.
  42. ^ PmbZ, Eustathios Romaios (#21870).
  43. ^ a b c d e Guilland 1967, p. 575.
  44. ^ Magdalino 1994, p. 110.
  45. ^ Kazhdan & Cutler 1991, p. 1914.
  46. ^ Gautier 1971, pp. 248–249.
  47. ^ Guilland 1967, pp. 576–577.
  48. ^ a b Gautier 1971, p. 249.
  49. ^ a b c d e Guilland 1967, p. 576.
  50. ^ a b c Guilland 1967, p. 577.
  51. ^ Guilland 1967, pp. 574–575.
  52. ^ Verpeaux 1966, p. 138.
  53. ^ Verpeaux 1966, p. 158.
  54. ^ Guilland 1967, pp. 575, 579.
  55. ISBN 978-0-7156-3129-4
    .
  56. ^ PLP, 6713. Ἠονοπολίτης Ἀνδρόνικος.
  57. ^ a b c d e f Guilland 1967, p. 578.
  58. ^ PLP, 29813. Φιλῆς, Θεόδωρος Κομνηνός.
  59. ^ Guilland 1967, pp. 577–578.
  60. ^ PLP, 29124. Tορνίκης, ∆ημήτριος Παλαιολόγος.
  61. ^ PLP, 29131. Tορνίκης, Κωνσταντῖνος Παλαιολόγος.
  62. ^ PLP, 3251. Βρυέννιος Γεώργιος.
  63. ^ Guilland 1967, pp. 578–579.
  64. ^ PLP, 93286. Γαβαλᾶς Ἱωάννης.
  65. ^ Guilland 1967, p. 579.
  66. ^ PLP, 22404. Περάλτα Ντζιουάν.
  67. ^ PLP, 91685. Γλαβᾶς ∆ημήτριος.
  68. ^ PLP, 92398. Κόμης.

Sources

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