Drug

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)
This article is about drugs in general. For illegal drugs, see Illegal drug trade. For other uses, see Drug (disambiguation).

pharmaceutical drug often used to treat pain, fever, and inflammation
.

A drug is any chemical substance that when consumed causes a change in an organism's physiology, including its psychology, if applicable.[1][2][vague] Drugs are typically distinguished from food and other substances that provide nutritional support. Consumption of drugs can be via inhalation, injection, smoking, ingestion, absorption via a patch on the skin, suppository, or dissolution under the tongue.

In

chronic disorders.[1]

Pharmaceutical drugs are often classified into

absorption properties.[7]

prohibition
.

Etymology

In English, the noun "drug" is thought to originate from Old French "drogue", possibly deriving from "droge (vate)" from Middle Dutch meaning "dry (barrels)", referring to medicinal plants preserved as dry matter in barrels.[13][14]

In the 1990s however, Spanish

lexicographer Federico Corriente Córdoba documented the possible origin of the word in {ḥṭr}[15] an early romanized form of Al-Andalus language from Northwestern part of the Iberian peninsula.[16] The term could approximately be transcribed as حطروكة or hatruka.[17]

Medication

Main articles: Medication and Drug class
Nexium (Esomeprazole) is a proton-pump inhibitor
. It is used to reduce the production of stomach acid.

A medication or medicine is a

medical professional, usually a physician.[18]

In the United Kingdom, behind-the-counter medicines are called

pharmacy medicines which can only be sold in registered pharmacies, by or under the supervision of a pharmacist. These medications are designated by the letter P on the label.[19] The range of medicines available without a prescription varies from country to country. Medications are typically produced by pharmaceutical companies and are often patented to give the developer exclusive rights to produce them. Those that are not patented (or with expired patents) are called generic drugs since they can be produced by other companies without restrictions or licenses from the patent holder.[20]

Pharmaceutical drugs are usually categorised into

absorption properties.[7]

Spiritual and religious use

Main articles:
Psychonaut
An Amazonian shaman
San Pedro
, a psychoactive cactus

Some religions, particularly

euphoriant and an anesthetic
. The roots of the kava plant are used to produce a drink consumed throughout the cultures of the Pacific Ocean.

Some

psychoactive plant. Its use is to facilitate visionary states of consciousness during spiritual healing sessions.[22]

shamans, classifying it a naturally occurring oneirogen similar to the more well-known dream herb Calea ternifolia.[23]

San Pedro and not from the vulnerable peyote.[26]

The

religious ceremonies
.

Psychedelic mushrooms (psilocybin mushrooms), commonly called magic mushrooms or shrooms have also long been used as entheogens.

Smart drugs and designer drugs

Main articles: Nootropic, Designer drug, and Psychoactive drug
See also: Modafinil

Ritalin lung.[31]

Other drugs known as

steroids taken to improve physical capabilities; these are sometimes used (legally or not) for this purpose, often by professional athletes.[33] Other designer drugs mimic the effects of psychoactive drugs. Since the late 1990s there has been the identification of many of these synthesised drugs. In Japan and the United Kingdom this has spurred the addition of many designer drugs into a newer class of controlled substances known as a temporary class drug
.

synthetic cannabis
.

Recreational drug use

Main article: Recreational drug use
Further information:
Prohibition of drugs
recreational drug.[34]

Recreational drug use is the use of a drug (legal, controlled, or illegal) with the primary intention of altering the state of consciousness through alteration of the central nervous system in order to create positive emotions and feelings. The hallucinogen LSD is a psychoactive drug commonly used as a recreational drug.[35]

Ketamine is a drug used for anesthesia, and is also used as a recreational drug, both in powder and liquid form, for its hallucinogenic and dissociative effects.[36]

Some national laws prohibit the use of different recreational drugs; medicinal drugs that have the potential for recreational use are often heavily regulated. However, there are many recreational drugs that are legal in many jurisdictions
and widely culturally accepted.
marijuana (grass), or in the resin form of hashish
. Marijuana is a more mild form of cannabis than hashish.

There may be an age restriction on the consumption and purchase of legal recreational drugs. Some recreational drugs that are legal and accepted in many places include

betel nut, and caffeine products, and in some areas of the world the legal use of drugs such as khat is common.[38]

There are a number of legal intoxicants commonly called legal highs that are used recreationally. The most widely used of these is alcohol.

Administration of drugs

Main article: Route of administration

All drugs have a route of administration , and many can be administered by more than one.

  • Bolus is the administration of a medication, drug or other compound that is given to raise its concentration in blood to an effective level. The administration can be given intravenously, by parenteral, indovenous, intramuscular, intrathecal or subcutaneous injection.
  • vape
    or dry powder (this includes smoking or vaping a substance).
  • intraosseous
    .
  • Insufflation, as a nasal spray or snorting into the nose.
  • intestines
    .
  • Rectally as a suppository, that is absorbed by the rectum or colon.
  • Sublingually, diffusing into the blood through tissues under the tongue.
  • ointment. A drug administered in this manner may be given to act locally or systemically.[39]
  • Vaginally as a pessary, primarily to treat vaginal infections.

Control of drugs

Main articles:
Prohibition of drugs and Drug policy

Numerous governmental offices in many countries deal with the control and supervision of drug manufacture and use, and the implementation of various drug laws. The Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs is an international treaty brought about in 1961 to prohibit the use of narcotics save for those used in medical research and treatment. In 1971, a second treaty the Convention on Psychotropic Substances had to be introduced to deal with newer recreational psychoactive and psychedelic drugs.

The legal status of Salvia divinorum varies in many countries and even in states within the United States. Where it is legislated against, the degree of prohibition also varies.

The

animal foods[40] and veterinary drugs
.

In India, the

Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act.[41]

See also

Lists of drugs

References

  1. ^
    Houghton Mifflin Company. Archived
    from the original on 14 September 2007. Retrieved 20 September 2007 – via dictionary.com.
  2. ^ "Drug Definition". Stedman's Medical Dictionary. Archived from the original on 2014-05-02. Retrieved 2014-05-01 – via Drugs.com.
  3. ISBN 978-0-7020-3471-8
    . a drug can be defined as a chemical substance of known structure, other than a nutrient of an essential dietary ingredient, which, when administered to a living organism, produces a biological effect
  4. PMID 26281720
    .
  5. ^
    PMID 18999016
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  6. ^
    ISBN 978-92-4-156234-8. Archived from the original
    (PDF) on 2016-01-22.
  7. ^
    PMID 24075971
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  8. ^ "An overview of alcohol and other drug issues". Archived from the original on 2015-03-28. Retrieved 2015-03-16.
  9. PMID 22033899
    .
  10. ^ "Recreational Drug". The Free Dictionary. Archived from the original on 15 September 2015. Retrieved 16 March 2015.
  11. ^ "MHRA Side Effects of Medicines." Archived 2014-05-02 at the Wayback Machine MHRA Side Effects of Medicines,
  12. PMID 25938116
    .
  13. ^ Harper, Douglas. "drug". Online Etymology Dictionary.
  14. S2CID 55498558
    .
  15. ISBN 978-90-04-09846-6
    .
  16. ^ "Reflejos iberorromances del Andalusí (ḥṭr)" [Ibero-Romance reflections of the Andalusí (ḥṭr)]. Al-Andalus Magreb. I: 77–87. 1993.
  17. ^ Anders, V; et al. (2001–2020). "Droga". Etimologías de Chile (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-02-17.
  18. ^ "About Registration: Medicines and Prescribing". Health and Care Professions Council. Archived from the original on 2016-01-13. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
  19. ^ "Glossary of MHRA terms – P". U.K. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. Archived from the original on 2008-11-14. Retrieved 2008-11-05.
  20. ^ ""Generic Drugs", Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration" (PDF). Fda.gov. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 August 2017. Retrieved 11 October 2017.
  21. ^ Entheogen, [dictionary.com], archived from the original on 2012-02-13, retrieved 2012-03-13
  22. ^ Valdés, Díaz & Paul 1983, p. 287.
  23. S2CID 32876088
    .
  24. PMID 15990261
    .
  25. ^ "A Brief History of the San Pedro Cactus". Mescaline.com. Archived from the original on 28 September 2016. Retrieved 11 October 2017.
  26. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T151962A581420.en
    . Retrieved 2018-10-29.
  27. doi:10.1590/S1516-89132008000500010
    .
  28. ^ Bloomquist, Edward (1971). Marijuana: The Second Trip. California: Glencoe.
  29. ^
    PMID 28985738
    .
  30. ^
    PMID 21859174
    .
  31. ^ Sharma, R. "Ritalin lung". Radiopedia.org. Archived from the original on 30 July 2020. Retrieved 1 July 2019.
  32. ^ "Discovery And Synthesis Of LSD: What You Probably Did Not Know About It - Chemistry Hall". 2017-06-13. Archived from the original on 2017-06-13. Retrieved 2017-06-13.
  33. PMID 22191595
    .
  34. ISBN 978-0-7139-0136-8
    .
  35. ^ "DrugFacts: Hallucinogens - LSD, Peyote, Psilocybin, and PCP". National Institute on Drug Abuse. December 2014. Archived from the original on February 16, 2015. Retrieved February 17, 2015.
  36. S2CID 11064759
    .
  37. UNODC. 2012. p. 69. Archived
    (PDF) from the original on 13 July 2012. Retrieved 9 December 2016.
  38. PMID 18949206. Archived
    from the original on 10 March 2016. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
  39. ^ "The administration of medicines". Nursing Times. EMAP Publishing Limited. 19 November 2007. Archived from the original on 17 June 2010. Retrieved 11 January 2016.
  40. ^ "Animal Food & Feeds". Fda.gov. Archived from the original on 22 March 2015. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
  41. ^ "Narcotics Control Bureau". 2009-04-10. Archived from the original on 2009-04-10. Retrieved 2020-09-12.

Further reading

  • Richard J. Miller (2014). Drugged: the science and culture behind psychotropic drugs. Oxford University Press.
    ISBN 978-0-19-995797-2
    .

External links

  • DrugBank, a database of 13,400 drugs and 5,100 protein drug targets
  • "Drugs", BBC Radio 4 discussion with Richard Davenport-Hines, Sadie Plant and Mike Jay (In Our Time, May 23, 2002)
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