Dry dung fuel

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Stirling-Motor powered with cow dung in the Technical Collection Hochhut in Frankfurt on Main

Dry dung fuel (or dry manure fuel) is animal

reuse of excreta. A disadvantage of using this kind of fuel is increased air pollution.[1]

Types

Dry dung and moist dung

Dry dung is more commonly used than moist dung, because it burns more easily. Dry manure is typically defined as having a moisture content less than 30 percent.[2]

Dung cakes

Moga in Punjab

"Dung cakes", made from the by-products of

Chulha
. They are made by hand by village women and are traditionally made from cow or buffalo dung. One dung cake of an average size gives 2100 kJ worth of energy. Dung cakes are also known as goitha, uple, kande, gosse or thepdi.

These are the cakes of cow dung molded by bare hands with a curvature to be able to keep stuck to the walls. Once dried they are put in a pile and covered with thatch called bitauda. These bitaudas are visible in parts of rural India albeit with different names. The size and shape of the cake might vary with region. Its also not uncommon to see these cakes directly used in earthen ovens.

This biofuel has been used primarily for two reasons: for easy disposal of cow dung and as easily available and cheap fuel.

Human feces

omni-processor is another example of using human feces contained in fecal sludge or sewage sludge
as a fuel source.

Attributes

The M.N. Yavari, of Peru built by Thames Iron Works, London in 1861-62 had a Watt steam engine (powered by dried llama dung) until 1914

Some aspects of using dry animal dung include:[4]

  • Potential for cost savings compared to other fuels
  • May alleviate local pressure on wood resources
  • Availability - short walking time required to collect dung fuel
  • No cash outlays necessary for purchase

Countries

Drying cow dung fuel

Africa

Egyptian women making "Gella" dry animal dung fuel
  • In Egypt dry animal dung (from cows & buffaloes) is mixed with straw or crop residues to make dry fuel called "Gella" or "Jilla" dung cakes in modern times and ""khoroshtof"" in medieval times.[5] Ancient Egyptians used the dry animal dung as a source of fuel.[6] Dung cakes and building crop residues were the source of 76.4% of gross energy consumed in Egypt's rural areas during the 1980s.[7] Temperatures of dung-fueled fires in an experiment on Egyptian village-made dung cake fuel produced:
...a maximum of 640 °C in 12 minutes, falling to 240 °C after 25 minutes and 100 °C after 46 minutes. These temperatures were obtained without refueling and without bellows etc.[8]

Also, camel dung is used as fuel in Egypt.

  • Lisu is the cakes of dry cow dung fuel in Lesotho (see photo)
Huts in a village near Maseru, Lesotho. The fuel being used on the fire is dried cattle dung

Asia

Dung cooking fire. Pushkar India.
  • Afghanistan, Tapi (تپی ) and used in villages and countrysides
  • Xinaliq
    кизяк (kizyak)
  • Bangladesh, dry cow dung fuel is called Ghunte.
  • China
  • India, dry buffalo dung is used as fuel and it is sometimes a sacred practice to use cow dung fuel in some areas in India. Cow dung is known as "Gomaya" or "Komaya" in India. Dry animal dung cakes are called upla in Hindi.[9]
    Dungcakes at Village Bhraj, Sangrur District, Punjab
  • Iran, since prehistoric time to modern eras[10]
  • Iraq, this kind of biofuel is named locally Muttal, and it is made in the shape of a disc made from cow or buffalo dung, with a diameter of 20–30 cm and a thickness of 2–5 cm. It is famous in its manufacture by the indigenous people of the marshes of Iraq in particular, and the residents of southern and Middle Euphrates of Iraq in general. It is used in the bakery of rice bread, and in grilling fish to form the favorite food of the people of the marshes, which is Tabag bread and grilled fish, and also is used to burn and emit smoke for a day or more to protect humans, animals and plants from harmful insects.  It is stored in the form of heaps, called Gubbah, and is usually mixed with hay in storage, and used in times when there is little fuel.[11]
  • Kazakhs dry animal dung is known as "Кизяк" (romanized: kizyak) which is made by collecting dried animal dung on the steppe, wetting it in water then mixing it with straw then making it in discs which were then dried in the sun. It was used as a source of fuel for the winter and, throughout the summer.[12]
  • Kyrgyz Republic
    , dung is used in specially designed home stoves, which vent to the outside
  • Mongolia, dry cow dung and sheep dung cakes are commonly used as fuel.
  • Nepal[13]
  • Pakistan, dried cow/buffalo dung is used as fuel.[8]
U.S. soldiers patrolling outside a qalat covered in caked and dried cow dung in an Afghani village
Gauchar's
Historical Field, India to gauge the direction of air currents
Making Komaya (cow dung fuel in India)

Europe

Dung cakes being prepared for fuel on the Ile de Brehat, Brittany, France, c. 1900.
  • France in Maison du Marais poitevin in Coulon there is a demonstration of traditional usage of dry dung fuel.

The Americas

  • Early European settlers on the Great Plains of the United States used dried buffalo manure as a fuel, calling it "buffalo chips."
  • Pueblo Indians
    used dry animal dung as a fuel
  • In Peru, the Yavari steam ship was fueled by llama dung fuel for several decades.
  • Dry dung can be used in the production of celluloid for film.

History

Dry animal dung was used from prehistoric times,[14] including in Ancient Persia,[10] Ancient Egypt and early modern England.[15] In Equatorial Guinea archaeological evidence has been found of the practice[16] and biblical records indicate animal and human dung were used as fuel.[17]

Air pollution

The burning of cow dung cake releases a range of organic and inorganic gases in both gas and particle phases
The burning of cow dung cake releases organic air pollutants over a wide range of volatilities into both gas and particle phases.

The

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.[20]

See also

  • Cook stove

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dry animal dung fuel.
  1. PMID 16202154
    .
  2. ^ "Biomass Report, Yakima County Public Works Solid Waste Division" (PDF). Retrieved 11 October 2012.
  3. ^ Elisabeth von Muench, Dorothee Spuhler, Trevor Surridge, Nelson Ekane, Kim Andersson, Emine Goekce Fidan, Arno Rosemarin (2013) Sustainable Sanitation Alliance members take a closer look at the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation’s sanitation grants, Sustainable Sanitation Practice Journal, Issue 17, pp. 4–10
  4. ^ "Pyrolysis Processing of Animal Manure to Produce Fuel Gases" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 December 2012. Retrieved 11 October 2012.
  5. ^ "Egyptian cities and markets: What's behind a name? - Street Smart - Folk - Ahram Online". English.ahram.org.eg. 28 June 2012. Retrieved 11 October 2012.
  6. ^ "Al-Ahram Weekly | Chronicles |". Weekly.ahram.org.eg. Archived from the original on 17 December 2011. Retrieved 11 October 2012.
  7. ^ "Biogas Technology Transfer To Rural Communities in Egypt" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 November 2011. Retrieved 11 October 2012.
  8. ^ a b "Dung & Archeology". Sas.upenn.edu. Retrieved 11 October 2012.
  9. ^ "Animal Dung As A Source of Energy in Remote Areas of Indian Himalayas" (PDF). Retrieved 11 October 2012.
  10. ^
    doi:10.3406/paleo.1984.941
    . Retrieved 11 October 2012.
  11. ^ "www.areq.net". عريق. Retrieved 10 March 2023.
  12. ^ "Polish settlements in Russia during WW II". Polishresettlementcampsintheuk.co.uk. 19 September 1936. Retrieved 11 October 2012.
  13. ^ "Health Costs of Dung-Cake Fuel Use by the Poor in Rural Nepal" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 11 October 2012.
  14. ISSN 1854-2492
    .
  15. ^ Fiennes, Celia (1888) [1702]. Griffiths (ed.). Through England on a Side Saddle in the Time of William and Mary. Field & Tuer, The Leadenhall Press, E.C.
  16. ISSN 0278-4165
    .
  17. ^ The Bible Ezekiel 4:12 And you shall eat it as barley cakes, and you shall bake it with dung that comes out of man. http://bibleapps.com/ezekiel/4-12.htm
  18. ISSN 1680-7316
    .
  19. ISSN 1680-7316
    .
  20. ISSN 2634-3606
    .

External links
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