Duchy of Merania

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
The family of Duke Berthold, from the Hedwig Codex.

The Duchy of Merania

princes of the Empire enjoying imperial immediacy at a time when these concepts were just coming into use to distinguish the highest ranks of imperial nobility.[1]

The name "Merania" ("sea-land") comes from either the

Latin mare).[3] The name literally means "land by the sea" (am Meer), referring to its location on the Adriatic.[4]

Territory

The exact territorial extent of Merania is unknown. It probably included the town of

Croatia was in a personal union with Hungary.[8]

This territory came under imperial control during the reign of

Henry V to annex the entire eastern coast of Istria and the coast opposite as far as the river Rječina, including the city of Fiume. This territory, conquered for the emperor by the lords of Duino (Devin), became known as Merania.[11] It is not clear to what extent the Meranian dukes of the Dachau or Andechs lines ever managed to exert their control over the region.[10]

There are other theories proposing a different etymology of "Merania". Erwin Herrmann argues that the name cannot have actually been in use as the name of a region, since it is unknown save as the name of the duchy that existed between 1152 and 1248. He argues that it is probably formed from the name of the seat of the lordship, which he identifies with the town of Marano Lagunare. The region he identifies as that between the rivers Tagliamento and Corno.[12]

In older literature, Merania is sometimes mistakenly identified with

Meran, a town in the Tyrol, because the Andechser dukes held land in the Tyrol.[13] August Dimitz, while correcting the Tyrolean error, equates Merania with the march of Istria.[14]

House of Dachau (1152–1180)

The duchy of Merania was created for the

stem duchies (like Bavaria). It was also part of a reorganisation of the southeastern frontier that included the creation of the Duchy of Austria in 1156.[3][15]

The historian Wilhelm Wegener has proposed that Merania was created out of lands claimed by Conrad through his mother, Willibirg, daughter of Udalschalk, count of Lurngau, and Adelaide, daughter of Margrave Ulrich I of Carniola. He proposed that Willibirg was heir to Adelaide, who was heir to her brother Ulrich II (died 1112). Thus, the creation of Conrad's duchies was a partial vindication of his claims on Carniola and had a hereditary basis. This theory had not found wide acceptance, since several duchies were created in Germany in the twelfth century with no clearly hereditary basis.[16]

These new ducal titles created in the twelfth century were often based on insignificant or diminished territories. Merania was small, with little in the way of rights or income for its holder.

Otto I of Freising, in his history of Barbarossa's reign, calls Conrad the Duke of Croatia and Dalmatia, an impressive if imprecise title that alluded to the origin of the lands in question as part of Croatia.[19]

It has been argued that since neither Duke Conrad I nor his son,

Conrad II, is ever recorded as having visited the region around the Istrian peninsula or the Kvarner Gulf, it is more likely that their title referred to unspecified lands around the southeastern frontier but not actually under imperial control. On this theory, Merania was at first a purely titular dignity for the Dachauers that only became a territorial reality under the Andechsers, who created it out of lands they held in the far southeast.[20]

House of Andechs (1180–1248)

In 1180, Frederick Barbarossa transferred Merania to

count of Andechs. This was probably done in order to maintain a balance of power and rank between the House of Andechs and the House of Wittelsbach, which had received the Duchy of Bavaria earlier that year.[21] Although some sources ascribe the transfer of Merania to Conrad's death and propose that Berthold was his heir through his mother, in fact Conrad II did not die until 1182. The transfer of 1180 was part of a reorganization of the southeastern frontier by the emperor.[16]

Berthold inherited the marches of Istria and Carniola from his father in 1188. Although the Andechsers' primary lands lay elsewhere in the Empire, their southeastern connection involved them in its foreign affairs. When Barbarossa passed through the Balkans on his crusade in 1189, he negotiated the marriage of one of Berthold's daughters to

kings of Hungary.[23]

On Berthold's death in 1204 Merania went to his eldest son,

Otto II, who had numerous possessions throughout southern Germany, was involved in a dispute with the duke of Bavaria that turned into open warfare.[24] In 1248, the duchy fell vacant with the extinction of the Andechs-Meranier and was broken up, mostly going to Istria.[1][24]

List of dukes

  • Conrad I (1152–1159), also count of Dachau (as Conrad II)
  • Conrad II (1159–1180), also count of Dachau (as Conrad III)
  • Berthold (1180–1204), also count of Andechs (as Berthold IV) and margrave of Istria and Carniola (as Berthold II)
  • Otto I (1204–1234), also count of Andechs (as Otto VII), margrave of Istria and Carniola (as Otto I) and count of Burgundy (as Otto II)
  • Otto II
     (1234–1248), also count of Andechs (as Otto VIII), margrave of Istria and Carniola (as Otto II) and count of Burgundy (as Otto III)

Notes

  1. ^ German: Herzogtum Meranien, Italian: Ducato di Merania, Slovene: Vojvodina Meranija, Croatian: Vojvodina Meranije

References

Citations
  1. ^ a b Wilson 2016, pp. 360–61.
  2. ^ Kobler 1896, pp. 47–49.
  3. ^ a b Reindel 1981, pp. 340–41 and n. 118.
  4. ^ Kobler 1896, pp. 47–48.
  5. ^ Štular 2009, p. 23.
  6. ^ Arnold 1991, p. 98.
  7. ^ Lyon 2013, p. xv, has a map showing its probable location.
  8. ^ a b Loud 2010, p. 62.
  9. ^ Klaić 1965, pp. 272–74.
  10. ^ a b Köbler 2007, p. 425.
  11. ^ Kraljic 1989, p. 160.
  12. ^ Herrmann 1975, p. 10–14.
  13. ^ Baillie-Grohman 1907, p. 73.
  14. ^ Dimitz 2013, p. 109 n. 4.
  15. ^ Wilson 2016, p. 358.
  16. ^ a b Komac 2003, p. 286.
  17. ^ a b Lyon 2013, p. 161.
  18. ^ Arnold 1991, p. 99.
  19. ^ Otto & Rahewin 1966, I.xxvi (p. 60) and IV.xvii (p. 252).
  20. ^ Spindler & Kraus 1988, pp. 14–15 and n. 9.
  21. ^ Lyon 2013, p. 115.
  22. ^ Lyon 2013, p. 154.
  23. ^ Dimitz 2013, p. 109.
  24. ^ a b Arnold 1991, p. 109.
Bibliography
  • Aigner, Toni (2001). "Das Herzogtum Meranien: Geschichte, Bedeutung, Lokalisierung". In Andreja Eržen; Toni Aigner (eds.). Die Andechs-Meranier: Beiträge zur Geschichte Europas im Hochmittelalter. Kamnik: Kulturverein Kamnik. pp. 39–54.
  • Banić, Josip (2020). "The Mystery of Merania: A New Solution to Old Problems (Holy Roman Empire and the Kingdom of Croatia-Dalmatia during the Investiture Controversy)". Historical Review (Ljubljana). 75 (162): 296–327.
  • Arnold, Benjamin (1991). Princes and Territories in Medieval Germany. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Baillie-Grohman, William A. (1907). The Land in the Mountains, being an Account of the Past and Present of Tyrol, its People and its Castles. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott.
  • Dimitz, August [in German] (2013) [1874]. History of Carniola from Ancient Times to the Year 1813 with Special Consideration of Cultural Development, Volume I: From Primeval Times to the Death of Emperor Frederick III (1493). Slovenian Genealogy Society International.
  • Herrmann, Erwin (1975). "Die Grafen von Andechs und der Ducatus Meraniae". Archiv für die Geschichte von Oberfranken. 55: 1–35.
  • Klaić, Nada (1965). "Historijska podloga hrvatskoga glagoljaštva u X i XI stoljeću". Slovo. 15–16: 225–80.
  • Kobler, Giovanni [in Italian] (1896). Memorie per la storia della liburnica città di Fiume. Stabilimento Tipo-Litografico di Emidio Mohovich.
  • Köbler, Gerhard (2007). Historisches Lexikon der Deutschen Länder: die deutschen Territorien vom Mittelalter bis zur Gegenwart (7th rev. ed.). Munich: C. H. Beck.
  • Komac, Andrej (2003). "Utrditev grofov Andeških na jugovzhodu cesarstva v 12. stoletju: Cesar Friderik Barbarossa, velika shizma (1161–1177) in pridobitev naslovov mejnih grofov Istre in vojvod Meranije s strani Andeških". Annales: Series historia et sociologia. 13 (2): 283–94.
  • Kraljic, John (1989). "The Early History of Vinodol and the Lords of Krk: Recent Works of Nada Klaić and Lujo Margetić". Journal of Croatian Studies. 30: 153–65.
    doi:10.5840/jcroatstud1989308
    .
  • Loud, G. A., ed. (2010). The Crusade of Frederick Barbarossa: The History of the Expedition of the Emperor Frederick and Related Texts. Ashgate.
  • Lyon, Jonathan (2004). Cooperation, Compromise and Conflict Avoidance: Family Relationships in the House of Andechs, ca. 1100–1204 (PhD diss.). University of Notre Dame.
  • Lyon, Jonathan (2013). Princely Brothers and Sisters: The Sibling Bond in German Politics, 1100–1250. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press.
  • Otto of Freising; Rahewin (1966). Charles Christopher Mierow (ed.). The Deeds of Frederick Barbarossa. New York: W. W. Norton.
  • Reindel, Kurt (1981). "Bayern vom Zeitalter der Karolinger bis zum Ende der Welfenherrschaft (788–1180): Die politische Entwicklung". In Max Spindler (ed.). Handbuch der bayerischen Geschichte I: Das Alte Bayern—Das Stammesherzogtum bis zum Ausgang des 12. Jahrhunderts. Munich: C. H. Beck. pp. 249–351.
  • Spindler, Max; Kraus, Andreas (1988). "Die Auseinandersetzungen mit Landesadel, Episkopat und Königtum unter den drei ersten wittelsbachischen Herzögen (1180–1253)". In Andreas Kraus (ed.). Handbuch der bayerischen Geschichte II: Das Alte Bayern—Der Territorialstaat vom Ausgang des 12. Jahrhunderts bis zum Ausgang des 18. Jahrhunderts. Munich: C. H. Beck.
  • Štular, Benjamin (2009). Mali Grad: High Medieval Castle in Kamnik. Ljubljana: Inštitut za arheologijo.
  • Wilson, Peter (2016). Heart of Europe: A History of the Holy Roman Empire. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press.
Further reading
External links
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Merania&oldid=1198162056"