Dual graviton
Gravitation | |
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Status | Hypothetical |
Antiparticle | Self |
Theorized | 2000s[1][2] |
Electric charge | 0 e |
Spin | 2 |
String theory |
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Fundamental objects |
Perturbative theory |
Non-perturbative results |
Phenomenology |
Mathematics |
Beyond the Standard Model |
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Standard Model |
In
The dual graviton was first hypothesized in 1980.[4] It was theoretically modeled in 2000s,[1][2] which was then predicted in eleven-dimensional mathematics of SO(8) supergravity in the framework of electric-magnetic duality.[3] It again emerged in the E11 generalized geometry in eleven dimensions,[5] and the E7 generalized vielbein-geometry in eleven dimensions.[6] While there is no local coupling between graviton and dual graviton, the field introduced by dual graviton may be coupled to a BF model as non-local gravitational fields in extra dimensions.[7]
A massive dual gravity of Ogievetsky–Polubarinov model[8] can be obtained by coupling the dual graviton field to the curl of its own energy-momentum tensor.[9][10]
The previously mentioned theories of dual graviton are in flat space. In de Sitter and anti-de Sitter spaces (A)dS, the massless dual graviton exhibits less gauge symmetries dynamics compared with those of Curtright field in flat space, hence the mixed-symmetry field propagates in more degrees of freedom.[11] However, the dual graviton in (A)dS transforms under GL(D) representation, which is identical to that of massive dual graviton in flat space.[12] This apparent paradox can be resolved using the unfolding technique in Brink, Metsaev, and Vasiliev conjecture.[13][14] For the massive dual graviton in (A)dS, the flat limit is clarified after expressing dual field in terms of the Stueckelberg coupling of a massless spin-2 field with a Proca field.[11]
Dual linearized gravity
The dual formulations of linearized gravity are described by a mixed Young symmetry tensor , the so-called dual graviton, in any spacetime dimension D > 4 with the following characters:[2][15]
where square brackets show antisymmetrization.
For 5-D spacetime, the spin-2 dual graviton is described by the Curtright field . The symmetry properties imply that
The Lagrangian action for the spin-2 dual graviton in 5-D spacetime, the Curtright field, becomes[2][15]
where is defined as
and the gauge symmetry of the Curtright field is
The dual Riemann curvature tensor of the dual graviton is defined as follows:[2]
and the dual Ricci curvature tensor and scalar curvature of the dual graviton become, respectively
They fulfill the following Bianchi identities
where is the 5-D spacetime metric.
Massive dual gravity
In 4-D, the Lagrangian of the spinless massive version of the dual gravity is
where [16] The coupling constant appears in the equation of motion to couple the trace of the conformally improved energy momentum tensor to the field as in the following equation
And for the spin-2 massive dual gravity in 4-D,[10] the Lagrangian is formulated in terms of the Hessian matrix that also constitutes Horndeski theory (Galileons/massive gravity) through
where .
So the zeroth interaction part, i.e., the third term in the Lagrangian, can be read as so the equation of motion becomes
where the is Young symmetrizer of such SO(2) theory.
For solutions of the massive theory in arbitrary N-D, i.e., Curtright field , the symmetrizer becomes that of SO(N-2).[9]
Dual graviton coupling with BF theory
Dual gravitons have interaction with topological BF model in D = 5 through the following Lagrangian action[7]
where
Here, is the curvature form, and is the background field.
In principle, it should similarly be coupled to a BF model of gravity as the linearized Einstein–Hilbert action in D > 4:
where is the determinant of the metric tensor matrix, and is the
Dual gravitoelectromagnetism
In similar manner while we define
and scalar curvature with dual scalar curvature :[18]
where denotes the
Dual graviton in conformal gravity
The free (4,0) conformal gravity in D = 6 is defined as
where is the Weyl tensor in D = 6. The free (4,0) conformal gravity can be reduced to the graviton in the ordinary space, and the dual graviton in the dual space in D = 4.[19]
It is easy to notice the similarity between the Lanczos tensor, that generates the Weyl tensor in geometric theories of gravity, and Curtright tensor, particularly their shared symmetry properties of the linearized spin connection in Einstein's theory. However, Lanczos tensor is a tensor of geometry in D=4,[20] meanwhile Curtright tensor is a field tensor in arbitrary dimensions.
See also
References
- ^ a b Hull, C. M. (2001). "Duality in Gravity and Higher Spin Gauge Fields". .
- ^ a b c d e
Bekaert, X.; Boulanger, N.; Henneaux, M. (2003). "Consistent deformations of dual formulations of linearized gravity: A no-go result". S2CID 14739195.
- ^ a b
de Wit, B.; Nicolai, H. (2013). "Deformations of gauged SO(8) supergravity and supergravity in eleven dimensions". S2CID 119201330.
- ^ Curtright, T. (1985). "Generalised Gauge Fields". .
- ^
West, P. (2012). "Generalised geometry, eleven dimensions and E11". S2CID 119240022.
- ^ Godazgar, H.; Godazgar, M.; Nicolai, H. (2014). "Generalised geometry from the ground up". .
- ^ a b
Bizdadea, C.; Cioroianu, E. M.; Danehkar, A.; Iordache, M.; Saliu, S. O.; Sararu, S. C. (2009). "Consistent interactions of dual linearized gravity in D = 5: couplings with a topological BF model". S2CID 15873396.
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- ^ a b c Danehkar, A. (2019). "Electric-magnetic duality in gravity and higher-spin fields". .
- S2CID 198953144.
- ^
Henneaux, M.; Teitelboim, C. (2005). "Duality in linearized gravity". Physical Review D. 71 (2): 024018. S2CID 119022015.
- ^ a b Henneaux, M., "E10 and gravitational duality" https://www.theorie.physik.uni-muenchen.de/activities/workshops/archive_workshops_conferences/jointerc_2014/henneaux.pdf
- ^
Hull, C. M. (2000). "Symmetries and Compactifications of (4,0) Conformal Gravity". S2CID 18326976.
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