Dubbing
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Dubbing (re-recording and mixing) is a post-production process used in filmmaking and video production, often in concert with sound design, in which additional or supplementary recordings (doubles) are lip-synced and "mixed" with original production sound to create the finished soundtrack.
The process usually takes place on a dub stage. After sound editors edit and prepare all the necessary tracks—dialogue, automated dialogue replacement (ADR), effects, Foley, and music—the dubbing mixers proceed to balance all of the elements and record the finished soundtrack. Dubbing is sometimes confused with ADR,[further explanation needed] also known as "additional dialogue replacement",[clarification needed][1][2][3] "automated dialogue recording" and "looping",[4][5] in which the original actors re-record and synchronize audio segments.
Outside the film industry, the term "dubbing" commonly refers to the replacement of the actor's voices with those of different performers speaking another language, which is called "revoicing" in the film industry.[1][further explanation needed] The term "dubbing" is only used when talking about replacing a previous voice, usually in another language. When a voice is created from scratch for animations, the term "original voice" is always used because, in some cases, these media are partially finished before the voice is implemented. The voice work would still be part of the creation process, thus being considered the official voice.
Origins
Films,
In many countries dubbing was adopted, at least in part, for political reasons. In authoritarian states such as
Methods
ADR/post-sync
Automated dialogue replacement (ADR) is the process of re-recording dialogue by the original actor (or a replacement actor) after the filming process to improve audio quality or make changes to the originally scripted dialog. In the early days of
In conventional film production, a production sound mixer records dialogue during filming. During post-production, a supervising sound editor, or ADR supervisor, reviews all of the dialogue in the film and decides which lines must be re-recorded. ADR is recorded during an ADR session, which takes place in a specialized sound studio. Multiple takes are recorded and the most suitable take becomes the final version, or portions of multiple takes may be edited together.[12] The ADR process does not always take place in a post-production studio. The process may be recorded on location, with mobile equipment. ADR can also be recorded without showing the actor the image they must match, but by having them listen to the performance, since some actors[who?] believe that watching themselves act can degrade subsequent performances. The director may be present during ADR, or alternatively, they may leave it up to a trusted sound editor, an ADR specialist, and the performers.
As of 2020,[update] the automated process includes sophisticated techniques including automatically displaying lines on-screen for the talent, automated cues, shifting the audio track for accurate synchronization, and time-fitting algorithms for stretching or compressing portions of a spoken line. There is even software that can sort out spoken words from ambient sounds in the original filmed soundtrack and detect the peaks of the dialog and automatically time-fit the new dubbed performance to the original to create perfect synchronization.[13]
Sometimes, an actor other than the original actor is used during ADR. One famous example is the Star Wars character Darth Vader, portrayed by David Prowse; in post-production, James Earl Jones dubbed the voice of Vader.[14] In
The ADR process may be used to:
- remove extraneous sounds such as production equipment noise, traffic, wind, or other undesirable sounds from the environment
- change the original lines recorded on set to clarify context
- improve diction or modify an accent
- improve comedic timing or dramatic timing
- correct technical issues with synchronization
- use a studio-quality singing performance or provide a voice-double for actors who are poor vocalists
- add or remove content for legal purposes (such as removing an unauthorized trademarked name)
- add or remove a product placement
- correct a misspoken line not caught during filming.
- replace "foul language" for TV broadcasts of the media or if the scene in question has a young actor involved.
Other examples include:
- Jean Hagen provided Debbie Reynolds' voice in two scenes of Singin' in the Rain (1952). Ironically, the film's story has Reynolds' character, Kathy Seldon, dubbing the voice for Hagen's character, Lina Lamont, due to Lina's grating voice and strong New York accent. Hagen used her own normal melodious voice to portray Kathy dubbing for Lina. The film, which takes place in Hollywood as talking pictures are taking over from silent films, also portrays another character, Cosmo Brown, played by Donald O'Connor, as inventing the idea of using one actor to provide the voice for another.
- Marni Nixon provided the singing voice for the character Eliza Doolittle, otherwise played by Audrey Hepburn, in the 1964 musical film My Fair Lady. Nixon was also the singing voices for Deborah Kerr in The King and I and Natalie Wood in West Side Story, among many others.
- Ray Park, who acted as Darth Maul from Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace, had his voice dubbed over by Peter Serafinowicz
- Frenchmen Philippe Noiret and Jacques Perrin, who were dubbed into Italian for Cinema Paradiso
- Austrian bodybuilder Arnold Schwarzenegger, dubbed for Hercules in New York
- Argentine boxer Carlos Monzón, dubbed by a professional actor for the lead in the drama La Mary
- Gert Fröbe, who played Auric Goldfinger in the James Bond film Goldfinger, dubbed by Michael Collins
- George Lazenby's James Bond in On Her Majesty's Secret Service, dubbed for a portion of the film by George Baker, since Bond was undercover and impersonating Baker's own character.
- Andie MacDowell's Jane, in Greystoke: The Legend of Tarzan, Lord of the Apes, who was dubbed by Glenn Close
- Bane in The Dark Knight Rises, re-dubbed half of his own lines for ease of viewer comprehension
- Harvey Keitel was dubbed by Roy Dotrice in post production for Saturn 3
- Dave Coulier dubbed replacement of swear words for Richard Pryor in multiple TV versions of his movies
- Doug Jones was dubbed by Laurence Fishburne in post production for Fantastic Four: Rise of the Silver Surfer
Rythmo band
An alternative method to dubbing, called "rythmo band" (or "lip-sync band"), has historically been used in Canada and France.[citation needed] It provides a more precise guide[further explanation needed] for the actors, directors, and technicians, and can be used to complement the traditional ADR method. The "band" is actually a clear 35 mm film leader on which the dialogue is hand-written in India ink, together with numerous additional indications for the actor—including laughs, cries, length of syllables, mouth sounds, breaths, and mouth openings and closings. The rythmo band is projected in the studio and scrolls in perfect synchronization with the picture.[citation needed]
Studio time is used more efficiently, since with the aid of scrolling text, picture, and audio cues, actors can read more lines per hour than with ADR alone (only picture and audio). With ADR, actors can average 10–12 lines per hour, while rythmo band can facilitate the reading of 35-50 lines per hour.[15]
However, the preparation of a rythmo band is a time-consuming process involving a series of specialists organized in a production line. This has prevented the technique from being more widely adopted, but software emulations of rythmo band technology overcome the disadvantages of the traditional rythmo band process and significantly reduce the time needed to prepare a dubbing session.[citation needed]
Translation process
For dubs into a language other than the original language, the dubbing process includes the following tasks:
- Translation
- Dialog writing:
- Take segmentation
- Insertion of dubbing symbols
- Dialogue writing and the emulation of natural discourse
- Lip-sync
Sometimes the translator performs all five tasks. In other cases, the translator just submits a rough translation and a dialogue writer does the rest. However, the language expertise of translator and dialog writing is different; translators must be proficient in the source language, while dialog writers must be proficient in the target language.
Dialog writing
The dialogue writer's role is to make the translation sound natural in the target language, and to make the translation sound like a credible dialogue instead of merely a translated text.[16]
Another task of dialogue writers is to check whether a translation matches an on-screen character's mouth movements or not, by reading aloud simultaneously with the character. The dialogue writer often stays in the recording setting with the actors or the voice talents, to ensure that the dialogue is being spoken in the way that it was written to be, and to avoid any ambiguity in the way the dialogue is to be read (focusing on emphasis, intonation, pronunciation, articulation, pronouncing foreign words correctly, etc.). The overall goal is to make sure the script creates the illusion of authenticity of the spoken language. A successful localization product is one that feels like the original character is speaking the target language. Therefore, in the localization process, the position of the dialogue writing or song writing is extremely important.
Global use
Localization
Dub localization is a contentious issue in
The new voice track is usually spoken by a
Africa
North Africa, Western Asia
In Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia, most foreign movies (especially Hollywood productions) are shown dubbed in French. These movies are usually imported directly from French film distributors. The choice of movies dubbed into French can be explained by the widespread use of the French language. Another important factor is that local theaters and private media companies do not dub in local languages in order to avoid high costs, but also because of the lack of both expertise and demand.[citation needed]
Beginning in the 1980s, dubbed series and movies for children in
In the Arabic-speaking countries, children's shows (mainly cartoons & kids sitcoms) are dubbed in Arabic, or Arabic subtitles are used. The only exception was
An example of Arabic voice actors that dub for certain performers is Safi Mohammed for Elijah Wood.[citation needed]
In Tunisia, the Tunisia National Television (TNT), the public broadcaster of Tunisia, is not allowed to show any content in any language other than Arabic, which forces it to broadcast only dubbed content (this restriction was recently removed for commercials). During the 1970s and 1980s, TNT (known as ERTT at the time) started dubbing famous cartoons in Tunisian and Standard Arabic. However, in the private sector, television channels are not subject to the language rule.[citation needed]
South Africa
In
As a result of the
This practice has declined as a result of the reduction of airtime for the language on
Uganda
Uganda's own film industry is fairly small, and foreign movies are commonly watched. The English sound track is often accompanied by the Luganda translation and comments, provided by an Ugandan "video jockey" (VJ). VJ's interpreting and narration may be available in a recorded form or live.[31]
Asia
This section needs additional citations for verification. (August 2013) |
Azerbaijan
In
China
China has a long tradition of dubbing foreign films into Mandarin Chinese, starting in the 1930s. While during the Republic of China era Western motion pictures may have been imported and dubbed into Chinese, since 1950 Soviet movies became the main import,[32] sometimes even surpassing the local production.[33] In Communist China, most European movies were dubbed in Shanghai, whereas Asian and Soviet films were usually dubbed in Changchun.[34] During the Cultural Revolution, North Korean, Romanian and Albanian films became popular.[35] Beginning in the late 1970s, in addition to films, popular TV series from the United States, Japan, Brazil, and Mexico were also dubbed.[33] The Shanghai Film Dubbing Studio has been the most well-known studio in the film dubbing industry in China. In order to generate high-quality products, they divide each film into short segments, each one lasting only a few minutes, and then work on the segments one-by-one. In addition to the correct meaning in translation, they make tremendous effort to match the lips of the actors to the dialogue. As a result, the dubbing in these films generally is not readily detected. The cast of dubbers is acknowledged at the end of a dubbed film. Several dubbing actors and actresses of the Shanghai Film Dubbing Studio have become well-known celebrities, such as Qiu Yuefeng, Bi Ke, Li Zi, and Liu Guangning. In recent years, however, especially in the larger cities on the east and south coasts, it has become increasingly common for movie theaters to show subtitled versions with the original soundtracks intact.
Motion pictures are also dubbed into the languages of some of China's
Hong Kong
In Hong Kong, foreign television programs, except for English-language and Mandarin television programs, are dubbed in Cantonese. English-language and Mandarin programs are generally shown in their original with subtitles. Foreign films, such as most live-action and animated films (such as anime and Disney), are usually dubbed in Cantonese. However most cinemas also offer subtitled versions of English-language films.
For the most part, foreign films and TV programs, both live-action and animated, are generally dubbed in both Mandarin and Cantonese. For example, in The Lord of the Rings film series, Elijah Wood's character Frodo Baggins was dubbed into Mandarin by Jiang Guangtao for China and Taiwan. For the Cantonese localization, there were actually two dubs for Hong Kong and Macau. In the first Cantonese dub, he was voiced by Leung Wai Tak, while in the second Cantonese dub, he was voiced by Bosco Tang.
Taiwan
Taiwan dubs some foreign films and TV series in Mandarin Chinese. Until the mid-1990s, the major national terrestrial channels both dubbed and subtitled all foreign programs and films and, for some popular programs, the original voices were offered in second audio program. Gradually, however, both terrestrial and cable channels stopped dubbing for prime time U.S. shows and films, while subtitling continued.
In the 2000s, the dubbing practice has differed depending on the nature and origin of the program. Animations, children's shows and some educational programs on PTS are mostly dubbed. English live-action movies and shows are not dubbed in theaters or on television. Japanese TV dramas are no longer dubbed, while Korean dramas, Hong Kong dramas and dramas from other Asian countries are still often dubbed. Korean variety shows are not dubbed. Japanese and Korean films on Asian movie channels are still dubbed. In theaters, most foreign films are not dubbed, while animated films and some films meant for children offer a dubbed version. Hong Kong live-action films have a long tradition of being dubbed into Mandarin, while more famous films offer a Cantonese version.
Georgia
In Georgia, original soundtracks are kept in films and TV series, but with voice-over translation. There are exceptions, such as some children's cartoons.
India
In
Most TV channels mention neither the Indian-language dubbing credits, nor its staff, at the end of the original ending credits, since changing the credits casting for the original actors or voice actors involves a huge budget for modifying, making it somewhat difficult to find information for the dubbed versions. The same situation is encountered for films. Sometimes foreign programs and films receive more than one dub, such as for example,
Indonesia
Unlike movie theaters in most Asian countries, those in Indonesia show foreign movies with subtitles. Then a few months or years later, those movies appear on TV either dubbed in Indonesian or subtitled. Kids shows are mostly dubbed, though even in cartoon series, songs typically are not dubbed, but in big movies such as Disney movies, both speaking and singing voice are cast for the Indonesian dub. Adult films are mostly subtitled but sometimes they can be dubbed as well, and because there are not many Indonesian voice actors, multiple characters might have the exact same voice.
When it comes to reality shows, whether the show is dubbed or not differs. For example, the Japanese competition show TV Champion Japan are fully dubbed, while other reality shows are aired with Indonesian subtitles. All Malay language TV shows, including animated ones, are subtitled instead, likely due to the language's mutual intelligibility with Indonesian.
Iran
In Iran, International foreign films and television programs are dubbed in Persian. Dubbing began in 1946 with the advent of movies and cinemas in the country. Since then, foreign movies have always been dubbed for the cinema and TV foreign films and television programs are subtitled in Persian. Using various voice actors and adding local hints and witticisms to the original contents, dubbing played a major role in attracting people to the cinemas and developing an interest in other cultures. The dubbing art in Iran reached its apex during the 1960s and 1970s with the inflow of American, European and Hindi movies.
The most famous musicals of the time, such as My Fair Lady and The Sound of Music, were translated, adjusted and performed in Persian by the voice artists. Since the 1990s, for political reasons and under pressure from the state, the dubbing industry has declined, with movies dubbed only for the state TV channels. During recent years, DVDs with Persian subtitles have found a market among viewers for the same reason, but most people still prefer the Persian-speaking dubbed versions. Recently, privately operated companies started dubbing TV series by hiring famous dubbers. However, the dubs which these companies make are often unauthorized and vary greatly in terms of quality.
A list of Persian voice actors that associate with their actor counterparts are listed here.
Israel
In
Japan
In Japan, many television programs appear on Japanese television subtitled or dubbed if they are intended for children. When the American film
Due to the lack of video software for domestic television, video software was imported from abroad. When the television program was shown on television, it was mostly dubbed. There was a character limit for a small TV screen at a lower resolution, and this method was not suitable for the poor elderly and illiterate eye, as was audio dubbing. Presently, TV shows and movies (both those aimed at all ages and adults-only) are shown dubbed with the original language and Japanese subtitles, while providing the original language option when the same film is released on VHS, DVD and Blu-ray. Laserdisc releases of Hollywood films were almost always subtitled, films alike Godzilla: King of the Monsters.
Adult cartoons such as
On 22 June 2009,
"Japanese dub-over artists" provide the voices for certain performers, such as those listed in the following table:
Malaysia
Foreign-language programmes and films that air on TV2 are shown in their original language but have subtitles in Malay.
Pakistan
In
Philippines
In the Philippines, the media industry generally has mixed practices regarding whether to dub television programs or films, even within the same kind of medium. In general, the decision whether to dub a video production depends on a variety of factors such as the target audience of the channel or programming bloc on which the feature will be aired, its genre, and/or outlet of transmission (e.g. TV or cinema, free or pay-TV).
Free-to-air TV
The prevalence of media needing to be dubbed has resulted in a talent pool that is very capable of syncing voice to lip, especially for shows broadcast by the country's three largest networks. It is not uncommon in the Filipino dub industry to have most of the voices in a series dubbing by only a handful of voice talents. Programs originally in English used to usually air in their original language on free-to-air television.
Since the late 1990s/early 2000s, however, more originally English-language programs that air on major free-to-air networks or their affiliates (e.g. TV5, GMA, GTV, the defunct ABS-CBN) have been dubbed into Filipino. Even the former Studio 23 (now S+A), once known for its airing programs in English, had later adopted Filipino language dubbing for some of its foreign programs. Children's programs from cable networks Nickelodeon, Cartoon Network, and the former Disney Channel shown on TV5 and GMA have long been dubbed into Filipino or another Philippine regional language. Animated Disney films are often dubbed in Filipino except for the singing scenes, which are shown in their original language (though in recent years, there has been an increase in number of Disney musicals having their songs also translated such as Frozen).
Dubbing has also been less common in smaller free-to-air networks such as the former RPN 9 (now CNN Philippines) whereby the original-language version of the program is aired. Dramas from Asia and Latin America have always been dubbed into Filipino, and each program from these genres feature their unique set of Filipino-speaking voice actors.
Pay TV
The original language-version of TV programs is also usually available on cable/satellite channels such as AXN, HBO, and Warner TV Philippines. However, some pay-TV channels do specialize in showing foreign shows and films dubbed into Filipino.
series, dubbed all its foreign programs into Filipino. This was in contrast to Animax, where their anime programs are dubbed in English.Cinema
Foreign films, especially English films shown in local cinemas, are almost always shown in their original language. Non-English foreign films make use of English subtitles. Unlike other countries, children's films originally in English are not dubbed in cinemas.
A list of voice actors with their associates that they dub into Filipino are listed here.
Filipino dubbing artists | Actor(s)/Actress(es) | Notes |
---|---|---|
Ryan Ang | Elijah Wood | |
Sherwin Revestir | Kirsten Dunst | |
Joonee Gamboa | Will Smith | |
Jennifer Paz | Jennifer Lawrence | |
Diether Ocampo | Travis Willingham, Josh Peck | |
Claudine Barretto | Moira Kelly, Gabrielle Union, Julianne Buescher | |
Patrick Garcia | Daniel Radcliffe, Drake Bell | |
Piolo Pascual | Rob Lowe | |
Jolina Magdangal | Miranda Cosgrove, Rashida Jones | |
Heart Evangelista | Kari Wahlgren, Eden Riegel | |
Miles Ocampo | Diamond White |
|
Izzy Canillo | Max Charles, Joshua Rush | |
Kathryn Bernardo | Ariel Winter, Alyson Stoner | |
Alden Richards | Ross Lynch | |
Angel Aquino | Neve Campbell |
Singapore
In multilingual
South Korea
In South Korea, anime that are imported from Japan are generally shown dubbed in Korean on television. However, some anime is censored, such as Japanese letters or content being edited for a suitable Korean audience. Western cartoons are dubbed in Korean as well, such as
Sometimes, video games are dubbed in Korean. Examples would be the
The following South Korean voice-over artists are usually identified with the following actors:
Thailand
In
This list features a collection of Thai voice actors and actresses that have dubbed for these featured performers.
Thai dubbing artists | Actor(s)/Actress(es) | Notes |
---|---|---|
Ing Achita Pramote Na Ayuttaya | Elijah Wood | A Thailand actor and singer who dubbed for Wood as Frodo Baggins in the Kapook version of The Lord of the Rings. |
Tonsak Unon | Dubbed for Wood as Frodo Baggins in the Channel 7 version of The Lord of the Rings. | |
Sirichai Charoenkitthonkun | Dubbed for Wood as Frodo Baggins in The Hobbit. | |
Sitsom Mutthanukunwong | Adam Sandler | |
Santisuk Promsiri | Gary Oldman | Dubbed for Oldman as Sirius Black in the Harry Potter film series. |
Ming Khwan Chiaprasoet | Kirsten Dunst | Dubbed for Dunst as original Spider-Man trilogy .
|
Leo Putt | Tobey Maguire | Dubbed for Maguire as original Spider-Man trilogy .
|
Sansoen Phokkhasombat | James Franco | Dubbed for Franco as original Spider-Man trilogy .
|
Nueatwong Srisang | Daniel Radcliffe | Dubbed for Radcliffe as Harry Potter in the titular film series. He dubbed for this character in all films except for the third one where he was dubbed by a different actor. |
Pachara Tammon | Dubbed for Radcliffe as Harry Potter in the third Harry Potter film. | |
Bismillah Nana | Emma Watson | Thai actress and singer who dubbed for Watson as Hermione Granger in the Harry Potter film series. |
Supphaki Seksuwan | Rupert Grint | Dubbed for Grint as Ron Weasley in the Harry Potter film series. |
Patra Suvarnabhumi | Tom Felton | Dubbed for Felton as Draco Malfoy in the Harry Potter film series. |
Suphap Chaiwisutthikun | Sean Astin | Dubbed for Astin as Samwise Gamgee in the Kapook version of The Lord of the Rings. |
Wanchai Paowiboon | Dubbed for Astin as Samwise Gamgee in the Channel 7 version of The Lord of the Rings. | |
Krin Aksorndee | Leonardo DiCaprio Dean O'Gorman |
Dubbed for O'Gorman as Fíli in The Hobbit .
|
Nattapong Theansawatkit | Sam Worthington Aidan Turner |
Dubbed for Turner as Kíli in The Hobbit .
|
Itthipol Mameket | William Moseley | Dubbed for Moseley as The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, The Witch and the Wardrobe .
|
Chakkrit Hanwichai | Bruce Willis Robin Williams † |
|
Bancha Mebut | Jonathan Hyde | |
Unknown dubbing artist | Sean Connery | |
'Pancake' Khemanit Jamikorn |
Rachel Weisz | Only replaced her voice for Saphira in the Thai dub of Eragon . And this was the only role that she took over regarding Weisz.
|
Unknown dubbing artist | Mark Hamill |
Vietnam
In
Sooner afterwards, more programs started to get dubbed. Also dubbed into Vietnamese are most films and TV series produced in Asia-Pacific countries such as China and Japan, most notably HTV3 offers anime dubbed into Vietnamese.
Europe
Kids/family films and programming
In
, generally only movies and TV shows intended for children are dubbed, while TV shows and movies for older audiences are subtitled (although animated productions have a tradition of being dubbed). For movies in cinemas with clear target audiences (both below and above 10–11 years of age), both a dubbed and a subtitled version are usually available.Belgium
In the Dutch-speaking part of Belgium (
In the French-speaking part of Belgium (Wallonia), the range of French-dubbed versions is approximately as wide as the German range, where nearly all movies and TV series are dubbed.
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina usually uses Serbian and Croatian dubs (due to their mutual intelligibility), but they have dubbed some cartoons in Bosnian by themselves, for example My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic. Children's programs (both animated and live-action) are airing dubbed (in Serbian, Croatian or Bosnian), while every other program is subtitled (in Bosnian).
Bulgaria
After November 10, 1991, there was a large-scale influx of American animation production in Bulgaria, which can be classified as follows: A/ Films that in the years of the Iron Curtain either did not reach Bulgaria or were not dubbed according to the generally accepted world standard. For example: Sleeping Beauty /1959/, One Hundred and One Dalmatians /1961/, Jungle Book /1967/, The Aristocats /1970/, Robin Hood /1973/ and many others entered the Bulgarian market after 1991. B/ New first-run films created after 1991: Ice Age, Toy Story, Tangled, The Lion King, Mulan, etc. After 1991, BNT was the first to obtain the rights to voice and broadcast Disney series - 101 Dalmatians, Woody Woodpecker, Mickey Mouse, Tom and Jerry, etc. The first full-length animated films were dubbed at Boyana Film Studio, Dolly Media Studio (1992) and Ars Digital Studio (1994). In 1999, Alexandra Audio Studio took over the Disney production from BNT, which lost the rights to do the voice-overs due to a highly outdated technology park. In 2019 Andarta Studio joined the sound business, and in 2005 Profilms Studio, which are still working. In Bulgaria, there are two forms of Bulgarian dubbing. The first is the so-called "voiceover" dubbing, typical of the Bulgarian television market, in which the voice-over is based on the back-camera technology of the 1970s, with the voice superimposed on the original phonogram. This inexpensive way of voice-over is preferred only because of its low cost. But unfortunately it is a rather outdated technological form that does not meet the technical requirements of the new times. The second, considered basic in many European countries and the only one acceptable today, is synchronous dubbing, a radically different technology with much higher sound quality and speech synchronisation capabilities. This new method is defined as post-synchronous /non-synchronous/ dubbing of the product, in which the dialogue component of the phonogram is completely produced in Bulgarian, similar to the process in film production, in order for it to completely replace the original. In this sense, dubbing is considered by the production companies as one of the final elements of the overall post-production process of their films, and therefore their control over all the activities performed is complete.
Croatia
In
Estonia
In Estonia, only foreign children's films are dubbed in cinemas and on Estonian broadcast TV channels. As a rule, all other foreign films are shown with their original "pure" language soundtrack along with subtitles. On TV, the subtitles are almost always available in the Estonian language by default settings, and sometimes also in Russian and English upon request. In the cinemas, the subtitles are usually presented in Estonian and Russian languages. Cartoons and animated series are voiced by dubbing or voiceover. Estonian-language television channels use subtitles for English, Russian, and other foreign language audio. However, Russian-language TV channels tend to use dubbing more often, since most of them are produced and broadcast from Russia (as opposed to the few Russian-language channels broadcast from Estonia).
Greece
In
Ireland
Ireland usually receives the same film versions as the UK. However, some films have been dubbed into Irish by TG4. Children's cartoons on TV are also occasionally dubbed into Irish.
Netherlands
In the Netherlands, for the most part, Dutch versions are only made for children's and family films. Animated movies are shown in theaters with Dutch subtitles or dubbing, but usually those cinemas with more screening rooms also provide the original subtitled version.
Nordic countries
In the
In television programs with off-screen narration, both the original audio and on-screen voices are usually subtitled in their native languages.
The Nordic countries are often treated as a common market issuing DVD and Blu-ray releases with original audio and user choosable subtitle options in Danish, Finnish, Norwegian and Swedish. The covers often have text in all four languages as well, but are sometimes unique for each country. Some releases may include other European language audio and/or subtitles (i.e. German, Greek, Hungarian or Italian). as well as original audio in most cases.
In Finland, the dubbed version from Sweden may also be available at certain cinemas for children of the 5% Swedish-speaking minority, but only in cities or towns with a significant percentage of Swedish speakers. Most DVD and Blu-ray releases usually only have the original audio, except for animated television series telenovelas, which have both Finnish and Swedish language tracks, in addition to the original audio and subtitles in both languages.
In Finnish movie theaters, films for adult audiences have both Finnish and Swedish subtitles, the Finnish printed in basic font and the Swedish printed below the Finnish in a cursive font. In the early ages of television, foreign TV shows and movies were voiced by narrator in Finland. Later, Finnish subtitles became a practice on Finnish television. As in many other countries, dubbing is not preferred outside of children's programs. A good example of this is
In Iceland, the dubbed version of film and TV was originally Danish with some translated into Icelandic but Icelandic has taken over. LazyTown, an Icelandic TV show originally filmed in English, was dubbed into Icelandic, amongst thirty-two other languages.
North Macedonia
Portugal
In Portugal, dubbing was banned under a 1948 law as a way of protecting the domestic film industry and reducing access to culture as most of the population was illiterate.[47] Until 1994, animated movies, as well as other TV series for children, were shown subtitled in Portugal along with imported Brazilian Portuguese dubs due to the lack of interest from Portuguese companies in the dubbing industry. This lack of interest was justified, since there were already quality dubbed copies of shows and movies in Portuguese made by Brazilians. The Lion King was the first feature film to be dubbed in European Portuguese rather than strictly Brazilian Portuguese.[48] Currently, all movies for children are dubbed in European Portuguese. Subtitles are preferred in Portugal, used in every foreign-language documentary, TV series and film. The exception to this preference is when children are the target audience.[49]
While on TV, children's shows and movies are always dubbed, in cinemas, films with a clear juvenile target can be found in two versions, one dubbed (identified by the letters V.P. for versão portuguesa - "Portuguese version") and another subtitled version (V.O. for versão original - "original version"). This duality applies only to juvenile films. Others use subtitles only. While the quality of these dubs is recognized (some have already received international recognition and prizes), original versions with subtitles are usually preferred by the adults. Presently, live action series and movies are always shown in their original language format with Portuguese subtitles. Streaming services also offer some content for adults dubbed in European Portuguese, although there they provide an option to select the original language. There are also a few examples of Anime which were dubbed into European Portuguese (i.e. Dragon Ball and Naruto) Netflix is now offering foreign language films aimed at older audiences and TV series (M/12, M/14 and M/16) dubbed into European Portuguese in addition to offering the original version with subtitles.
Romania
In Romania, virtually all programs intended for children are dubbed in Romanian. Animated movies are shown in theaters with Romanian dubbing. However, cinemas with more screening rooms usually also provide the original subtitled version. Other foreign TV shows and movies are shown in the original language with Romanian subtitles. Subtitles are usually preferred in the Romanian market. According to "Special Eurobarometer 243" (graph QA11.8) of the European Commission (research carried out in November and December 2005), 62% of Romanians prefer to watch foreign films and programs with subtitles (rather than dubbed), 22% prefer dubbing, and 16% declined to answer.[50] This is led by the assumption that watching movies in their original versions is very useful for learning foreign languages. However, according to the same Eurobarometer, virtually no Romanian found this method—watching movies in their original version—to be the most efficient way to learn foreign languages, compared to 53 percent who preferred language lessons at school.[50]
Some programmes that are broadcast on The Fishing & Hunting Channel are subtitled. TV Paprika used to broadcast voice-overed programmes, but it was replaced with subtitles. Some promos for films shown on TV1000 use voice-overs; but the films are subtitled. Examples shown here, at 2:11, 4:25, 5:09 and 7:15
Serbia
The dubbing of cartoon series in former
Some Serbian dubs are also broadcast in North Macedonia, while cult dubs made during Yugoslavia were aired all over the country (today's Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Slovenia, North Macedonia and Serbia).
In the 21st-century, prominent dubbing/voice actors in Serbia include actors Marko Marković,
Slovenia
In Slovenia, all foreign films and television programs are subtitled with the exception of children's movies and TV shows (both animated or live-action). While dubbed versions are always shown in cinemas and later on TV channels, cinemas will sometimes play subtitled versions of children's movies as well.[citation needed]
United Kingdom
In the
Some animated films and TV programs are also dubbed into Welsh and Scottish Gaelic.
Hinterland displays a not so common example of a bilingual production. Each scene is filmed twice, in the English and Welsh languages, apart from a few scenes where Welsh with subtitles is used for the English version.[55]
General films and programming
In the
Albania
The first movie dubbed in Albanian was The Great Warrior Skanderbeg in 1954 and since then, there have been thousands of popular titles dubbed in Albanian by different dubbing studios. All animated movies and children's programs are dubbed into Albanian (though typically, songs are left in English or the original language of the program with Albanian subtitles). Many live-action movies are dubbed as well. TV series nevertheless are usually not dubbed, they are subtitled except for a few Mexican, Brazilian and Turkish soap operas, like: Por Ti, Celebridade, A Casa das Sete Mulheres, Paramparça, etc. As for documentaries, Albania usually uses voice-over.
France
In France, dubbing is the norm. Most movies with a theatrical release, including all those from major distributors, are dubbed. Those that are not, are foreign independent films whose budget for international distribution is limited, or foreign art films with a niche audience.
Almost all theaters show movies with their French dubbing ("VF", short for version française). Some of them also offer screenings in the original language ("VO", short for version originale), generally accompanied with French subtitles ("VOST", short for version originale sous-titrée). A minority of theaters (usually small ones) screen exclusively in the original language. According to the CNC (National Centre for Cinematography), VOST screenings accounted for 16.4% of tickets sold in France.[when?][citation needed]
In addition, dubbing is required for home entertainment and television screenings. However, since the advent of digital television, foreign programs are broadcast to television viewers in both languages (sometimes, French with audio description is also aired); while the French-language track is selected by default, viewers can switch to the original-language track and enable French subtitles. As a special case, the binational television channel Arte broadcasts both the French and German dubbing, in addition to the original-language version.
Some voice actors that have dubbed for celebrities in the European French language are listed below.
Germany, Austria, Switzerland
The Germanophone dubbing market is the largest in Europe. Germany has the most foreign-movie-dubbing studios per capita and per given area in the world and according to the German newspaper Die Welt 52% of all voice actors currently work in the German dubbing industry. In Germany and Austria, practically all films, shows, television series and foreign soap operas are shown in dubbed versions created for the German market. Dubbing films is a traditional and common practice in German-speaking Europe, since subtitles are not accepted and used as much as in other European countries. According to a European study, Austria is the country with the highest rejection rate (more than 70 percent) of subtitles, followed by Italy, Spain and Germany.[citation needed] In German-speaking markets, computer and video games feature German text menus and are generally dubbed into the German language if speaking parts exist.
Unlike in Austria and Germany, cinemas in German-speaking Switzerland historically strongly preferred subtitled versions of foreign-language films. Swiss film distributors commissioned dual-language prints with both German and French subtitles as the primary version, with the dubbed version also shown. In recent years, however, there has been a shift towards dubbed versions, which now account for the majority of showings.[56] Television broadcasts of foreign films and programming have historically been dubbed.
Swiss and Austrian television stations have increasingly been broadcasting foreign-language movies and TV programs with multiple soundtracks, allowing the viewer to choose between the original language (e.g. English) and the channel's local language (German, French, or Italian, according to the location).
Although German-speaking
German-dubbed versions sometimes diverge greatly from the original, especially in adding humorous elements absent from the original. In extreme cases, such as The Persuaders! or Erik the Viking, the German-dubbed version was more successful than the English original. Often, translation adds sexually explicit gags the U.S. versions might not be allowed to use. For example, in Bewitched, the translators changed "The Do Not Disturb sign will hang on the door tonight" to "The only hanging thing tonight will be the Do Not Disturb sign". This practice was the most prevalent from the 1960s to 80s, from the 1990s onwards it became much less common.
Some movies dubbed in Austria diverge from the German Standard version in addressing other people but only when the movies are dubbed into certain Austrian dialect versions. (Mr. and Mrs. are translated into Herr and Frau which is usually not translated in order to be in lip-sync). Sometimes even English pronounced first names are translated and are pronounced into the correct German equivalent (English name "Bert" became Southern German pronounced name "Bertl" which is an abbreviation for any name either beginning or even ending with "bert", e.g. "Berthold" or "Albert".)
Some movies dubbed before reunification exist in different versions for the east and the west. They use different translations, and often differ in the style of dubbing.
Some of the well-known German dubbing voice artists are listed below.
Hungary
In Hungary, dubbing is almost universally common. Almost every foreign movie or TV show released in Hungary is dubbed into Hungarian.[57] The history of dubbing dates back to the 1950s, when the country was still under communist rule.[58] One of the most iconic Hungarian dubs was of the American cartoon The Flintstones, with a local translation by József Romhányi.[59] The Internetes Szinkron Adatbázis (ISzDB) is the largest Hungarian database for film dubs, with information for many live action and animated films.[60] On page 59 of the Eurobarometer, 84% of Hungarians said that they prefer dubbing over subtitles.[50]
In the socialist era, every film was dubbed with professional and mostly popular actors. Care was taken to make sure the same voice actor would lend their voice to the same original actor. In the early 1990s, as cinemas tried to keep up with showing newly-released films, subtitling became dominant in the cinema. This, in turn, forced TV channels to make their own cheap versions of dubbed soundtracks for the movies they presented, resulting in a constant degrading of dubbing quality. Once this became customary, cinema distributors resumed the habit of dubbing for popular productions, presenting them in a below-average quality. However, every feature is presented with the original soundtrack in at least one cinema in large towns and cities.
However, in Hungary, most documentary films and series (for example, those on
There is a more recent problem arising from dubbing included on DVD releases. Many generations have grown up with an original (and, by current technological standards, outdated) soundtrack, which is either technologically (mono or bad quality stereo sound) or legally (expired soundtrack license) unsuitable for a DVD release. Many original features are released on DVD with a new soundtrack, which in some cases proves to be extremely unpopular, thus forcing DVD producers to include the original soundtrack. In some rare cases, the Hungarian voicetrack is left out altogether. This happened notably with Warner Home Video Hungary, which ignored the existence of Hungarian voicetracks completely, as they did not want to pay the licenses for the voicetracks to be included on their new DVD releases, which appear with improved picture quality, but very poor subtitling.
Italy
Dubbing is systematic in Italy, with a tradition going back to 1930. In
Early in their careers, actors such as
Because many films would feature multinational casts, dubbing became necessary to ensure dialogue would be comprehensible regardless of the dub language. The presence of foreign actors also meant that some directors would have actors recite gibberish or otherwise unrelated words since the end goal was simply to have general lip movements over which to add dialogue.
A typical example of this practice was La Strada, which starred two Americans; Anthony Quinn and Richard Basehart, in leading roles. Rather than have dialogue spoken phonetically or have multiple languages at the same time (which would require lines to be translated multiple times), actors would instead count numbers corresponding to the number of lines. Liliana Betti, assistant to director Federico Fellini, described the system as such: "Instead of lines, the actor has to count off numbers in their normal order. For instance, a line of fifteen words equals an enumeration of up to thirty. The actor merely counts till thirty: 1-2-3-4-5-6-7. etc." Fellini used this system, which he coined "numerological diction," in many of his films. Other directors adopted similar systems.
Dubbing may also be used for artistic purposes. It was common for even Italian-speaking performers to have their dialogue dubbed by separate voice actors if their actual voice is thought to be unfitting or some otherwise unsuitable. Fellini, who was particularly fond of the dubbing process, heavily relied on dubbing Italian actors, whom he often chose among non-professionals based just on their appearance, employing voice actors to entirely dub and sometimes improvise the dialogue. Some voice actors, such as Carlo Croccolo, Oreste Lionello or Elio Pandolfi, were even cast to dub over the voices of multiple characters in the same film. A similar process was sometimes applied with professional actors: for example, in Django, lead actor Franco Nero was dubbed by Nando Gazzolo because he was thought to sound too youthful for the grizzled character he portrayed. Claudia Cardinale, one of the major actresses of the 1960s and 70s, had a heavy accent from her Tunisian background, and was likewise dubbed for the first decade of her career. This practice was generally phased out in the 1990s, with the widespread adoption of sync sound.
Video games are generally either dubbed into Italian (for instance, the
As for documentaries, Italy usually uses voice-over.
The most important Italian voice actors and actresses, as well as the main celebrities dubbed in their careers, are listed below.
Voice actor/actress | Years active | Main actors/actresses dubbed | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Tina Lattanzi | 1923–1988 | Greta Garbo Joan Crawford Marlene Dietrich Greer Garson Rita Hayworth Myrna Loy |
Famous for her deep, seductive, and adaptable voice, she was the main dubbing actress for femmes fatales in the 1930s and 1940s. Famous interpretations of animation roles were the Evil Queen in Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, Lady Tremaine in Cinderella, the Queen of Hearts in Alice in Wonderland and Maleficent in Sleeping Beauty. |
Andreina Pagnani | 1924–1981 | Marlene Dietrich Bette Davis Ginger Rogers Norma Shearer |
Active primarily as a theatre actress, her intense and nuanced voice made her one of the most prominent and esteemed dub actresses of her generation (along with Lydia Simoneschi, Rosetta Calavetta, Giovanna Scotto and Tina Lattanzi). |
Carlo Romano | 1927–1975 | Jerry Lewis Lou Costello Bob Hope Rod Steiger Eli Wallach Nigel Bruce Louis de Funès Peter Lorre William Bendix Fernando Sancho Jason Robards |
He was the official Italian voice of Jerry Lewis, Bob Hope and Lou Costello; he was also well-known for dubbing the role of Don Camillo played by French actor Fernandel .
|
Rosetta Calavetta | 1930–1993 | Marilyn Monroe Lana Turner Doris Day Eleanor Parker Ava Gardner Veronica Lake |
She was the official Italian voice of Lana Turner, Marilyn Monroe and Doris Day. |
Mario Besesti | 1932–1968 | Charles Laughton Thomas Mitchell Edward Arnold Edgar Buchanan Charles Coburn Raymond Massey |
He was considered one of the most significant dubbing artists of the Classical Hollywood cinema and worked on some of the early Disney animated films. He was the main dubber of all the actors listed. |
Miranda Bonansea | 1932–2009 | Shirley Temple Judy Garland Anne Francis Linda Hunt June Allyson Jean Simmons |
She was the official Italian voice of Shirley Temple. |
Pino Locchi | 1932–1994 | Sean Connery Giuliano Gemma Tony Curtis Charles Bronson Sidney Poitier Roger Moore Jean-Paul Belmondo Terence Hill Clint Eastwood Elvis Presley Ringo Starr |
He was the official Italian voice of Sean Connery until 1994 and the primary Italian voice of James Bond. |
Lydia Simoneschi | 1932–1976 | Sophia Loren Ingrid Bergman Maureen O'Hara Barbara Stanwyck Susan Hayward Jennifer Jones Bette Davis Joan Fontaine |
Considered the "queen" of Italian dubbing actresses (together with Rosetta Calavetta, Rita Savagnone, and Dhia Cristiani), she dubbed most of the classic Hollywood female stars at least once in her 40-year career. |
Cesare Barbetti | 1934–2006 | Robert Redford Robert Duvall Steve McQueen Jean-Louis Trintignant Dean Jones Warren Beatty Steve Martin James Fox William Shatner Jon Voight Kevin Kline John Lennon |
Beginning his career as a child actor, he is best known for being the official Italian voice of Robert Redford and for dubbing most of the films of Robert Duvall, Steve McQueen, Warren Beatty and Dean Jones. |
Emilio Cigoli | 1935–1980 | Orson Welles Gregory Peck Gary Cooper John Wayne Burt Lancaster William Holden Charlton Heston Clark Gable Jean Gabin Lee Van Cleef Steve Reeves Vincent Price |
Considered the "King" of Italian dubbing actors (together with Giulio Panicali and Gualtiero De Angelis), he dubbed 7000 films from 1936 to 1980. |
Giulio Panicali | 1935–1973 | Tyrone Power Robert Taylor Glenn Ford Ray Milland Robert Mitchum Kirk Douglas Henry Fonda |
|
Dhia Cristiani | 1936–1975 | Anne Baxter Esther Williams Virginia Mayo Rhonda Fleming Yvonne Sanson Joanne Dru |
|
Gualtiero De Angelis | 1936–1980 | James Stewart Cary Grant Errol Flynn Dean Martin Henry Fonda |
|
Lauro Gazzolo | 1938–1970 | Walter Brennan Bud Abbott Peter Lorre Sam Jaffe Alan Napier |
|
Giuseppe Rinaldi | 1939–1987 | James Dean Paul Newman Rock Hudson Jack Lemmon Peter Sellers Van Johnson Marlon Brando Frank Sinatra |
|
Luciano De Ambrosis | 1942–present | James Caan Burt Reynolds Dennis Farina |
He is known for playing the lead role as a child actor in Vittorio De Sica's film The Children Are Watching Us. Since 1994, he replaced Pino Locchi as the main Italian voice of Sean Connery. He dubbed most of the roles of the listed actors. |
Gianni Musy | 1942–2011 | He is best known for dubbing the roles of Albus Dumbledore (played by Richard Harris first, then by Michael Gambon) in the Harry Potter film series and Gandalf (played by Ian McKellen) in the Lord of the Rings trilogy (replaced by Gigi Proietti after 2011). He also dubbed most of the roles of Christopher Plummer and Max von Sydow. | |
Massimo Turci | 1942–1990 | Russ Tamblyn Paul McCartney |
|
Ferruccio Amendola | 1943–2001 | Robert De Niro Dustin Hoffman Sylvester Stallone Tomas Milian Al Pacino Peter Falk |
The Italian voice of Robert De Niro, Dustin Hoffman, and Sylvester Stallone in almost each of their films from 1969 to 1995. He also dubbed the most famous interpretations of Al Pacino. He was chosen by Tomas Milian himself for his dubbed voice. |
Maria Pia Di Meo | 1944–present | Meryl Streep Audrey Hepburn Julie Andrews Shirley MacLaine Jane Fonda Barbra Streisand Sandra Dee Julie Christie Ursula Andress |
The most important female dubbing voice in Italy after 1960. Best known for being the official Italian voice of Meryl Streep, she dubbed most of the films of all the listed actresses. |
Corrado Gaipa | 1946–1989 | Lionel Stander Lee J. Cobb Orson Welles Alec Guinness |
Best known for portraying Don Tommasino in The Godfather, he dubbed most of the roles of Lion Stander and Lee J. Cobb and some interpretations of Orson Welles between 1965 and 1972. He also dubbed Alec Guinness in the Star Wars classic trilogy. |
Renato Turi | 1946–1991 | Charles Tingwell
|
|
Enrico Maria Salerno | 1946–1994 | Clint Eastwood | He was the Italian voice of Clint Eastwood in the Dollars Trilogy and Hang 'Em High. |
Nando Gazzolo | 1948–2015 | David Niven Peter Cushing Rex Harrison Michael Caine George C. Scott Franco Nero Henry Fonda |
|
Vittoria Febbi | 1949–present | Barbara Bouchet Charlotte Rampling Edwige Fenech Liv Ullmann Diane Keaton Barbara Bach Kathy Bates Laura Gemser Florinda Bolkan |
|
Flaminia Jandolo | 1950–2019 | Brigitte Bardot | |
Rita Savagnone | 1952–present | Vanessa Redgrave Edwige Fenech Claudia Cardinale Whoopi Goldberg Elizabeth Taylor Ingrid Bergman Greta Garbo Sophia Loren Nieves Navarro Ursula Andress Florinda Bolkan Dominique Sanda Loredana Nusciak Stefania Sandrelli |
|
Oreste Lionello | 1953–2009 | Woody Allen Gene Wilder Peter Sellers George Harrison |
He was the official Italian voice of Woody Allen, dubbing almost all of his interpretations from 1965 to 2006. After his death, Allen claimed Lionello had made him «a better actor than I am, a funnier person than I am, and a hero» to Italian audiences.[61] He also dubbed most of the roles of Gene Wilder, Peter Sellers, and all the film appearances of George Harrison. |
Alessandro Rossi | 1955–present | Liam Neeson Arnold Schwarzenegger Samuel L. Jackson Ving Rhames Michael Clarke Duncan Patrick Stewart |
Recognizable by his deep, baritone voice, he dubbed most of the roles of Liam Neeson, Arnold Schwarzenegger, Ving Rhames and Michael Clarke Duncan. |
Sergio Graziani | 1956–2014 | Donald Sutherland Michael Caine Peter O'Toole Klaus Kinski Richard Harris Philippe Noiret Franco Nero |
He dubbed Franco Nero in most of the Italian versions of his films prior to the mid-1970s, after which Nero dubbed himself. |
Dario Penne | 1957–present | Anthony Hopkins Michael Caine Christopher Lloyd Dennis Hopper Alan Rickman James Cromwell |
He is the Italian voice of Anthony Hopkins in every film since 1990 and of Michael Caine in almost every film since 1992. |
Roberto Chevalier | 1958–present | Tom Cruise Tom Hanks Andy García Greg Kinnear |
He is the Italian voice of Tom Cruise, dubbing most of his roles since 1986. |
Glauco Onorato | 1959–2009 | Bud Spencer Lino Ventura Danny Glover Charles Bronson James Coburn Arnold Schwarzenegger George Harrison |
He was best known for dubbing most of Bud Spencer's interpretations. He was also the Italian voice of Arnold Schwarzenegger in his most iconic films (The Terminator and Predator). |
Sandro Acerbo | 1960–present | Brad Pitt Will Smith Michael J. Fox |
|
Manlio De Angelis | 1960–2017 | Joe Pesci Alan Arkin Gene Wilder Roy Scheider Richard Dreyfuss |
|
Sergio Fiorentini | 1960–2014 | Gene Hackman Eli Wallach |
|
Alina Moradei | 1960–2012 | Angela Lansbury | Official Italian voice of Lansbury, the English actress said she was «proud to be dubbed by such a great actress», also pointing out how similar their voices were.[62] |
Oreste Rizzini | 1960–2008 | Michael Douglas Jon Voight Bill Murray |
|
Giampiero Albertini | 1962–1991 | Peter Falk | He was best known for being the Italian voice of Peter Falk in his role of Columbo (in the first eight seasons, until 1991, except in the second pilot episode). |
Roberto Del Giudice | 1962–2007 | Lee Majors Terry Jones Timothy Bottoms |
|
Renato Mori | 1962–2011 | Morgan Freeman Gene Hackman James Earl Jones John Rhys-Davies Rod Steiger Jack Warden Robert Shaw Brian Dennehy |
|
Sergio Di Stefano | 1963–2010 | Jeff Bridges John Malkovich Kevin Costner Hugh Laurie Alan Rickman |
The official Italian voice of Jeff Bridges and John Malkovich, he dubbed Kevin Costner in seven films from 1985 to 2007. He was also well known for dubbing Hugh Laurie in the first six seasons of the TV series House (2004–2010) and for being one of the most frequent dubbers of Christopher Lambert (17 films from 1986 to 2005). |
Michele Gammino | 1965–present | Harrison Ford Steven Seagal Kevin Costner Jack Nicholson Bill Murray Chevy Chase Bob Hoskins |
The official Italian voice of Harrison Ford and Steven Seagal, he dubbed most of the interpretations of the listed actors. He also dubbed James Bond played by Timothy Dalton. |
Giancarlo Giannini | 1965–present | Al Pacino Jack Nicholson |
He is the official dubber of Al Pacino since 1995 (previously shared with Ferruccio Amendola). Among the others, he dubbed some roles of Jack Nicholson (including the film Shining) and Michael Douglas. |
Omero Antonutti | 1966–2019 | Christopher Lee Christopher Plummer James Cromwell |
|
Michele Kalamera | 1966–present | Clint Eastwood Steve Martin Michael Caine Leslie Nielsen |
The official Italian voice of Clint Eastwood. |
Carlo Valli | 1966–present | Robin Williams Jim Broadbent Colm Meaney |
The official Italian voice of Robin Williams. |
Fabio Boccanera | 1968–present | Johnny Depp Colin Farrell Clive Owen Joaquin Phoenix |
He is the most frequent dubber of Colin Farrell, Clive Owen, Joaquin Phoenix and dubbed most of the roles of Johnny Depp; he shares the Italian dubbing of Johnny Depp, Ben Affleck and Cuba Gooding Jr. with his cousin Riccardo Rossi. |
Vittorio Guerrieri | 1968–present | Ben Stiller John Corbett Steve Carell |
He is the official dubber of Ben Stiller from 2000. |
Giorgio Lopez | 1969–2021 | Danny DeVito Dustin Hoffman John Cleese Pat Morita |
|
Riccardo Rossi | 1970–present | Adam Sandler Ben Affleck Mark Ruffalo Christian Bale Sam Rockwell Matt Damon Cuba Gooding Jr. Paul Walker |
He shares the Italian dubbing of Ben Affleck, Cuba Gooding Jr. and Johnny Depp with his cousin Fabio Boccanera. |
Oreste Baldini | 1974–present | John Cusack Ken Jeong Noah Taylor |
The official Italian voice of John Cusack, he is the main dubber of the listed actors. He portrayed Vito Corleone as a child in the flashback sequences of The Godfather Part II. |
Fabrizio Vidale | 1975–present | Jack Black Martin Freeman Don Cheadle Marlon Wayans |
|
Ilaria Latini | 1976–present | Katie Holmes Amy Adams Anna Faris Hayley Atwell |
The official Italian voice dubber of Katie Holmes, Amy Adams and Anna Faris, she dubbed most of the films of the listed actresses. |
Tonino Accolla | 1978–2013 | Eddie Murphy Mickey Rourke Jim Carrey Billy Crystal |
He was best known for being the Italian voice of Eddie Murphy until 2009; he was also very popular for being the Italian voice of Homer Simpson in the first 23 seasons of the sitcom The Simpsons (1989–2012). He dubbed some popular comedy roles of Jim Carrey, such as Ace Ventura and Bruce Almighty. |
Luca Biagini | 1979–present | John Malkovich Kevin Kline Michael Keaton Hugh Laurie Colin Firth |
|
Stefano De Sando | 1979–present | Robert De Niro James Gandolfini Bryan Cranston Tim Robbins John Goodman |
|
Nino Prester | 1979–present | Eugene Levy Gary Oldman Stanley Tucci Dave Bautista Michael Rooker |
|
Pasquale Anselmo | 1980–present | Nicolas Cage John Turturro |
The official Italian voice of Nicolas Cage since 1996. Philip Seymour Hoffman Clark Gregg |
Paolo Buglioni | 1980–present | Nick Nolte Alec Baldwin Samuel L. Jackson |
|
Danilo De Girolamo | 1980–2012 | Alan Cumming Vincent Gallo Ulrich Tukur David Thewlis Jack Davenport |
|
Roberto Pedicini | 1980–present | Kevin Spacey Jim Carrey Woody Harrelson Javier Bardem Ralph Fiennes Temuera Morrison |
He is the current official voice of Kevin Spacey and Jim Carrey; he dubbed most of the interpretations of the listed actors. |
Pino Insegno | 1981–present | Will Ferrell Viggo Mortensen Liev Schreiber Michael Shannon Sacha Baron Cohen |
The official Italian voice of Will Ferrell, he dubbed most of the interpretations of the listed actors. |
Pietro Ubaldi | 1981–present | Geoffrey Rush | He voiced Hector Barbossa in the Pirates of the Caribbean films. |
Luca Ward | 1981–present | Pierce Brosnan Samuel L. Jackson Russell Crowe Keanu Reeves Hugh Grant Gerard Butler Antonio Banderas Kevin Bacon |
He is the official Italian voice of Pierce Brosnan, Samuel L. Jackson, Keanu Reeves and Russell Crowe. He provided the Italian voice of James Bond during his portrayal by Pierce Brosnan. |
Rossella Acerbo | 1982–present | Drew Barrymore Michelle Rodriguez Lisa Kudrow Amanda Peet Heather Graham Reese Witherspoon |
|
Angelo Maggi | 1982–present | Tom Hanks Robert Downey Jr. Gary Oldman John C. McGinley |
|
Massimo Venturiello | 1982–present | Gary Oldman James Woods Kurt Russell |
|
Vittorio De Angelis | 1983–2015 | Cary Elwes Kevin James Matt LeBlanc Brendan Fraser Steve Zahn |
|
Mino Caprio | 1983–present | Martin Short | |
Francesco Pezzulli | 1983–present | Leonardo DiCaprio Daniel Brühl Hayden Christensen Aaron Paul Dominic Cooper |
He is the Italian voice of Leonardo DiCaprio since 1997 (excluding the film The Man in the Iron Mask). |
Federica De Bortoli | 1984–present | Natalie Portman Rachel McAdams Isla Fisher Kristen Stewart |
She is the main Italian dubber of all the listed actresses. |
Davide Perino | 1984–present | Elijah Wood | |
Cristina Boraschi | 1985–present | Julia Roberts Sandra Bullock Julianne Moore |
She is the main Italian voice of Julia Roberts, while she dubbed many roles of Sandra Bullock and Julianne Moore. |
Myriam Catania | 1985–present | Keira Knightley Amanda Seyfried Jessica Alba |
|
Francesco Pannofino | 1985–present | George Clooney Denzel Washington Robbie Coltrane Kurt Russell |
He is the official Italian voice of George Clooney and Denzel Washington. |
Francesco Prando | 1985–present | Luke Perry Matthew McConaughey Vince Vaughn Guy Pearce Michael Fassbender Daniel Craig Eric McCormack Jason Statham |
He is popular for dubbing the following actors in long-term television series: Luke Perry (Beverly Hills, 90210, 199 episodes), Eric McCormack in (Will & Grace, 187 episodes), Eric Dane (Grey's Anatomy, 135 episodes). He is also known for providing the Italian voice of James Bond during his portrayal by Daniel Craig. He dubbed the majority of the film roles of all the listed actors. |
Stefano Benassi | 1986–present | Christoph Waltz Colin Firth Woody Harrelson Tim Robbins Gary Oldman |
|
Valentina Mari | 1986–present | Natalie Portman Audrey Tautou Kristen Bell Amanda Seyfried |
|
Sonia Scotti | 1987–present | Whoopi Goldberg | |
Simone Mori | 1988–present | Seth Rogen John C. Reilly Ice Cube Omar Sy |
|
Simone Crisari | 1989–present | Jonah Hill Macaulay Culkin |
|
Eleonora De Angelis | 1989–present | Jennifer Aniston Cameron Diaz Angelina Jolie |
|
Christian Iansante | 1989–present | Bradley Cooper | He has dubbed all of Cooper's roles since 2009. |
Alessia Amendola | 1990–present | Lindsay Lohan Michelle Trachtenberg Danielle Panabaker Brenda Song |
|
Nanni Baldini | 1990–present | Kevin Hart Chris Rock Topher Grace Adam Goldberg |
|
Domitilla D'Amico | 1990–present | Kirsten Dunst Scarlett Johansson Anne Hathaway Margot Robbie Eva Green Mila Kunis Abbie Cornish |
She is the official Italian voice actress of Kirsten Dunst and Scarlett Johansson. |
Flavio Aquilone | 1994–present | Zac Efron Tom Felton Dane DeHaan Anton Yelchin Devon Bostick Liam Hemsworth |
|
Perla Liberatori | 1994–present | Hilary Duff Scarlett Johansson |
She dubbed most of the roles of Hilary Duff; among the others, she also dubbed many interpretations of Scarlett Johansson. |
Manuel Meli | 2003–present | Josh Hutcherson Cole Sprouse Vincent Martella |
He dubbed most of the roles of Josh Hutcherson. |
Maurizio Merluzzo | 2007–present | Zachary Levi | He dubbed many roles in video games and animated series. |
Joy Saltarelli | 2008–present | Jennifer Lawrence Ana de Armas |
She dubbed many roles of Jennifer Lawrence and Ana de Armas. |
Latvia, Lithuania
In Latvia and Lithuania, only children's movies get dubbed in the cinema, while many live-action movies for an older audience use voice-over. Most children's TV shows, like SpongeBob SquarePants, use voice-overs, but in recent years, a few of them, mainly aimed at preschoolers, have been dubbed into Latvian and Lithuanian.
Poland
This section is written like a personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay that states a Wikipedia editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic. (October 2016) |
In
It is claimed that, until around 1951, there were no revoiced foreign movies available in Poland. Instead, they were exclusively subtitled in Polish.[63]
Poland's dubbing traditions began between the two world wars. In 1931, among the first movies dubbed into Polish were Dangerous Curves (1929), The Dance of Life (1929), Paramount on Parade (1930), and Darling of the Gods (1930). In 1949, the first dubbing studio opened in Łódź. The first film dubbed that year was Russkiy Vopros (filmed 1948).
Polish dubbing in the first post-war years suffered from poor synchronization. Polish dialogues were not always audible and the cinema equipment of that time often made films sound less clear than they were. In the 1950s, Polish publicists discussed the quality of Polish versions of foreign movies.
The number of dubbed movies and the quality improved. Polish dubbing had a golden age between the 1960s and the 1980s. Approximately a third of foreign movies screened in cinemas were dubbed. The "Polish dubbing school" was known for its high quality. In that time, Poland had some of the best dubbing in the world. The person who initiated high-quality dubbing versions was director Zofia Dybowska-Aleksandrowicz. In that time, dubbing in Poland was very popular. Polish television dubbed popular films and TV series such as
In the 1980s, due to budget cuts, state-run TV saved on tapes by voicing films over live during transmission.
Overall, during 1948–1998, almost 1,000 films were dubbed in Polish. In the 1990s, dubbing films and TV series continued, although often also for one emission only.
In 1995, Canal+ was launched in Poland. In its first years, it dubbed 30% of its schedule dubbing popular films and TV series, one of the best-known and popular dubbings was that of Friends, but this proved unsuccessful.[64] It stopped dubbing films in 1999, although many people supported the idea of dubbing and bought the access only for dubbing versions of foreign productions. In the 1990s, dubbing was done by the television channel known as Wizja Jeden. They mainly dubbed BBC productions such as The League of Gentlemen, Absolutely Fabulous and Men Behaving Badly. Wizja Jeden was closed in 2001. In the same year, TVP stopped dubbing the TV series Frasier, although that dubbing was very popular.
Currently, dubbing of films and TV series for teenagers is made by Nickelodeon and Disney Channel. One of the major breakthroughs in dubbing was the Polish release of Shrek, which contained many references to local culture and Polish humor. Since then, people seem to have grown to like dubbed versions more, and pay more attention to the dubbing actors.[citation needed] However, this seems to be the case only with animated films, as live-action dubbing is still considered a bad practice. In the case of DVD releases, most discs contain both the original soundtrack and subtitles, and either voice over or dubbed Polish track. The dubbed version is, in most cases, the one from the theater release, while voice-over is provided for movies that were only subtitled in theaters.
Since the theatrical release of The Avengers in May 2012, Walt Disney Company Polska dubs all films for cinema releases. Also in 2012,
Russia
Russian television is generally dubbed, but often uses the voice-over translation method with only a couple of voice actors, with the original speech still audible underneath. In the Soviet Union, most foreign movies to be officially released were dubbed. Voice-over dub was invented in the Soviet Union in the 1980s when with the fall of the regime, many popular foreign movies, previously forbidden, or at least questionable under communist rule, started to flood in, in the form of low-quality home-copied videos. Being unofficial releases, they were dubbed in a very primitive way. For example, the translator spoke the text directly over the audio of a video being copied, using primitive equipment. The quality of the resulting dub was very low: The translated phrases were off-sync (interfering with the original voices), background sounds leaked into the track, the translation was inaccurate, and, most importantly, all dub voices were made by a single person who usually lacked the intonation of the original, making comprehension of some scenes quite difficult. This method of translation exerted a strong influence on Russian pop culture. Voices of translators became recognizable for generations.
In modern Russia, the overdubbing technique is still used in many cases, although with vastly improved quality, and now with multiple voice actors dubbing different original voices. Video games are generally either dubbed into Russian (such as the Legend of Spyro trilogy, the Skylanders series, the Assassin's Creed saga, the Halo series, the Harry Potter series, etc.) or released with original-speaking tracks but with all the texts translated into Russian language. The technique of non-voiceover dubbing, without the original speech still audible underneath, has also gained traction in Russia in the 21st century.
Releases of films in cinemas are almost always dubbed in the Russian language. Television series are typically shown as a dubbed or voiceovered translation. Subtitles are rarely used.
Some of the well-known Russian dubbing voice artists are listed below.
Slovakia
In Slovakia, home media market, Czech dubbed versions are widely used, with only children's films and some few exceptions (for example Independence Day) that have been dubbed for cinema being released with Slovak dubbing. Czech dubbing was also extensively used in the broadcast of Slovak television channels, but since 2008 Slovak language laws require any newer shows (understood as the first television broadcast in Slovakia) to be provided with Slovak localization (dubbing or subtitles); since then, television broadcasts of films, TV series and cartoons have been dubbed into Slovak.
Theatrical releases are generally subtitled, except for films with a young target audience.
Spain
In Spain, dubbing has been more widespread since 1932, when the Second Republic decided to introduce it in Madrid and Barcelona. The first film dubbed into Spanish to be known was Devil and the Deep, in 1932.[65][66] Dubbing, after the Spanish Civil War, was reinforced by the regulations promulgated by the Government of Francisco Franco on April 23, 1941, at its time based on Mussolini's Language Defense Law of 1938.[66] This law had two political purposes: Nationalism through linguistic identity and, more subtly, control through censorship of foreign ideas that could be alien to national interests.[67]
In Spain, practically all foreign television programs are shown dubbed in European Spanish, as are most films. Some dubbing actors have achieved popularity for their voices, such as Constantino Romero (who dubs Clint Eastwood, Darth Vader and Arnold Schwarzenegger's Terminator, among others) and Óscar Muñoz (the official European Spanish dub-over voice artist for Elijah Wood and Hayden Christensen). Currently, with the spread of digital terrestrial television, viewers can choose between the original and the dubbed soundtracks for most movies and television.
In some communities such as Catalonia, Galicia and Basque Country, some foreign programs are also often dubbed into Catalan, Galician, or Basque. Films from the Spanish-speaking America shown in these communities are shown in their original language, while strong regional accents (from the Spanish-speaking America or from Spain) may be dubbed in news and documentaries.[citation needed]
Ukraine
In Ukraine, since 2006 cinema releases are almost always dubbed into Ukrainian with the overdubbing technique and multiple voice actors dubbing different original voices with a small percent of art-house/documentaries shown in the original language with Ukrainian subtitles. For television, TV channels usually release movies and TV-shows with a Ukrainian voiceover, although certain high-profile films and TV shows are dubbed rather than voice-overed.
In the past Russian-language films, TV series, cartoons, animated series and TV programs were usually not dubbed but were shown with the original audio with Ukrainian subtitles. However, this practice has been slowly abandoned since the late 2010s: all children's films and cartoons regardless of the original language (including Russian) are always dubbed into Ukrainian; example of the first Russian cartoons dubbed into Ukrainian for the cinematic-release is
Latin America
Brazil
In Brazil, foreign programs are invariably dubbed into Brazilian Portuguese on free-to-air TV, with only a few exceptions. Films shown at cinemas are generally offered with both subtitled and dubbed versions, with dubbing frequently being the only choice for children's movies. Subtitling was primarily for adult audience movies until 2012. Since then, dubbed versions also became available for all ages. As a result, in recent years, more cinemas have opened in Brazil, attracting new audiences to the cinema who prefer dubbing. According to a Datafolha survey, 56% of Brazilian movie theaters' audience prefer to watch dubbed movies.[68] Most of the dubbing studios in Brazil are in the cities of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo.[69]
The first film to be dubbed in Brazil was the
In the 90s, with Saint Seiya, Dragon Ball and other anime shows becoming popular in Brazilian TVs, the voice actors and the dubbing career gained a higher space in Brazilian culture. Actors like
Pay TV commonly offers both dubbed and subtitled movies, with statistics showing that dubbed versions are becoming predominant. and others are dubbed in Brazilian Portuguese. This is because despite the dropping of the dubbing law in Portugal in 1994, most companies in that country use the Brazilian Portuguese because of traditional usage during the days of the dubbing rule, along with these dubbings being more marketable than European Portuguese.
A list that showcases Brazilian Portuguese voice artists that dub for actors and actresses are displayed here. However, there can also be different official dub artists for certain regions within Brazil.
Apparently, for unknown reasons (probably technical), the Brazilian Portuguese dub credits from some shows or cartoons from channels from Viacom or Turner/Time Warner, are shown on Latin America (on Spanish-dubbed series).
Mexico
In Mexico, by law, films shown in theaters must be shown in their original version. Films in languages other than Spanish are usually subtitled. Only educational documentaries and movies rated for children (some shows aired on PBS or PBS Kids), as well as some movies that are expected to have a wide audience (for example, The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King or The Avengers) may be dubbed, but this is not compulsory, and some animated films are shown in theaters in both dubbed and subtitled versions (for instance, some DreamWorks productions). Nonetheless, a recent trend in several cinemas is to offer the dubbed versions only, with a stark decrease in the showing of the original ones.
Dubbing must be made in Mexico by Mexican nationals or foreigners residing in Mexico.[73] Still, several programs that are shown on pay TV are dubbed in other countries like Argentina, Chile, Colombia and Venezuela.
Most movies released on DVD feature
Dubbing became very popular in the 1990s with the rise in popularity of anime in Mexico. Some voice actors have become celebrities and are always identified with specific characters, such as Mario Castañeda (who became popular by dubbing Goku in Dragon Ball Z) or Humberto Vélez (who dubbed Homer Simpson in the first 15 seasons of The Simpsons).
The popularity of pay TV has allowed people to view several series in their original language rather than dubbed. Dubbing has been criticized for the use of TV or movie stars as voice actors (such as Ricky Martin in Disney's Hercules, or Eugenio Derbez in DreamWorks' Shrek), or for the incorrect use of local popular culture that sometimes creates unintentional jokes or breaks the feeling of the original work (such as translating Sheldon Cooper's "Bazinga!" to "¡Vacilón!").
Several video games have been dubbed into neutral Spanish, rather than European Spanish, in Mexico (such as the Gears of War series, Halo 3, Infamous 2 and others). Sony recently announced that more games (such as God of War: Ascension) will be dubbed into neutral Spanish.
Peru
In Peru, all foreign series, movies, and animated programming are shown dubbed in Latin American Spanish, with dubs imported from Argentina, Mexico, Chile, Colombia and Venezuela on terrestrial and pay-television. Most movies intended for kids are being offered as dub-only movies, while most films aimed at older audiences are being offered dubbed and subtitled in Spanish. Most subtitled Pay-TV channels show both dubbed and subtitled version of every film they broadcast, being offered with a separate subtitle track and a second audio track in English. There is an increase of people preferring subtitle films and series rather than dubbed starting the late-2000s, as Peruvians viewers tend to get used to their original version.
Peru used to not produce their own dubs since dubbing studios never existed in that country until 2016, when the company "Big Bang Films" started to dub movies and series; however since 2014, a group of dubbing actors created a group called "Torre A Doblaje", which is a group of actors that gives dubbing and localization services.
Latin American Spanish-speaking countries
For Latin American Spanish-speaking countries, all foreign-language programs, films, cartoons and documentaries shown on free-to-air TV networks are dubbed into Standard Spanish, (mainly in Mexico, Venezuela or Argentina) while broadcasts on cable and satellite pan-regional channels (i.e. Discovery Kids) are either dubbed or subtitled. In theaters, children's movies and most blockbuster films are dubbed into Standard Spanish, and are sometimes further dubbed into regional dialects of Spanish where they are released.
North America
French-speaking Canada
In
Formerly, all French-language dubbed films in Quebec were imported from France and some still are. Such a practice was criticized by former politician
In addition, because Canadian viewers usually find Quebec French more comprehensible than other dialects of the language, some older film series that had the French-language versions of previous installments dubbed in France have had later ones dubbed in Quebec, often creating inconsistencies within the French version of the series' canon. Lucasfilm's Star Wars and Indiana Jones series are examples. Both series had films released in the 1970s and 1980s, with no Québécois French dubbed versions; instead, the Parisian French versions, with altered character and object names and terms, were distributed in the province. However, later films in both series released 1999 and later were dubbed in Quebec, using different voice actors and "reversing" name changes made in France's dubbings due to the change in studio.
United States and English-speaking Canada
In the
On the other hand,
In addition, a small number of British films have been re-dubbed when released in the United States, due to the usage of dialects which Americans are not familiar with (for example,
Some live-action television shows shown in the US have Spanish dubs. These are accessible though the SAP (secondary audio program) function of the television unit.
Many films have also been dubbed into indigenous languages of the United States and Canada.
Oceania
Australia
In common with other English-speaking countries, there has traditionally been little dubbing in Australia, with foreign language television programs and films being shown (usually on SBS) with subtitles or English dubs produced in other countries.
Because over 25% of Australians speak a language other than English at home, some cinemas show foreign-language films, for example in Chinese (the most spoken language in Australia other than English). There are also Chinese-language cinemas in Australia, such as the Hoyts Mandarin cinema in Chatswood, Sydney.[89]
However, some TV commercials from foreign countries are dubbed, even if the original commercial came from another English-speaking country. Moreover, the off-screen narration portions of some non-fiction programs originating from the UK or North America are re-dubbed by Australian voice talents to relay information in expressions that Australians can understand more easily.
The first film to be dubbed into an
French Polynesia
French Polynesia almost exclusively shows films and television programs in either French or English. However, in 2016, Disney's Moana became the first film to be dubbed into the Tahitian language.[93] However, the dub was only released in French Polynesia and is not available on any streaming services.
New Zealand
While New Zealand is an English-speaking country, a growing number of television programs and films have also been dubbed into the Māori language.
Many episodes of
Alternatives
Subtitles
In most English-speaking countries, dubbing is comparatively rare. In Israel, some programs need to be comprehensible to speakers of both Russian and Hebrew. This cannot be accomplished with dubbing, so subtitling is much more commonplace—sometimes even with subtitles in multiple languages, with the soundtrack remaining in the original language, usually English. The same applies to certain television shows in Finland, where Swedish and Finnish are both official languages.
In the Netherlands, Flanders, Nordic countries, Estonia and Portugal, films and television programs are shown in the original language (usually English) with subtitles, and only cartoons and children's movies and programs are dubbed, such as the Harry Potter series, Finding Nemo, Shrek, Charlie and the Chocolate Factory and others. Cinemas usually show both a dubbed version and one with subtitles for this kind of movie, with the subtitled version shown later in the evening.
In Portugal, one terrestrial channel,
in a dubbed version, but it was poorly received and later re-aired in a subtitled version. Cartoons, on the other hand, are usually dubbed, sometimes by well-known actors, even on TV. Animated movies are usually released to the cinemas in both subtitled and dubbed versions.In Argentina and Venezuela, terrestrial channels air films and TV series in a dubbed version, as demanded by law. However, those same series can be seen on cable channels at more accessible time-slots in their subtitled version and usually before they are shown on open TV. In contrast, the series The Simpsons is aired in its Mexican Spanish-dubbed version both on terrestrial television and on the cable station Fox, which broadcasts the series for the area. Although the first season of the series appeared with subtitles, this was not continued for the following seasons.
Dubbing and subtitling
In
Netflix provides both subtitles and dubbed audio with its foreign language shows, including Brazil's dystopian "3%" and the German thriller "Dark". Viewer testing indicates that its audience is more likely to finish watching a series if they select to view it with dubbed audio rather than translated subtitles. Netflix now streams its foreign language content with dubbed audio as default in an effort to increase viewer retention.[99]
General use
Dubbing is also used in applications and genres other than traditional film, including video games, television, and pornographic films.
Video games
Many
To achieve synchronization when animations are intended only for the source language, localized content is mostly recorded using techniques borrowed from movie dubbing (such as rythmo band) or, when images are not available, localized dubbing is done using source audios as a reference. Sound-synch is a method where localized audios are recorded matching the length and internal pauses of the source content.
For the European version of a video game, the on-screen text of the game is available in various languages and, in many cases, the dialogue is dubbed into each respective language, as well.
The North American version of any game is always available in English, with translated text and dubbed dialogue, if necessary, in other languages, especially if the North American version of the game contains the same data as the European version. Several Japanese games, such as those in the Dynasty Warriors and Soulcalibur series, are released with both the original Japanese audio and the English dub included.
Television
Dubbing is occasionally used on
Dubbing is commonly used in
Since some anime series contain profanity, the studios recording the English dubs often re-record certain lines if a series or movie is going to be broadcast on
Dubbing has also been used for comedic purposes, replacing lines of dialogue to create comedies from footage that was originally another genre. Examples include the American television show
Dubbing into a foreign language does not always entail the deletion of the original language. In some countries, a performer may read the translated dialogue as a voice-over. This often occurs in Russia and Poland, where "lektories" or "lektors" read the translated dialogue into Russian and Polish. In Poland, one announcer read all text. However, this is done almost exclusively for the television and home video markets, while theatrical releases are usually subtitled. Recently, however, the number of high-quality, fully dubbed films has increased, especially for children's movies. If a quality dubbed version exists for a film, it is shown in theaters. However, some films, such as Harry Potter or Star Wars, are shown in both dubbed and subtitled versions, varying with the time of the show. Such films are also shown on TV (although some channels drop them and do standard one-narrator translation) and VHS/DVD.
In Russia, the reading of all lines by a single person is referred to as a
On special occasions, such as
Pornography
As budgets for pornographic films are often small, compared to films made by major studios, and there is an inherent need to film without interrupting filming, it is common for sex scenes to be over-dubbed. The audio for such over-dubbing is generally referred to as the Ms and Gs, or the moans and groans.
Dubbing into varieties
This section needs additional citations for verification. (August 2013) |
In the case of languages with large communities (such as
), a single translation may sound foreign to native speakers in a given region. Therefore, a film may be translated into a certain variety of a certain language.Another example is the French dubbing of The Simpsons, which has two entirely different versions for Quebec and for France. The humor is very different for each audience (see Non-English versions of The Simpsons). Audiences in Quebec are generally critical of France's dubbing of The Simpsons, which they often do not find amusing.
Quebec-French dubbing of films is generally made in accent-free Standard French, but may sound peculiar to audiences in France because of the persistence of some regionally-neutral expressions and because Quebec-French performers pronounce Anglo-Saxon names with an American accent, unlike French performers. Occasionally, budget restraints cause American direct-to-video films, such as the 1995 film When the Bullet Hits the Bone, to be released in France with a Quebec-French dubbing, sometimes resulting in what some members of French audiences perceive as unintentional humor.
Portugal and Brazil also use different versions of dubbed films and series. Because dubbing has never been very popular in Portugal, for decades, children's films were distributed using the higher-quality Brazilian dub (unlike children's TV series, which are traditionally dubbed in European Portuguese). Only in the 1990s did dubbing begin to gain popularity in Portugal. The Lion King became the first Disney feature film to be completely dubbed into European Portuguese, and subsequently all major animation films gained European-Portuguese versions. In recent DVD releases, most Brazilian-Portuguese-dubbed classics were released with new European-Portuguese dubs, eliminating the predominance of Brazilian-Portuguese dubs in Portugal.
Similarly, in Flanders, the Dutch-speaking region of Belgium, cartoons are often dubbed locally by Flemish artists[104] rather than using soundtracks produced in the Netherlands.
The
Sometimes, films are also dubbed into several
Some live-action films or TV series have an additional German variety dubbing:
Before
as well as East Germany.Usually, there are two dubbings produced in
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- ^ Roettgers, Janko (8 March 2018). "Netflix's Secrets to Success: Six Cell Towers, Dubbing and More". Variety. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
- ^ Quinteros, Paulo (4 October 2019). "Las peores traducciones de títulos de películas al español". La Tercera. Retrieved 13 April 2024.
- ^ Macchi, Facundo. "El mundo del doblaje". El Observador. Archived from the original on 14 February 2024. Retrieved 13 April 2024.
- ^ Notimex (12 November 2016). "México, país líder del arte del doblaje en América Latina". Excélsior (in Mexican Spanish). Retrieved 13 April 2024.
- ^ "Rubén Rada y Juana Molina son las voces de Los Increíbles". infobae (in European Spanish). 11 October 2017. Retrieved 13 April 2024.
- ^ "Page 34 - My FlipBook". psulibrary.palawan.edu.ph. Retrieved 15 April 2021.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Österreich-Version von Disney/Pixars "Oben" mit Otto Schenk und Karlheinz Böhm - BILD" (in German). ots.at. 10 August 2009. Retrieved 30 November 2010.
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Further reading
- Maluf, Ramez (19 December 2003). Dubbing into Arabic: A Trojan Horse at the Gates? (PDF). Lebanese American University. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 April 2004. Retrieved 10 April 2011.
- Di Fortunato E. e Paolinelli M. (a cura di), "La Questione Doppiaggio – barriere linguistiche e circolazione delle opere audiovisive", Roma, AIDAC, 1996 – (available on website: www.aidac.it)
- Castellano A. (a cura di), "Il Doppiaggio, profilo, storia e analisi di un'arte negata", Roma, AIDAC-ARLEM, 2001
- Di Fortunato E. e Paolinelli M., "Tradurre per il doppiaggio – la trasposizione linguistica dell'audiovisivo: teoria e pratica di un'arte imperfetta", Milano, Hoepli, 2005
- ASINC Archived 20 August 2012 at the Wayback Machine online magazine on criticism of the art of dubbing
- Dror Abend-David (31 July 2014). Media and Translation: An Interdisciplinary Approach. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-62356-101-7.
- Rose, Jay, ISBN 9780415722070