Duchy of Estonia (1219–1346)

Coordinates: 59°26′N 24°45′E / 59.433°N 24.750°E / 59.433; 24.750
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Duchy of Estonia
Eestimaa hertsogkond (
la
)
1219–1346
1559–1645
Flag of Danish Estonia
Flag
Seal of Valdemar IV of Denmark of Danish Estonia
Seal of Valdemar IV of Denmark
Roman Catholicism
King of Denmark 
• 1219–1241
Valdemar II
• 1340–1346
Valdemar IV
• 1559–1588
Frederick II
• 1588–1645
Christian IV
Viceroy 
• 1344–1346
Stigot Andersson
Governor of Øsel 
• 1562–1567
Heinrich Wulf
• 1643–1645
Ebbe Ulfeld
Historical era
Battle of Lindanise
15 June 1219
¹ 1248
• Disestablished
1346
• Danish Ösel
1559–1645
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Revala
Harjumaa
Virumaa
State of the Teutonic Order
Swedish Estonia
Today part ofEstonia
1 Wesenberg (Rakvere) was granted Lübeck city rights in 1302 by King Erik Menved. Narva received these rights in 1345.

The Duchy of Estonia

King of Denmark from 1219 until 1346 when it was sold to the Teutonic Order and became part of the Ordensstaat
.

Denmark rose as a great military and mercantile power in the 12th century. It had an interest in ending the frequent

Estonian uprising in 1343, when the territories were taken over by the Teutonic Order
. They were sold by Denmark in 1346.

Danish conquest

St. Olaf's Church is a visible reminder of the Danish era in Tallinn
Dannebrog falling from the sky during the Battle of Lindanise
Estonia within The Danish Empire ca. 1220

During the

Valdemar II a free hand to annex as much land as he could conquer in Estonia. Besides, Albert of Riga, the leader of the Teutonic crusaders fighting the Estonians from the south, visited the king and asked him to attack the Estonians from the north.[4]

In 1219, Valdemar gathered his fleet, joined forces with the navy led by prince Wizlav of

Lindanise (now Tallinn) harbor in the Estonian province of Revala. According to the legend, the national flag of Denmark Dannebrog was born at this time, falling from the sky during a critical moment in the fight and helping the Danes to win the Battle of Lindanise
against the Estonians. The date of the battle, 15 June, is to this day celebrated as Valdemarsdag (the national "flag day") in Denmark.

The order of

Jerwia
.

In 1227, the

Zealand with the Danish king, Valdemar II. Under the treaty, Jerwia stayed part of the Ordenstaat, while Harria and Vironia were ceded back to King of Denmark as his direct dominion, the Duchy of Estonia. The first Duke of Estonia had been appointed by Valdemar II in 1220, and the title was now resumed by the kings of Denmark starting in 1269.[5]

Due to its status as the king's personal

Liber Census Daniæ (Danish
: Valdemar Sejrs Jordebog) (1220–41), an important geographic and historic document. The list contains about 500 Estonian place names and the names of 114 local vassals.

The capital of Danish Estonia was

Toompea Hill.[6] Estonians still call their capital "Tallinn", which, according to an urban legend, derives from Taani linna (Danish town or castle). Reval was granted Lübeck city rights (1248) and joined the Hanseatic League. Even today, Danish influence can be seen in heraldic symbols: the city of Tallinn's coat of arms features the Danish cross, while coat of arms of Estonia depicts three lions, similar to the coat of arms of Denmark
.

In 1240, Valdemar II created the

Bishopric of Reval but, contrary to canon law, reserved the right to appoint the bishops of Reval to himself and his successors as king of Denmark. The decision to simply nominate the See of Reval was unique in the whole Catholic Church at the time and was disputed by bishops and the Pope. During this period, the election of bishops was never established in Reval, and royal rights over the bishopric and to nominate the bishops were even included in the treaty when the territories were sold to Teutonic Order in 1346.[7]

First mentioned in 1240, the duchy was locally governed by a

Latin: capitaneus) appointed by the king and functioning as his plenipotentiary. The viceroy had administrative powers, he collected the taxes, and he commanded the vassals and the troops in case of war. Most of the viceroys were either of Danish or Danish-Estonian nationality.[8]

In Vironia, the main power centers were Wesenberg (

King Erik Menved
. Narva received these rights in 1345.

The vassals of the Danish king received

Novgorodian and Lithuanian
threats.

In August 1332, King

St. George's Night Uprising of 1343, the Teutonic Order occupied the territories. The overthrow of the Danish government came two days after the Order had put down the Estonian revolt, and the Danish viceroy was imprisoned in cooperation with the pro-German vassals. The castles in Reval and Wesenberg were handed over to the Order by the pro-German party on 16 May 1343, and the castle at Narva in 1345. In 1346, Estonia (Harria and Vironia) was sold for 19,000 Cologne marks to the Teutonic Order, notwithstanding the promise by Christopher II in 1329 never to abandon or sell Denmark's Estonian territories. The king of Denmark even made a public statement repenting breaking that promise and asking forgiveness from the Pope. The shift of sovereignty from Denmark to the Teutonic Order took place on 1 November 1346.[11]

The title of "

Russian emperors after their victory in the Great Northern War (1700–1721) and continued to be a subsidiary title of Russian emperors until the Romanov dynasty was overthrown in 1917
.

In 1559, during the

Polish-Lithuanian Union in exchange for Livonian possessions in Ösel. In 1572, Ösel was transferred to direct administration by Denmark. In 1645, it was ceded from Denmark to Sweden by the Treaty of Brömsebro.[13]

Livonian ConfederationTerra MarianaEstonian SSRDuchy of Livonia (1721–1917)Duchy of Livonia (1629–1721)Duchy of Livonia (1561–1621)Duchy of Estonia (1721–1917)Duchy of Estonia (1561–1721)Danish EstoniaDanish EstoniaEstoniaAncient EstoniaHistory of Estonia

List of Viceroys

  • ? (1240–1248)
  • Saxo Aginsun (1248–49)
  • Stigot Agison (1249)
  • Saxo (1254–57)
  • Jakob Ramessun (1259)
  • Woghen Palissun (1266)
  • Siverith (1270)
  • Eilard von Oberch (1275–1279)
  • Odewart Lode (1279–1281)
  • Letgast (1285)
  • Friedrich Moltike (1287)
  • Johann Sialanzfar (1288)
  • Nils Axelsson (1296)
  • Nikolaus Ubbison (1298)
  • Johann Saxesson (1304)
  • Johannes Canne (1310)
  • Ago Saxisson (1312–1313)
  • Heinrich Bernauer (1313–1314)
  • Johannes Kanna (1323)
  • Heinrich Spliit (1329)
  • Marquard Breide (1332–1335)
  • Konrad Preen (1340 – May 1343)
  • Bertram von Parembeke (1343)
  • Stigot Andersson (1344–1346)

Danish governors of Øsel

See also

References

  1. ISBN 0-521-47299-7
    .
  2. ^ King of Denmark, Valdemar; Svend Aakjær (1926). Kong Valdemars Jordebog (in Danish). Jørgensen.
  3. ^ Monumenta Livoniae Antiquae. E. Frantzen. 1842. p. 36.
  4. ^ a b Christiansen, pp.111
  5. ^ Skyum-Nielsen pp. 112–113
  6. chronicle of Henry of Livonia
    .
  7. ^ Skyum-Nielsen pp. 113–115
  8. ^ Skyum-Nielsen pp. 120
  9. ^ Old East Slavic chronicles.
  10. ^ a b Skyum-Nielsen pp. 118
  11. ^ Skyum-Nielsen pp. 129
  12. ISBN 1-57607-800-0
    .
  13. ISBN 1-74059-132-1
    .

Sources

59°26′N 24°45′E / 59.433°N 24.750°E / 59.433; 24.750

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