Duchy of Styria

Duchy of Styria
*Herzogtum Steiermark* (
Latin
)
Duchy of Styria Herzogtum Steiermark ( Latin)
1180–1918
	Flag adopted in the 19th century Coat of arms
German Austria	10 September 1919
Preceded by	Succeeded by
	March of Styria
State of Styria
Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes
Today part of	Austria; Slovenia
	* Transferred by inheritance on the extinction of the ducal line.; † Transferred by conquest.

The Duchy of Styria (German: Herzogtum Steiermark; Slovene: Vojvodina Štajerska; Hungarian: Stájer Hercegség) was a duchy located in modern-day southern Austria and northern Slovenia. It was a part of the Holy Roman Empire until its dissolution in 1806 and a Cisleithanian crown land of Austria-Hungary until its dissolution in 1918.

History

It was created by Emperor

House of Babenberg, rulers of Austria since 976, after which both duchies should in perpetuity be ruled in personal union. Upon his death in 1192, Styria as stipulated fell to the Babenberg Leopold V, Duke of Austria

.

House of Babenberg

The Austrian Babenbergs became extinct in 1246, when Duke

Rudolph I of Germany, who claimed the duchies as escheated fiefs. Rudolph finally defeated Ottokar at the 1278 Battle on the Marchfeld, seized Austria and Styria and granted them to his sons Albert I and Rudolf II

.

The

Lower Styria. Both duchies were again ruled in personal union, when Leopold's grandson Frederick V inherited Austria in 1457. In 1496 Frederick's son Maximilian I signed an order expelling all Jews from Styria, who were not allowed to return to Graz until 1856. In 1512 the duchy joined the Empire's Austrian Circle

.

A second Inner Austrian cadet branch of the Habsburgs ruled over Styria from 1564. Under Archduke

Protestant population was expelled, including the astronomer Johannes Kepler in 1600. Meanwhile, at the time of the Ottoman invasions in the 16th and 17th centuries after the 1526 Battle of Mohács

, the land suffered severely and was depopulated. The Turks made incursions into Styria nearly twenty times; churches, monasteries, cities, and villages were destroyed and plundered, while the population was either killed or carried away into slavery.

Styria remained a part of the

Joanneum, predecessor of the Graz University of Technology, and the University of Leoben in 1840. He also forwarded the construction of the Semmering railway to Mürzzuschlag and the Austrian Southern Railway line from Vienna to Trieste completed in 1857, which boosted the Styrian economy. In the course of the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 (Ausgleich), the duchy was assigned as a crown land for the Cisleithanian part of Austria-Hungary, while along with the rise of nationalism the conflict between the German and Slovene

population intensified.

On the collapse of Austria-Hungary in the aftermath of

Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, eventually becoming part of modern Slovenia

.

Name

Styria was attested in historical documents in AD 907 as Styria, in 1191 as Marchia Stirensis, and in 1215 as Marchia Styrie.[1] The name is of pre-Romance substrate origin. The German name Steiermark is a compound; the first element is borrowed from the ancient name Stiria and the second element, Mark, means 'march, border region'. The Slovene name Štajerska and the Czech name Štýrsko are borrowed and adapted from the German name for the region.^[1]

Demographics

In 1910 the population of Styria included:^[2]

983,000 speakers of German
409,000 speakers of Slovene

Dukes

Various dynasties

Otakars

Ottokar IV (1180–1192), had been the Margrave of Styria since 1164.

House of Babenberg

Leopold V of Austria (1192–1194)
Leopold VI of Austria (1194–1230), son
Frederick II of Austria (1230–1246), son, killed in battle

Přemyslids

Ottokar II of Bohemia (1251/1260–1278), against

Árpád dynasty

Béla IV of Hungary (1254–1258) and his son
Stephen V of Hungary (1258–1260), claimants

House of Habsburg

Rudolph I (1278–1282), also King of the Romans
1273–1291

Albert I (1282–1308), son, also King of the Romans from 1298, jointly with his brother
- Rudolph II (1282–1283) and his son
- Rudolph III
  (1298–1307)
Frederick the Fair (1308–1330), son of Albert I, jointly with his brother
- Leopold I (1308–1326)
Albert II (1330–1358), son of Albert I, jointly with his brother
- Otto the Merry (1330–1339)
Rudolph IV (1358–1365), son of Albert II
Albert III (1365–1379), son of Albert II, jointly with his brother
- Leopold III (1365–1386), Duke of Inner Austria from 1379

Leopoldian line

William (1386–1406), son of Leopold III
Ernest the Iron (1406–1424), son of Leopold III
Frederick V (1424–1493), son of Ernest the Iron, also King of the Romans from 1440, Holy Roman Emperor from 1452 and Archduke of Austria from 1457, jointly with his brother
- Albert VI (1424–1463)
Maximilian I (1493–1519), also Archduke of Austria, Holy Roman Emperor (Emperor-elect) from 1508
Charles I (1519–1521), also Archduke of Austria, Holy Roman Emperor 1530-1556
Ferdinand I (1521–1564), also Archduke of Austria, Holy Roman Emperor from 1558
Charles II
(1564–1590), Archduke of Inner Austria
Ferdinand II (1590–1637), Archduke of Inner Austria, also Archduke of Austria and Holy Roman Emperor from 1619

See List of rulers of Austria.

References

^ ^a ^b Snoj, Marko (2009). Etimološki slovar slovenskih zemljepisnih imen. Ljubljana: Modrijan. p. 418.
^ A.J.P. Taylor, The Habsburg Monarchy 1809-1918, 1948: Serbian edition: A. Dž. P. Tejlor, Habzburška monarhija 1809-1918, Belgrade, 2001, page 302.

External links

Map of the Balkans, 1815–59, showing the Duchy of Styria

47°04′00″N 15°26′00″E / 47.0667°N 15.4333°E / 47.0667; 15.4333

[Snoj-1] Snoj, Marko (2009). Etimološki slovar slovenskih zemljepisnih imen. Ljubljana: Modrijan. p. 418.

[2] A.J.P. Taylor, The Habsburg Monarchy 1809-1918, 1948: Serbian edition: A. Dž. P. Tejlor, Habzburška monarhija 1809-1918, Belgrade, 2001, page 302.

[1]

[2]

v t e Austrian Circle of the Holy Roman Empire
Habsburg lands	Austria Carinthia Carniola Further Austria (Altdorf Bregenz Breisgau Burgau Hohenberg Konstanz Ortenau Stockach Sundgau (until 1648) Tettnang Winnweiler) Gorizia Istria Styria Tarasp Tengen Trieste Tyrol	Prince-Bishoprics	Brixen Chur Trent
Teutonic bailiwicks	An der Etsch Austria
Circles est. 1500: Bavarian, Swabian, Upper Rhenish, Lower Rhenish–Westphalian, Franconian, (Lower) Saxon Circles est. 1512: Austrian, Burgundian, Upper Saxon, Electoral Rhenish · Unencircled territories

v t e Subdivisions of Austria-Hungary
Cisleithania	Archduchy of Austria Kingdom of Bohemia Duchy of Bukovina Duchy of Carinthia Duchy of Carniola Kingdom of Dalmatia Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria Austrian Littoral Gorizia and Gradisca Istria Trieste Margraviate of Moravia Duchy of Salzburg Duchy of Upper and Lower Silesia Duchy of Styria County of Tyrol County of Vorarlberg
Transleithania	Kingdom of Hungary Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia Fiume and its surroundings Military Frontier (1867–1882)
Condominiums	Bosnia and Herzegovina (de jure 1908–1918; de facto 1878–1918) Sanjak of Novi Pazar (de facto 1878–1908) Carpathian passes (1918) Concession zone in Tianjin (1901–1917)

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